Azadirachtin

14,000,000 Leading Edge Experts on the ideXlab platform

Scan Science and Technology

Contact Leading Edge Experts & Companies

Scan Science and Technology

Contact Leading Edge Experts & Companies

The Experts below are selected from a list of 7827 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Jolanta Kowalska - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Rapid analysis of organic farming insecticides in soil and produce using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
    Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2009
    Co-Authors: Dariusz Drożdżyński, Jolanta Kowalska
    Abstract:

    A new method for the analysis of three ecological insecticides, namely azadyrachtin, spinosad (sum of spinosyn A and spinosyn D) and rotenone, in produce and soil samples is presented. Investigated compounds are one of the most significant insecticides authorized for organic farming crop protection in many countries. Extraction of the pesticides from plant and soil matrices was performed by using a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method. The method entailed a single extraction of the investigated compounds with acidified acetonitrile followed by a dispersive solid-phase extraction cleanup step prior to the final determination by reverse-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Validation studies were carried out on cabbage, tomato and soil samples. Recoveries of the spiked samples were in the range between 67% and 108%, depending on the matrix and the spiking level. Relative standard deviations for all matrix–compound combinations did not exceed 12%. The limits of quantification were ≤0.01 mg kg^−1 in all cases, except for Azadirachtin. The developed method was applied to the analysis of real samples originating from organic farming production.

  • rapid analysis of organic farming insecticides in soil and produce using ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
    Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2009
    Co-Authors: Dariusz Drozdzynski, Jolanta Kowalska
    Abstract:

    A new method for the analysis of three ecological insecticides, namely azadyrachtin, spinosad (sum of spinosyn A and spinosyn D) and rotenone, in produce and soil samples is presented. Investigated compounds are one of the most significant insecticides authorized for organic farming crop protection in many countries. Extraction of the pesticides from plant and soil matrices was performed by using a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method. The method entailed a single extraction of the investigated compounds with acidified acetonitrile followed by a dispersive solid-phase extraction cleanup step prior to the final determination by reverse-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Validation studies were carried out on cabbage, tomato and soil samples. Recoveries of the spiked samples were in the range between 67% and 108%, depending on the matrix and the spiking level. Relative standard deviations for all matrix–compound combinations did not exceed 12%. The limits of quantification were ≤0.01 mg kg−1 in all cases, except for Azadirachtin. The developed method was applied to the analysis of real samples originating from organic farming production.

Ashok K. Srivastava - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • statistical elicitor optimization studies for the enhancement of Azadirachtin production in bioreactor azadirachta indica cell cultivation
    Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2008
    Co-Authors: Gunjan Prakash, Ashok K. Srivastava
    Abstract:

    Abstract Suspension culture of Azadirachta indica produces the biopesticide Azadirachtin. Some elicitors (salicylic acid, chitosan, jasmonic acid, methyl jasmonate, yeast extract and yeast extract carbohydrate fraction) at different concentrations were added in shake flask suspension culture of A. indica. Chitosan, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid stimulated the highest increase in Azadirachtin content, which ranged from 2 to 3-fold greater than the control. The combined effect of these elicitor(s) on Azadirachtin content was then studied by Response Surface Methodology. A synergistic effect of these elicitor(s) on Azadirachtin production resulted in 5-fold higher Azadirachtin production (15.9 mg/g DCW versus 3.2 mg/g in control cultures). Exposure time studies with elicitor(s) addition on 8th day revealed that highest Azadirachtin accumulation reached after 48 h of combined addition of elicitor(s) (17.4 mg/g). Cultivation of A. indica cells was also carried out with combined (statistically optimized) elicitors addition on 8th day in Stirred Tank Bioreactor. This led to more than 3-fold greater Azadirachtin accumulation (161.1 mg/l) as opposed to control bioreactor with no elicitor addition (50 mg/l) in 10 days of cultivation period. The present study not only identifies the elicitor(s) and their respective concentrations for enhanced Azadirachtin synthesis but also establishes the role of combined elicitors to improve secondary metabolite production of plant cell cultures more efficiently.

  • In Vitro Azadirachtin Production
    Bioactive Molecules and Medicinal Plants, 2008
    Co-Authors: Smita Srivastava, Ashok K. Srivastava
    Abstract:

    The secondary metabolite Azadirachtin (C35H44O16) is a tetranortriterpenoid obtained from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica). It has long been investigated for its biopesticidal properties. It is a natural insecticide, known to affect feeding, growth, reproduction and metamorphosis of the insect pests. Because of the broad-spectrum control of insects and the relatively low nontarget toxicity it has been widely used in agriculture. To add to its advantage the biopesticidal property of Azadirachtin is not only limited to phytophagous insects, but is also known to affect the other pathogenous organisms like nematodes, fungi and micro-organisms. It is a highly oxygenated and complex molecule, which makes its chemical synthesis difficult as well as uneconomical. Studies are still in progress to make its chemical synthesis successful and practically feasible for the mass production of Azadirachtin. Currently, Azadirachtin is isolated by solvent extraction of the seeds of the Azadirachta indica tree. There are various limitations in extracting Azadirachtin from plant sources, majorly due to its limited availability/short shelf-life of seeds, degradation during storage and considerable genotypic/environmental variation in its content from different sources. At present, the demand for Azadirachtin is greater than the supply. However, due to variability of Azadirachtin available in seeds (0.2–0.6 %) it is difficult to base its mass production on natural sources. A significantly larger amount of material (seeds) would need to be processed to yield a reasonable amount of Azadirachtin. Instead, it would be better to rely on a rather stable parent cell line that can be cultivated in vitro (in bioreactors) with a faster doubling time. A biotechnological approach can be very useful for reaching longterm goals. A deeper understanding of different aspects of large-scale Azadirachtin production is therefore very important. In recent years, a considerable amount of information has been obtained on the production of Azadirachtin by cell and tissue cultures of Azadirachta indica. This approach has an added potential of increasing yield by culture selection and manipulation using elicitors, precursors, permeabilising agents and growth regulators. Azadirachtin is extremely liable to atmospheric degradation in the presence of sunlight. Although few investigations regarding enhancement in its atmospheric stability have been done, more detailed analysis is required to select appropriate stabilisers against the photo-degradation of Azadirachtin. A great deal of work with Azadirachta indica has been focused on the extraction and quantification of Azadirachtin. Purification of Azadirachtin is difficult to accomplish, especially on a preparative scale due to its complexity and similarity in structure of the chemicals found in the seeds, foliage and cell culture. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography is widely used for the qualitative and quantitative estimation of Azadirachtin. Use of other methods like super-critical fluid chromatography (SFC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with flash chromatography, thin-layer chromatography and SFC have also been documented for authentic quantification. Even though Azadirachtin has long been recognised as a potent biopesticide, no reports are available to date on the commercial production of Azadirachtin by plant cell/tissue culture. This chapter provides a deeper insight with respect to the origin, chemical nature, application, mode of action and prevalent technologies for the production of this high-value bioactive molecule.

  • statistical media optimization for cell growth and Azadirachtin production in azadirachta indica a juss suspension cultures
    Process Biochemistry, 2005
    Co-Authors: Gunjan Prakash, Ashok K. Srivastava
    Abstract:

    Abstract Azadirachtin is one of the most widely used biopesticide originating from a plant source. Its production from plant cell cultivation was viewed to overcome constraints associated with its regular supply from the seed kernels. In order to select the effective carbon and nitrogen source, different concentrations of carbon (sucrose/glucose) and nitrogen (NO 3 − /NH 4 + ratio) were studied in A. indica suspension culture. Glucose turned out to be a better carbon source over sucrose yielding high biomass (6.32 g/L) and Azadirachtin (11.12 mg/L) content. Nitrate alone as nitrogen source was favorable for both biomass and Azadirachtin accumulation. Plackett–Burman design was adopted to select the most important nutrients influencing the growth and Azadirachtin accumulation in suspension culture. After identifying effective nutrients, Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to develop mathematical model equations, study responses and establish the optimum concentrations of the key nutrients for higher growth and Azadirachtin production. A maximum of 15.02 g/L biomass and 2.98 mg/g Azadirachtin was produced using optimum nutrient concentrations representing 99 and 96% validity of the model prediction with respect to biomass and Azadirachtin, respectively. This optimized media can be used for cultivation of A. indica cells in bioreactor for mass production of Azadirachtin.

  • Variability of Azadirachtin inAzarirachta indica (neem) and batch kinetics studies of cell suspension culture
    Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 2005
    Co-Authors: Gunjan Prakash, C. J. S. K. Emmannuel, Ashok K. Srivastava
    Abstract:

    Seeds of neem were collected from different parts of India and analyzed for their Azadirachtin content by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). In order to assess the effects of genotypic and geographical variation on Azadirachtin content in cell cultures, callus development was attempted in the seeds containing high and low concentration of Azadirachtin. The concentration of Azadirachtin in callus cultures was significantly affected by the explant source. Seed kernels with higher Azadirachtin content produced higher azadiractin content in callus cultures and lower Azadirachtin content was seen in callus cultures produced from seed kernels with low azadiractin content. The protocol for development of elite stock culture ofAzadirachta indica was established with the objective of selecting a high Azadirachtin-producing cell line. The highest Azadirachtin-producing cell line was selected and the effects of different media and illumination conditions on growth and Azadirachtin production were studied in shake flask suspension culture. Detailed batch growth kinetics was also established. These studies provided elite starter culture and associated protocols for cultivation ofA. indica plant cell culture in the bioreactor.

Guohua Zhong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • dnaj homolog subfamily a member1 dnaj1 is a newly discovered anti apoptotic protein regulated by Azadirachtin in sf9 cells
    BMC Genomics, 2018
    Co-Authors: Jingjing Zhang, Veeran Sethuraman, Xin Yi, Guohua Zhong
    Abstract:

    Azadirachtin, one of the most promising botanical insecticides, has been widely used for pest control. Azadirachtin induces apoptosis in insect cell lines, including Sf9, SL-1 and BTI-Tn-5B1–4. Mitochondrial and lysosomal pathways are likely involved in the Azadirachtin-induced apoptosis, however, detailed molecular mechanisms remain largely undefined. Azadirachtin-induced apoptosis in Sf9 cells was verified by morphological observation, Hoechst 33258 staining, and a Caspase-3-based analysis. Comparative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with a linear ion trap quadrupole (LTQ)-MS/MS analysis identified 12 prominent, differentially expressed proteins following Azadirachtin treatment. These differentially expressed genes are involved in regulating cytoskeleton development, signal transduction, gene transcription, and cellular metabolism. Knockdown gene expression of a gene encoding a DnaJ homolog enhanced apoptosis induced by Azadirachtin in Sf9 cells. Azadirachtin treatment induces apoptosis in Sf9 cells and affects expression of multiple genes with functions in cytoskeleton development, signal transduction, gene regulation, and cellular metabolisms. Azadirachtin induces apoptosis at least partially by down-regulation of Sf-DnaJ in Sf9 cells.

  • Azadirachtin induced apoptosis involves lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cathepsin l release in spodoptera frugiperda sf9 cells
    The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Zheng Wang, Xingan Cheng, Qianqian Meng, Peidan Wang, Benshui Shu, Guohua Zhong
    Abstract:

    Azadirachtin as a kind of botanical insecticide has been widely used in pest control. We previously reported that Azadirachtin could induce apoptosis of Spodoptera litura cultured cell line Sl-1, which involves in the up-regulation of P53 protein. However, the detailed mechanism of Azadirachtin-induced apoptosis is not clearly understood in insect cultured cells. The aim of the present study was to address the involvement of lysosome and lysosomal protease in Azadirachtin-induced apoptosis in Sf9 cells. The result confirmed that Azadirachtin indeed inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis. The lysosomes were divided into different types as time-dependent manner, which suggested that changes of lysosomes were necessarily physiological processes in Azadirachtin-induced apoptosis in Sf9 cells. Interestingly, we noticed that Azadirachtin could trigger lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cathepsin L releasing to cytosol. Z-FF-FMK (a cathepsin L inhibitor), but not CA-074me (a cathepsin B inhibitor), could effectively hinder the apoptosis induced by Azadirachtin in Sf9 cells. Meanwhile, the activity of caspase-3 could also be inactivated by the inhibition of cathepsin L enzymatic activity induced by Z-FF-FMK. Taken together, our findings suggest that Azadirachtin could induce apoptosis in Sf9 cells in a lysosomal pathway, and cathepsin L plays a pro-apoptosis role in this process through releasing to cytosol and activating caspase-3.

Dariusz Drozdzynski - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • rapid analysis of organic farming insecticides in soil and produce using ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
    Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2009
    Co-Authors: Dariusz Drozdzynski, Jolanta Kowalska
    Abstract:

    A new method for the analysis of three ecological insecticides, namely azadyrachtin, spinosad (sum of spinosyn A and spinosyn D) and rotenone, in produce and soil samples is presented. Investigated compounds are one of the most significant insecticides authorized for organic farming crop protection in many countries. Extraction of the pesticides from plant and soil matrices was performed by using a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method. The method entailed a single extraction of the investigated compounds with acidified acetonitrile followed by a dispersive solid-phase extraction cleanup step prior to the final determination by reverse-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Validation studies were carried out on cabbage, tomato and soil samples. Recoveries of the spiked samples were in the range between 67% and 108%, depending on the matrix and the spiking level. Relative standard deviations for all matrix–compound combinations did not exceed 12%. The limits of quantification were ≤0.01 mg kg−1 in all cases, except for Azadirachtin. The developed method was applied to the analysis of real samples originating from organic farming production.

Dariusz Drożdżyński - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Rapid analysis of organic farming insecticides in soil and produce using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
    Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2009
    Co-Authors: Dariusz Drożdżyński, Jolanta Kowalska
    Abstract:

    A new method for the analysis of three ecological insecticides, namely azadyrachtin, spinosad (sum of spinosyn A and spinosyn D) and rotenone, in produce and soil samples is presented. Investigated compounds are one of the most significant insecticides authorized for organic farming crop protection in many countries. Extraction of the pesticides from plant and soil matrices was performed by using a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method. The method entailed a single extraction of the investigated compounds with acidified acetonitrile followed by a dispersive solid-phase extraction cleanup step prior to the final determination by reverse-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Validation studies were carried out on cabbage, tomato and soil samples. Recoveries of the spiked samples were in the range between 67% and 108%, depending on the matrix and the spiking level. Relative standard deviations for all matrix–compound combinations did not exceed 12%. The limits of quantification were ≤0.01 mg kg^−1 in all cases, except for Azadirachtin. The developed method was applied to the analysis of real samples originating from organic farming production.