The Experts below are selected from a list of 309 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Gordon D. Logan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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What is learned during Automatization? II. Obligatory encoding of spatial location.
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance, 1998Co-Authors: Gordon D. LoganAbstract:Six experiments addressed the encoding of location information during Automatization, to test a critical prediction of the instance theory of automaticity (G. D. Logan, 1988). Subjects searched 1- or 2-word displays for members of a target category. Specific targets appeared in the same locations consistently throughout training, and then location changed at transfer. Sensitivity to changes in location were assessed with implicit and explicit memory tests. In both tests, sensitivity depended on the number of locations the words could occupy (2 vs. 16). Sensitivity varied with the number of words presented (1 vs. 2) in the implicit test, but not in the explicit test. The results suggest that subjects encoded the locations of the words during Automatization, which confirms the predictions of the instance theory.
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automaticity and reading perspectives from the instance theory of Automatization
Reading & Writing Quarterly, 1997Co-Authors: Gordon D. LoganAbstract:The ability to process information automatically is an important aspect of many everyday skills, including reading. This article reviews the literature on automaticity and relates it to issues in reading. The main focus of the review is on the instance theory of automaticity (Logan, 1988b, 1990, 1992), because it offers a unique perspective on Automatization and has special relevance to reading.
René S Kahn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Automatization and working memory capacity in schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia research, 2007Co-Authors: Tamar R Van Raalten, J. Martijn Jansma, Nick F. Ramsey, Gerry Jager, René S KahnAbstract:Working memory (WM) dysfunction in schizophrenia is characterized by inefficient WM recruitment and reduced capacity, but it is not yet clear how these relate to one another. In controls practice of certain cognitive tasks induces Automatization, which is associated with reduced WM recruitment and increased capacity of concurrent task performance. We therefore investigated whether inefficient function and reduced capacity in schizophrenia was associated with a failure in Automatization. FMRI data was acquired with a verbal WM task with novel and practiced stimuli in 18 schizophrenia patients and 18 controls. Participants performed a dual-task outside the scanner to test WM capacity. Patients showed intact performance on the WM task, which was paralleled by excessive WM activity. Practice improved performance and reduced WM activity in both groups. The difference in WM activity after practice predicted performance cost in controls but not in patients. In addition, patients showed disproportionately poor dual-task performance compared to controls, especially when processing information that required continuous adjustment in WM. Our findings support the notion of inefficient WM function and reduced capacity in schizophrenia. This was not related to a failure in Automatization, but was evident when processing continuously changing information. This suggests that inefficient WM function and reduced capacity may be related to an inability to process information requiring frequent updating.
Kara Morganshort - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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contributions of declarative and procedural memory to accuracy and Automatization during second language practice
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 2020Co-Authors: Diana Pilimoss, Katherine A Brillschuetz, Mandy Farettastutenberg, Kara MorganshortAbstract:Extending previous research that has examined the relationship between long-term memory and second language (L2) development with a primary focus on accuracy in L2 outcomes, the current study explores the relationship between declarative and procedural memory and accuracy and Automatization during L2 practice. Adult English native speakers had learned an artificial language over two weeks (Morgan-Short, Faretta-Stutenberg, Brill-Schuetz, Carpenter & Wong, 2014), producing four sessions of practice data that had not been analyzed previously. Mixed-effects models analyses revealed that declarative memory was positively related to accuracy during comprehension practice. No other relationships were evidenced for accuracy. For Automatization, measured by the coefficient of variation (Segalowitz, 2010), the model revealed a positive relationship with procedural memory that became stronger over practice for learners with higher declarative memory but weaker for learners with lower declarative memory. These results provide further insight into the role that long-term memory plays during L2 development.
Tamar R Van Raalten - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Automatization and working memory capacity in schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia research, 2007Co-Authors: Tamar R Van Raalten, J. Martijn Jansma, Nick F. Ramsey, Gerry Jager, René S KahnAbstract:Working memory (WM) dysfunction in schizophrenia is characterized by inefficient WM recruitment and reduced capacity, but it is not yet clear how these relate to one another. In controls practice of certain cognitive tasks induces Automatization, which is associated with reduced WM recruitment and increased capacity of concurrent task performance. We therefore investigated whether inefficient function and reduced capacity in schizophrenia was associated with a failure in Automatization. FMRI data was acquired with a verbal WM task with novel and practiced stimuli in 18 schizophrenia patients and 18 controls. Participants performed a dual-task outside the scanner to test WM capacity. Patients showed intact performance on the WM task, which was paralleled by excessive WM activity. Practice improved performance and reduced WM activity in both groups. The difference in WM activity after practice predicted performance cost in controls but not in patients. In addition, patients showed disproportionately poor dual-task performance compared to controls, especially when processing information that required continuous adjustment in WM. Our findings support the notion of inefficient WM function and reduced capacity in schizophrenia. This was not related to a failure in Automatization, but was evident when processing continuously changing information. This suggests that inefficient WM function and reduced capacity may be related to an inability to process information requiring frequent updating.
Nick F. Ramsey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Automatization and working memory capacity in schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia research, 2007Co-Authors: Tamar R Van Raalten, J. Martijn Jansma, Nick F. Ramsey, Gerry Jager, René S KahnAbstract:Working memory (WM) dysfunction in schizophrenia is characterized by inefficient WM recruitment and reduced capacity, but it is not yet clear how these relate to one another. In controls practice of certain cognitive tasks induces Automatization, which is associated with reduced WM recruitment and increased capacity of concurrent task performance. We therefore investigated whether inefficient function and reduced capacity in schizophrenia was associated with a failure in Automatization. FMRI data was acquired with a verbal WM task with novel and practiced stimuli in 18 schizophrenia patients and 18 controls. Participants performed a dual-task outside the scanner to test WM capacity. Patients showed intact performance on the WM task, which was paralleled by excessive WM activity. Practice improved performance and reduced WM activity in both groups. The difference in WM activity after practice predicted performance cost in controls but not in patients. In addition, patients showed disproportionately poor dual-task performance compared to controls, especially when processing information that required continuous adjustment in WM. Our findings support the notion of inefficient WM function and reduced capacity in schizophrenia. This was not related to a failure in Automatization, but was evident when processing continuously changing information. This suggests that inefficient WM function and reduced capacity may be related to an inability to process information requiring frequent updating.
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neurophysiological factors in human information processing capacity
Brain, 2003Co-Authors: Nick F. Ramsey, J. Martijn Jansma, T Van Raalten, Gerry Jager, R S KahnAbstract:What determines how well an individual can manage the complexity of information processing demands when several tasks have to be executed simultaneously? Various theoretical frameworks address the mechanisms of information processing and the changes that take place when processes become automated, and brain regions involved in various types of information processing have been identified, as well as sequences of events in the brain. The neurophysiological substrate of human information processing capacity, i.e. the amount that can be processed simultaneously, is, however, unresolved, as is the basis of inter‐individual variability in capacity. Automatization of cognitive functions is known to increase capacity to process additional tasks, but behavioural indices of Automatization are poor predictors of processing capacity in individuals. Automatization also leads to a decline of brain activity in the working memory system. In this study, we test the hypothesis that processing capacity is closely related to the way that the brain adjusts to practice of a single cognitive task, i.e. to the changes in neuronal activity that accompany Automatization as measured with functional MRI (fMRI). Using a task that taxes the working memory system, and is sensitive to Automatization, performance improved while activity in the network declined, as expected. The key finding is that the magnitude of Automatization‐induced reduction of activity in this system was a strong predictor for the ability to perform two different working memory tasks simultaneously (after scanning). It explained 60% of the variation in information processing capacity across individuals. In contrast, the behavioural measures of Automatization did not predict this. We postulate that Automatization involves at least two partially independent neurophysiological mechanisms, i.e. (i) streamlining of neuronal communication which improves performance on a single task; and (ii) functional trimming of neuronal ensembles which enhances the capacity to accommodate processing of additional tasks, potentially by facilitating rapid switching of instruction sets or contexts. Finally, this study shows that fMRI can provide information that predicts behavioural output, which is not provided by overt behavioural measures.
