Azo Reductase

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Sanjay P. Govindwar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • In situ textile wastewater treatment in high rate transpiration system furrows planted with aquatic macrophytes and floating phytobeds.
    Chemosphere, 2020
    Co-Authors: Vishal V. Chandanshive, Suhas K. Kadam, Niraj R. Rane, Byong-hun Jeon, Jyoti P. Jadhav, Sanjay P. Govindwar
    Abstract:

    Abstract Plants are known to remediate dyes, metals and emerging contaminants from wastewaters. Vetiveria zizanioides, a perennial bunchgrass showed removal of RemAzol Red (RR, 100 mg/L) up to 93% within 40 h. Root and shoot tissues of V. zizanioides revealed induction in dye degrading enzymes viz. lignin peroxidase by 2.28 and 1.43, veratryl alcohol oxidase 2.72 and 1.60, laccase 6.15 and 3.55, and Azo Reductase 2.17 and 2.65-fold, respectively, during RR decolorization. Substantial increase was observed in the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids in the plant leaves during treatment. Anatomical studies of roots, HPLC and GC-MS analysis of metabolites, and phytotoxicity assessment confirmed phytotransformation of RR into nontoxic metabolites. Floating phytobed with V. zizanioides treated textile wastewater (400 L) effectively and reduced ADMI, COD, BOD, TDS, and TSS by 74, 74, 81, 66 and 47%, respectively within 72 h. In-situ treatment of textile wastewater for 5 days in constructed furrows planted with semiaquatic plants, V. zizanioides, Ipomoea aquatica and its consortium-VI decreased ADMI by 68, 61 and 76%, COD by 75, 74 and 79%, BOD by 73, 71 and 84%, TDS by 77, 75 and 83%, and TSS by 34, 31 and 51%, respectively. This treatment was also useful to remove arsenic, cadmium, chromium and lead from wastewater. Overall observation suggests wise strategy to use this plantation in the furrows of high rate transpiration system and phytobeds in deep water for textile wastewater treatment.

  • in situ phytoremediation of dyes from textile wastewater using garden ornamental plants effect on soil quality and plant growth
    Chemosphere, 2018
    Co-Authors: Vishal V. Chandanshive, Suhas K. Kadam, Byong-hun Jeon, Jyoti P. Jadhav, Sanjay P. Govindwar, Mayur B Kurade, Rahul V Khandare
    Abstract:

    Abstract In situ phytoremediation of dyes from textile wastewater was carried out in a high rate transpiration system ridges (91.4 m × 1.0 m) cultivated independently with Tagetes patula, Aster amellus, Portulaca grandiflora and Gaillardia grandiflora which reduced American Dye Manufacturers Institute color value by 59, 50, 46 and 73%, respectively within 30 d compared to dye accumulated in unplanted ridges. Significant increase in microbial count and electric conductivity of soil was observed during phytoremediation. Reduction in the contents of macro (N, P, K and C), micro (B, Cu, Fe and Mn) elements and heavy metals (Cd, As, Pb and Cr) was observed in the soil from planted ridges due to phyto-treatment. Root tissues of these plants showed significant increase in the specific activities of oxido-reductive enzymes such as lignin peroxidase, laccase, veratryl alcohol oxidase, tyrosinase and Azo Reductase during decolorization of textile dyes from soil. Anatomical studies of plants roots revealed the occurrence of textile dyes in tissues and subsequent degradation. A minor decrease in plant growth was also observed. Overall surveillance suggests that the use of garden ornamental plants on the ridges of constructed wetland for the treatment of dyes from wastewater along with the consortia of soil microbial flora is a wise and aesthetically pleasant strategy.

  • co plantation of aquatic macrophytes typha angustifolia and paspalum scrobiculatum for effective treatment of textile industry effluent
    Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2017
    Co-Authors: Vishal V. Chandanshive, Niraj R. Rane, Asif S Tamboli, Avinash R Gholave, Rahul V Khandare, Sanjay P. Govindwar
    Abstract:

    Field treatment of textile industry effluent was carried out in constructed drenches (91.4m×1.2m×0.6m; 65.8m3) planted independently with Typha angustifolia, Paspalum scrobiculatum and their co-plantation (consortium-TP). The in situ treatment of effluent by T. angustifolia, P. scrobiculatum and consortium-TP was found to decrease ADMI color value by 62, 59 and 76%, COD by 65, 63 and 70%, BOD by 68, 63 and 75%, TDS by 45, 39 and 57%, and TSS by 35, 31 and 47%, respectively within 96h. Heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium and lead were also removed up to 28-77% after phytoremediation. T. angustifolia and P. scrobiculatum showed removal of Congo Red (100mg/L) up to 80 and 73%, respectively within 48h while consortium-TP achieved 94% decolorization. Root tissues of T. angustifolia and P. scrobiculatum revealed inductions in the activities of oxido-reductive enzymes such as lignin peroxidase (193 and 32%), veratryl alcohol oxidase (823 and 460%), laccase (492 and 182%) and Azo Reductase (248 and 83%), respectively during decolorization of Congo Red. Anatomical studies of roots, FTIR, HPLC, UV-vis Spectroscopy and GC-MS analysis verified the phytotransformation. Phytotoxicity studies confirmed reduced toxicity of the metabolites of Congo Red.

  • phytoremediation of textile dyes and effluents current scenario and future prospects
    Biotechnology Advances, 2015
    Co-Authors: Rahul V Khandare, Sanjay P. Govindwar
    Abstract:

    Abstract Phytoremediation has emerged as a green, passive, solar energy driven and cost effective approach for environmental cleanup when compared to physico-chemical and even other biological methods. Textile dyes and effluents are condemned as one of the worst polluters of our precious water bodies and soils. They are well known mutagenic, carcinogenic, allergic and cytotoxic agents posing threats to all life forms. Plant based treatment of textile dyes is relatively new and hitherto has remained an unexplored area of research. Use of macrophytes like Phragmites australis and Rheum rhabarbarum have shown efficient removal of Acid Orange 7 and sulfonated anthraquinones, respectively. Common garden and ornamental plants namely Aster amellus, Portulaca grandiflora, Zinnia angustifolia, Petunia grandiflora, Glandularia pulchella, many ferns and aquatic plants have also been advocated for their dye degradation potential. Plant tissue cultures like suspension cells of Blumea malcolmii and Nopalea cochenillifera, hairy roots of Brassica juncea and Tagetes patula and whole plants of several other species have confirmed their role in dye degradation. Plants' oxidoReductases such as lignin peroxidase, laccase, tyrosinase, Azo Reductase, veratryl alcohol oxidase, riboflavin Reductase and dichlorophenolindophenol Reductase are known as key biodegrading enzymes which break the complex structures of dyes. Schematic metabolic pathways of degradation of different dyes and their environmental fates have also been proposed. Degradation products of dyes and their fates of metabolism have been reported to be validated by UV–vis spectrophotometry, high performance liquid chromatography, high performance thin layer chromatography, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, gas chromatograph-mass spectroscopy and several other analytical tools. Constructed wetlands and various pilots scale reactors were developed independently using the plants of P. australis, Portulaca grandiflora, G. pulchella, Typha domingensis, Pogonatherum crinitum and Alternanthera philoxeroides. The developed phytoreactors gave noteworthy treatments, and significant reductions in biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, American Dye Manufacturers Institute color removal value, total organic carbon, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, turbidity and conductivity of the dye effluents after phytoremediation. Metabolites of dyes and effluents have been assayed for phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and animal toxicity and were proved to be non/less toxic than untreated compounds. Effective strategies to handle fluctuating dye load and hydraulics for in situ treatment needs scientific attention. Future studies on development of transgenic plants for efficacious phytodegradation of textile dyes should be focused.

  • biodegradation of rubine gfl by galactomyces geotrichum mtcc 1360 and subsequent toxicological analysis by using cytotoxicity genotoxicity and oxidative stress studies
    Microbiology, 2012
    Co-Authors: Tatoba R. Waghmode, Mayur B Kurade, Akhil N Kabra, Sanjay P. Govindwar
    Abstract:

    Galactomyces geotrichum MTCC 1360 showed 87 % decolorization of the Azo dye Rubine GFL (50 mg l−1) within 96 h at 30 °C and pH 7.0 under static conditions, with significant reduction of chemical oxygen demand (67 %) and total organic carbon (59 %). Examination of oxidoreductive enzymes, namely laccase, tyrosinase and Azo Reductase, confirmed their role in decolorization and degradation of Rubine GFL. Biodegradation of Rubine GFL into different metabolites was confirmed using high-performance TLC, HPLC, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy and GC-MS analysis. During toxicological studies, cell death was observed in Rubine GFL-treated Allium cepa root cells. Toxicological studies before and after microbial treatment were done with respect to cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzyme status, protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation using root cells of A. cepa. The analysis with A. cepa showed that the dye exerts oxidative stress and subsequently has a toxic effect on the root cells, whereas its metabolites are less toxic. Phytotoxicity studies revealed the less toxic nature of the metabolites as compared with Rubine GFL.

Andreas Stolz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The Function of Cytoplasmic Flavin Reductases in the Reduction of Azo Dyes by Bacteria
    Applied and environmental microbiology, 2000
    Co-Authors: Rainer Russ, Jörg Rau, Andreas Stolz
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT A flavin Reductase, which is naturally part of the ribonucleotide Reductase complex of Escherichia coli, acted in cell extracts of recombinant E. coli strains under aerobic and anaerobic conditions as an “Azo Reductase.” The transfer of the recombinant plasmid, which resulted in the constitutive expression of high levels of activity of the flavin Reductase, increased the reduction rate for different industrially relevant sulfonated Azo dyes in vitro almost 100-fold. The flavin Reductase gene (fre) was transferred to Sphingomonas sp. strain BN6, a bacterial strain able to degrade naphthalenesulfonates under aerobic conditions. The flavin Reductase was also synthesized in significant amounts in theSphingomonas strain. The reduction rates for the sulfonated Azo compound amaranth were compared for whole cells and cell extracts from both recombinant strains, E. coli, and wild-typeSphingomonas sp. strain BN6. The whole cells showed less than 2% of the specific activities found with cell extracts. These results suggested that the cytoplasmic anaerobic “Azo Reductases,” which have been described repeatedly in in vitro systems, are presumably flavin Reductases and that in vivo they have insignificant importance in the reduction of sulfonated Azo compounds.

  • localization of the enzyme system involved in anaerobic reduction of Azo dyes by sphingomonas sp strain bn6 and effect of artificial redox mediators on the rate of Azo dye reduction
    Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1997
    Co-Authors: Michael Kudlich, Andreas Keck, Joachim Klein, Andreas Stolz
    Abstract:

    The effect of different artificial redox mediators on the anaerobic reduction of Azo dyes by Sphingomonas sp. strain BN6 or activated sludge was investigated. Reduction rates were greatly enhanced in the presence of sulfonated anthraquinones. For strain BN6, the presence of both cytoplasmic and membrane-bound Azo Reductase activities was shown.

  • reduction of Azo dyes by redox mediators originating in the naphthalenesulfonic acid degradation pathway of sphingomonas sp strain bn6
    Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1997
    Co-Authors: Andreas Keck, Andreas Stolz, Michael Kudlich, Joachim Klein, Hansjoachim Knackmuss, Ralf Mattes
    Abstract:

    The anaerobic reduction of Azo dyes by Sphingomonas sp. strain BN6 was analyzed. Aerobic conversion of 2-naphthalenesulfonate (2NS) by cells of strain BN6 stimulated the subsequent anaerobic reduction of the sulfonated Azo dye amaranth at least 10-fold. In contrast, in crude extracts, the Azo Reductase activity was not stimulated. A mutant of strain BN6 which was not able to metabolize 2NS showed increased amaranth reduction rates only when the cells were resuspended in the culture supernatant of 2NS-grown BN6 wild-type cells. The same increase could be observed with different bacterial strains. This suggested the presence of an extracellular factor which was formed during the degradation of 2NS by strain BN6. The addition of 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene, the first intermediate of the degradation pathway of 2NS, or its decomposition products to cell suspensions of the mutant of strain BN6 (2NS-) increased the activity of amaranth reduction. The presence of bacterial cells was needed to maintain the reduction process. Thus, the decomposition products of 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene are suggested to act as redox mediators which are able to anaerobically shuttle reduction equivalents from the cells to the extracellular Azo dye.

Venkata S Mohan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • relative performance of biofilm configuration over suspended growth operation on Azo dye based wastewater treatment in periodic discontinuous batch mode operation
    Bioresource Technology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Venkata S Mohan, Nagendranatha C Reddy, Naresh A Kumar, Annie J Modestra
    Abstract:

    Functional role of biofilm and suspended growth bioreactor configurations in response to the treatment of Azo-dye (C.I. Acid Black 10B) bearing wastewater was evaluated in periodic discontinuous batch mode operation at varying dye concentrations. The biofilm system depicted higher dye removal efficiency (93.14%) compared to suspended mode (84.29%) at 350 mg dye/l operation. Both the reactor configurations did not show much process inhibition at higher dye loads studied. Azo Reductase and dehydrogenase enzyme activities showed significant variation indicating the different metabolic capabilities of the native-microflora, stable proton shuttling between metabolic intermediates and differences in the delivery of reducing powers from the substrate metabolism towards dye removal. Voltammograms visualized marked variations in electron discharge properties with the function of reactor configuration, time intervals and dye load. Higher redox catalytic currents, lower Tafel slopes and polarization resistance showed good correlation with enzyme activities and dye removal.

  • Azo dye remediation in periodic discontinuous batch mode operation evaluation of metabolic shifts of the biocatalyst under aerobic anaerobic and anoxic conditions
    Separation and Purification Technology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Venkata S Mohan, Suresh P Babu, S Srikanth
    Abstract:

    Abstract Shifts in microbial metabolism with the function of aerobic, anaerobic and anoxic microenvironments were evaluated in periodic discontinuous batch mode operation in response to the treatment of Azo dye (C.I.Acid Black 10B) bearing wastewater. Anoxic operation depicted higher dye removal efficiency (95.18%) followed by anaerobic (93.67%) and aerobic (68.77%) operations. Switching between aerobic and anaerobic metabolic functions during anoxic operation facilitated the reduction of dye to its intermediates (anaerobic) followed by their mineralization (aerobic). Function of dye as a terminal electron acceptor (TEA) along with the limited oxygen available might be the reason for the observed higher dye removal under anoxic operation. Azo Reductase activity showed marginal variation with the function of anoxic and anaerobic conditions indicating the similar capabilities of the biocatalyst. However, dehydrogenase activity showed significant variation with the function of operating microenvironment indicating the differences in the delivery of reducing powers from the substrate metabolism towards dye removal. The bio-electro kinetics showed well correlation with the redox reactions, enzyme activities and dye removal. Microbial inventory analysis documented the involvement of organisms with anaerobic and facultative metabolic functions having heterotrophic and autotrophic nutrition modes. Aerobic operation documented the dominance of facultative (83%) followed by obligative aerobic (17%) bacteria while anoxic and anaerobic operations facilitated the distribution of facultative (67% and 83%, respectively) and obligative anaerobic (33% and 17%, respectively) bacteria.

  • acid Azo dye remediation in anoxic aerobic anoxic microenvironment under periodic discontinuous batch operation bio electro kinetics and microbial inventory
    Bioresource Technology, 2012
    Co-Authors: Venkata S Mohan, Suresh P Babu, K Naresh, G Velvizhi, Datta Madamwar
    Abstract:

    Abstract Functional behavior of anoxic–aerobic–anoxic microenvironment on Azo dye (C.I. Acid black 10B) degradation was evaluated in a periodic discontinuous batch mode operation for 26 cycles. Dye removal efficiency and Azo-Reductase activity (30.50 ± 1 U) increased with each feeding event until 13th cycle and further stabilized. Dehydrogenase activity also increased gradually and stabilized (2.0 ± 0.2 μg/ml) indicating the stable proton shuttling between metabolic intermediates providing higher number of reducing equivalents towards dye degradation. Voltammetric profiles showed drop in redox catalytic currents during stabilized phase also supports the consumption of reducing equivalents towards dye removal. Change in Tafel slopes, polarization resistance and other bioprocess parameters correlated well with the observed dye removal and biocatalyst behavior. Microbial community analysis documented the involvement of specific organism pertaining to aerobic and facultative functions with heterotrophic and autotrophic metabolism. Integrating anoxic microenvironment with aerobic operation might have facilitated effective dye mineralization due to the possibility of combining redox functions.

Michael Kudlich - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • localization of the enzyme system involved in anaerobic reduction of Azo dyes by sphingomonas sp strain bn6 and effect of artificial redox mediators on the rate of Azo dye reduction
    Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1997
    Co-Authors: Michael Kudlich, Andreas Keck, Joachim Klein, Andreas Stolz
    Abstract:

    The effect of different artificial redox mediators on the anaerobic reduction of Azo dyes by Sphingomonas sp. strain BN6 or activated sludge was investigated. Reduction rates were greatly enhanced in the presence of sulfonated anthraquinones. For strain BN6, the presence of both cytoplasmic and membrane-bound Azo Reductase activities was shown.

  • reduction of Azo dyes by redox mediators originating in the naphthalenesulfonic acid degradation pathway of sphingomonas sp strain bn6
    Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1997
    Co-Authors: Andreas Keck, Andreas Stolz, Michael Kudlich, Joachim Klein, Hansjoachim Knackmuss, Ralf Mattes
    Abstract:

    The anaerobic reduction of Azo dyes by Sphingomonas sp. strain BN6 was analyzed. Aerobic conversion of 2-naphthalenesulfonate (2NS) by cells of strain BN6 stimulated the subsequent anaerobic reduction of the sulfonated Azo dye amaranth at least 10-fold. In contrast, in crude extracts, the Azo Reductase activity was not stimulated. A mutant of strain BN6 which was not able to metabolize 2NS showed increased amaranth reduction rates only when the cells were resuspended in the culture supernatant of 2NS-grown BN6 wild-type cells. The same increase could be observed with different bacterial strains. This suggested the presence of an extracellular factor which was formed during the degradation of 2NS by strain BN6. The addition of 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene, the first intermediate of the degradation pathway of 2NS, or its decomposition products to cell suspensions of the mutant of strain BN6 (2NS-) increased the activity of amaranth reduction. The presence of bacterial cells was needed to maintain the reduction process. Thus, the decomposition products of 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene are suggested to act as redox mediators which are able to anaerobically shuttle reduction equivalents from the cells to the extracellular Azo dye.

Andreas Keck - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • localization of the enzyme system involved in anaerobic reduction of Azo dyes by sphingomonas sp strain bn6 and effect of artificial redox mediators on the rate of Azo dye reduction
    Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1997
    Co-Authors: Michael Kudlich, Andreas Keck, Joachim Klein, Andreas Stolz
    Abstract:

    The effect of different artificial redox mediators on the anaerobic reduction of Azo dyes by Sphingomonas sp. strain BN6 or activated sludge was investigated. Reduction rates were greatly enhanced in the presence of sulfonated anthraquinones. For strain BN6, the presence of both cytoplasmic and membrane-bound Azo Reductase activities was shown.

  • reduction of Azo dyes by redox mediators originating in the naphthalenesulfonic acid degradation pathway of sphingomonas sp strain bn6
    Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1997
    Co-Authors: Andreas Keck, Andreas Stolz, Michael Kudlich, Joachim Klein, Hansjoachim Knackmuss, Ralf Mattes
    Abstract:

    The anaerobic reduction of Azo dyes by Sphingomonas sp. strain BN6 was analyzed. Aerobic conversion of 2-naphthalenesulfonate (2NS) by cells of strain BN6 stimulated the subsequent anaerobic reduction of the sulfonated Azo dye amaranth at least 10-fold. In contrast, in crude extracts, the Azo Reductase activity was not stimulated. A mutant of strain BN6 which was not able to metabolize 2NS showed increased amaranth reduction rates only when the cells were resuspended in the culture supernatant of 2NS-grown BN6 wild-type cells. The same increase could be observed with different bacterial strains. This suggested the presence of an extracellular factor which was formed during the degradation of 2NS by strain BN6. The addition of 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene, the first intermediate of the degradation pathway of 2NS, or its decomposition products to cell suspensions of the mutant of strain BN6 (2NS-) increased the activity of amaranth reduction. The presence of bacterial cells was needed to maintain the reduction process. Thus, the decomposition products of 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene are suggested to act as redox mediators which are able to anaerobically shuttle reduction equivalents from the cells to the extracellular Azo dye.