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Dan Rittschof - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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biochemistry of Barnacle adhesion an updated review
Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019Co-Authors: Chao Liang, Jack Strickland, Dan RittschofAbstract:Barnacles are notorious marine fouling organisms, whose life cycle initiates with the planktonic larva, followed by the free-swimming cyprid that voluntarily explores and searches for an appropriate site to settle and metamorphoses into a sessile adult. Within this life cycle, both the cyprid and the adult Barnacle deposit multi-protein adhesives for temporary or permanent underwater adhesion. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the biochemistries behind these different adhesion events in the life cycle of a Barnacle. First, we introduce the multiple adhesion events and their corresponding adhesives from two complementary aspects: the in vivo synthesis, storage, and secretion as well as the in vitro morphology and biochemistry. The amino acid compositions, sequences, and structures of adult Barnacle adhesive proteins are specifically highlighted. Second, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of adult Barnacle underwater attachment in detail by analyzing the possible adhesive and cohesive roles of different adhesive proteins, and based on these analyses, we propose an update to the original Barnacle underwater adhesion molecular model. We believe that this review can greatly promote the general understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the reversible and irreversible underwater adhesion of Barnacles and their larvae. Such an understanding is the basis for the prevention of Barnacle fouling on target surfaces as well as designing conceptually new Barnacle-inspired artificial underwater adhesives.
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Resistance of Zwitterionic Peptide Monolayers to Biofouling
2018Co-Authors: Thomas Ederth, Beatriz Orihuela, Maria Lerm, Dan RittschofAbstract:Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are widely used in science and engineering, and recent progress has demonstrated the utility of zwitterionic peptides with alternating lysine (K) and glutamic acid (E) residues for antifouling purposes. Aiming at developing a peptide-based fouling-resistant SAM suitable for presentation of surface-attached pheromones for Barnacle larvae, we have investigated five different peptide SAMs, where four are based on the EK motif, and the fifth was designed based on general principles for fouling resistance. The SAMs were formed by self-assembly onto gold substrates via cysteine residues on the peptides, and formation of SAMs was verified via ellipsometry, wettability, infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Settlement of cypris larvae of the Barnacle Balanus (=Amphibalanus) amphitrite, the target of pheromone studies, was tested. SAMs were also subjected to fouling assays using protein solutions, blood serum, and the bacterium Mycobacterium marinum. The results confirm the favorable antifouling properties of EK-containing peptides in most of the assays, although this did not apply to the Barnacle larvae settlement test, where settlement was low on only one of the peptide SAMs. The one peptide that had antifouling properties for Barnacles did not contain a pheromone motif, and would not be susceptible to degredation by common serine proteases. We conclude that the otherwise broadly effective antifouling properties of EK-containing peptide SAMs is not directly applicable to Barnacles, and that great care must be exercised in the design of peptide-based SAMs for presentation of Barnacle-specific ligands
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localization of phosphoproteins within the Barnacle adhesive interface
The Biological Bulletin, 2016Co-Authors: Xu Yang, Fanghui Wu, Beatriz Orihuela, Dan Rittschof, Elia BeniashAbstract:Barnacles permanently adhere to nearly any inert substrate using proteinaceous glue. The glue consists of at least ten major proteins, some of which have been isolated and sequenced. Questions still remain about the chemical mechanisms involved in adhesion and the potential of the glue to serve as a platform for mineralization of the calcified base plate. We tested the hypothesis that Barnacle glue contains phosphoproteins, which have the potential to play a role in both adhesion and mineralization. Using a combination of phosphoprotein-specific gel staining and Western blotting with anti-phosphoserine antibody, we identified multiple phosphorylated proteins in uncured glue secretions from the Barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite. The protein composition of the glue and the quantity and abundance of phosphoproteins varied distinctly among individual Barnacles, possibly due to cyclical changes in the glue secretion over time. We assessed the location of the phosphoproteins within the Barnacle glue layer using ...
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incorporation of silicone oil into elastomers enhances Barnacle detachment by active surface strain
Biofouling, 2016Co-Authors: Phanindhar Shivapooja, Beatriz Orihuela, Dan Rittschof, Changyong Cao, Vrad W Levering, Xuanhe Zhao, Gabriel P LopezAbstract:Silicone-oil additives are often used in fouling-release silicone coatings to reduce the adhesion strength of Barnacles and other biofouling organisms. This study follows on from a recently reported active approach to detach Barnacles, which was based on the surface strain of elastomeric materials, by investigating a new, dual-action approach to Barnacle detachment using Ecoflex®-based elastomers incorporated with poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based oil additives. The experimental results support the hypothesis that silicone-oil additives reduce the amount of substratum strain required to detach Barnacles. The study also de-coupled the two effects of silicone oils (ie surface-activity and alteration of the bulk modulus) and examined their contributions in reducing Barnacle adhesion strength. Further, a finite element model based on fracture mechanics was employed to qualitatively understand the effects of surface strain and substratum modulus on Barnacle adhesion strength. The study demonstrates that dynamic substratum deformation of elastomers with silicone-oil additives provides a bifunctional approach towards management of biofouling by Barnacles.
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Barnacle Balanus amphitrite Adheres by a Stepwise Cementing Process
2016Co-Authors: Daniel K. Burden, Beatriz Orihuela, Dan Rittschof, Daniel E Barlow, Christopher M Spillmann, Richard K Everett, Kathryn J WahlAbstract:Barnacles adhere permanently to surfaces by secreting and curing a thin interfacial adhesive underwater. Here, we show that the acorn Barnacle Balanus amphitrite adheres by a two-step fluid secretion process, both contributing to adhesion. We found that, as Barnacles grow, the first Barnacle cement secretion (BCS1) is released at the periphery of the expanding base plate. Subsequently, a second, autofluorescent fluid (BCS2) is released. We show that secretion of BCS2 into the interface results, on average, in a 2-fold increase in adhesive strength over adhesion by BCS1 alone. The two secretions are distinguishable both spatially and temporally, and differ in morphology, protein conformation, and chemical functionality. The short time window for BCS2 secretion relative to the overall area increase demonstrates that it has a disproportionate, surprisingly powerful, impact on adhesion. The dramatic change in adhesion occurs without measurable changes in interface thickness and total protein content. A fracture mechanics analysis suggests the interfacial material’s modulus or work of adhesion, or both, were substantially increased after BCS2 secretion. Addition of BCS2 into the interface generates highly networked amyloid-like fibrils and enhanced phenolic content. Both intertwined fibers and phenolic chemistries may contribute to mechanical stability of the interface through physically or chemically anchoring interface proteins to the substrate and intermolecular interactions. Our experiments point to the need to reexamine the role of phenolic components in Barnacle adhesion, long discounted despite their prevalence in structural membranes of arthropods and crustaceans, as they may contribute to chemical processes that strengthen adhesion through intermolecular cross-linking
Beatriz Orihuela - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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assessing the impacts of ocean acidification on adhesion and shell formation in the Barnacle amphibalanus amphitrite
Frontiers in Marine Science, 2018Co-Authors: Jessica A Nardone, Beatriz Orihuela, Shrey Patel, Kyle R Siegel, Dana Tedesco, Conall G Mcnicholl, Jessica Omalley, Jack Herrick, Rebecca A Metzler, Dan RittschofAbstract:Barnacles are dominant members of marine intertidal communities. Their success depends on firm attachment provided by their proteinaceous adhesive and protection imparted by their calcified shell plates. Little is known about how variations in the environment affect adhesion and shell formation processes in Barnacles. Increased levels of atmospheric CO2 have led to a reduction in the pH of ocean waters (i.e. ocean acidification), a trend that is expected to continue into the future. Here, we assessed if a reduction in seawater pH, at levels predicted within the next 200 years, would alter physiology, adhesion, and shell formation in the cosmopolitan Barnacle Amphibalanus (=Balanus) amphitrite. Juvenile Barnacles, settled on silicone substrates, were exposed to one of three static levels of pHT, 8.01, 7.78 or 7.50, for 13 weeks. We found that Barnacles were robust to reduced pH, with no effect of pH on physiological metrics (mortality, tissue mass, and presence of eggs). Likewise, adhesive properties (adhesion strength and adhesive plaque gross morphology) were not affected by reduced pH. Shell formation, however, was affected by seawater pH. Shell mass and base plate area were higher in Barnacles exposed to reduced pH; Barnacles grown at pHT 8.01 exhibited approximately 30% lower shell mass and 20% smaller base plate area as compared to those at pHT 7.50 or 7.78. Enhanced growth at reduced pH appears to be driven by the increased size of the calcite crystals that comprise the shell. Despite enhanced growth, mechanical properties of the base plate (but not the parietal plates) were compromised at the lowest pH level. Barnacle base plates at pHT 7.5 broke more easily and crack propagation, measured through microhardness testing, was significantly affected by seawater pH. Other shell metrics (plate thickness, relative crystallinity, and atomic disorder) were not affected by seawater pH. Hence, a reduction in pH resulted in larger Barnacles but with base plates that would crack more readily. It is yet to be determined if such changes would alter the survival of A. amphitrite in the field, but changes in the abundance of this ecologically dominant species would undoubtedly affect the composition of biofouling communities.
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Resistance of Zwitterionic Peptide Monolayers to Biofouling
2018Co-Authors: Thomas Ederth, Beatriz Orihuela, Maria Lerm, Dan RittschofAbstract:Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are widely used in science and engineering, and recent progress has demonstrated the utility of zwitterionic peptides with alternating lysine (K) and glutamic acid (E) residues for antifouling purposes. Aiming at developing a peptide-based fouling-resistant SAM suitable for presentation of surface-attached pheromones for Barnacle larvae, we have investigated five different peptide SAMs, where four are based on the EK motif, and the fifth was designed based on general principles for fouling resistance. The SAMs were formed by self-assembly onto gold substrates via cysteine residues on the peptides, and formation of SAMs was verified via ellipsometry, wettability, infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Settlement of cypris larvae of the Barnacle Balanus (=Amphibalanus) amphitrite, the target of pheromone studies, was tested. SAMs were also subjected to fouling assays using protein solutions, blood serum, and the bacterium Mycobacterium marinum. The results confirm the favorable antifouling properties of EK-containing peptides in most of the assays, although this did not apply to the Barnacle larvae settlement test, where settlement was low on only one of the peptide SAMs. The one peptide that had antifouling properties for Barnacles did not contain a pheromone motif, and would not be susceptible to degredation by common serine proteases. We conclude that the otherwise broadly effective antifouling properties of EK-containing peptide SAMs is not directly applicable to Barnacles, and that great care must be exercised in the design of peptide-based SAMs for presentation of Barnacle-specific ligands
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localization of phosphoproteins within the Barnacle adhesive interface
The Biological Bulletin, 2016Co-Authors: Xu Yang, Fanghui Wu, Beatriz Orihuela, Dan Rittschof, Elia BeniashAbstract:Barnacles permanently adhere to nearly any inert substrate using proteinaceous glue. The glue consists of at least ten major proteins, some of which have been isolated and sequenced. Questions still remain about the chemical mechanisms involved in adhesion and the potential of the glue to serve as a platform for mineralization of the calcified base plate. We tested the hypothesis that Barnacle glue contains phosphoproteins, which have the potential to play a role in both adhesion and mineralization. Using a combination of phosphoprotein-specific gel staining and Western blotting with anti-phosphoserine antibody, we identified multiple phosphorylated proteins in uncured glue secretions from the Barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite. The protein composition of the glue and the quantity and abundance of phosphoproteins varied distinctly among individual Barnacles, possibly due to cyclical changes in the glue secretion over time. We assessed the location of the phosphoproteins within the Barnacle glue layer using ...
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incorporation of silicone oil into elastomers enhances Barnacle detachment by active surface strain
Biofouling, 2016Co-Authors: Phanindhar Shivapooja, Beatriz Orihuela, Dan Rittschof, Changyong Cao, Vrad W Levering, Xuanhe Zhao, Gabriel P LopezAbstract:Silicone-oil additives are often used in fouling-release silicone coatings to reduce the adhesion strength of Barnacles and other biofouling organisms. This study follows on from a recently reported active approach to detach Barnacles, which was based on the surface strain of elastomeric materials, by investigating a new, dual-action approach to Barnacle detachment using Ecoflex®-based elastomers incorporated with poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based oil additives. The experimental results support the hypothesis that silicone-oil additives reduce the amount of substratum strain required to detach Barnacles. The study also de-coupled the two effects of silicone oils (ie surface-activity and alteration of the bulk modulus) and examined their contributions in reducing Barnacle adhesion strength. Further, a finite element model based on fracture mechanics was employed to qualitatively understand the effects of surface strain and substratum modulus on Barnacle adhesion strength. The study demonstrates that dynamic substratum deformation of elastomers with silicone-oil additives provides a bifunctional approach towards management of biofouling by Barnacles.
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Barnacle Balanus amphitrite Adheres by a Stepwise Cementing Process
2016Co-Authors: Daniel K. Burden, Beatriz Orihuela, Dan Rittschof, Daniel E Barlow, Christopher M Spillmann, Richard K Everett, Kathryn J WahlAbstract:Barnacles adhere permanently to surfaces by secreting and curing a thin interfacial adhesive underwater. Here, we show that the acorn Barnacle Balanus amphitrite adheres by a two-step fluid secretion process, both contributing to adhesion. We found that, as Barnacles grow, the first Barnacle cement secretion (BCS1) is released at the periphery of the expanding base plate. Subsequently, a second, autofluorescent fluid (BCS2) is released. We show that secretion of BCS2 into the interface results, on average, in a 2-fold increase in adhesive strength over adhesion by BCS1 alone. The two secretions are distinguishable both spatially and temporally, and differ in morphology, protein conformation, and chemical functionality. The short time window for BCS2 secretion relative to the overall area increase demonstrates that it has a disproportionate, surprisingly powerful, impact on adhesion. The dramatic change in adhesion occurs without measurable changes in interface thickness and total protein content. A fracture mechanics analysis suggests the interfacial material’s modulus or work of adhesion, or both, were substantially increased after BCS2 secretion. Addition of BCS2 into the interface generates highly networked amyloid-like fibrils and enhanced phenolic content. Both intertwined fibers and phenolic chemistries may contribute to mechanical stability of the interface through physically or chemically anchoring interface proteins to the substrate and intermolecular interactions. Our experiments point to the need to reexamine the role of phenolic components in Barnacle adhesion, long discounted despite their prevalence in structural membranes of arthropods and crustaceans, as they may contribute to chemical processes that strengthen adhesion through intermolecular cross-linking
Kathryn J Wahl - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Barnacle Balanus amphitrite Adheres by a Stepwise Cementing Process
2016Co-Authors: Daniel K. Burden, Beatriz Orihuela, Dan Rittschof, Daniel E Barlow, Christopher M Spillmann, Richard K Everett, Kathryn J WahlAbstract:Barnacles adhere permanently to surfaces by secreting and curing a thin interfacial adhesive underwater. Here, we show that the acorn Barnacle Balanus amphitrite adheres by a two-step fluid secretion process, both contributing to adhesion. We found that, as Barnacles grow, the first Barnacle cement secretion (BCS1) is released at the periphery of the expanding base plate. Subsequently, a second, autofluorescent fluid (BCS2) is released. We show that secretion of BCS2 into the interface results, on average, in a 2-fold increase in adhesive strength over adhesion by BCS1 alone. The two secretions are distinguishable both spatially and temporally, and differ in morphology, protein conformation, and chemical functionality. The short time window for BCS2 secretion relative to the overall area increase demonstrates that it has a disproportionate, surprisingly powerful, impact on adhesion. The dramatic change in adhesion occurs without measurable changes in interface thickness and total protein content. A fracture mechanics analysis suggests the interfacial material’s modulus or work of adhesion, or both, were substantially increased after BCS2 secretion. Addition of BCS2 into the interface generates highly networked amyloid-like fibrils and enhanced phenolic content. Both intertwined fibers and phenolic chemistries may contribute to mechanical stability of the interface through physically or chemically anchoring interface proteins to the substrate and intermolecular interactions. Our experiments point to the need to reexamine the role of phenolic components in Barnacle adhesion, long discounted despite their prevalence in structural membranes of arthropods and crustaceans, as they may contribute to chemical processes that strengthen adhesion through intermolecular cross-linking
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Barnacle biology before during and after settlement and metamorphosis a study of the interface
The Journal of Experimental Biology, 2016Co-Authors: Tara Essockburns, Neeraj V Gohad, Beatriz Orihuela, Andrew S Mount, Christopher M Spillmann, Kathryn J Wahl, Dan RittschofAbstract:Mobile Barnacle cypris larvae settle and metamorphose, transitioning to sessile juveniles with morphology and growth similar to that of adults. Because biofilms exist on immersed surfaces on which they attach, Barnacles must interact with bacteria during initial attachment and subsequent growth. The objective of this study was to characterize the developing interface of the Barnacle and substratum during this key developmental transition to inform potential mechanisms that promote attachment. The interface was characterized using confocal microscopy and fluorescent dyes to identify morphological and chemical changes to the interface and the status of bacteria present as a function of Barnacle developmental stage. Staining revealed patchy material containing proteins and nucleic acids, reactive oxygen species amidst developing cuticle, and changes in bacteria viability at the developing interface. We found that as Barnacles metamorphose from the cyprid to juvenile stage, proteinaceous materials with the appearance of coagulated liquid were released into and remained at the interface. It stained positive for proteins, including phosphoprotein, as well as nucleic acids. Regions of the developing cuticle and the patchy material itself stained for reactive oxygen species. Bacteria were absent until the cyprid was firmly attached, but populations died as Barnacle development progressed. The oxidative environment may contribute to the cytotoxicity observed for bacteria and has the potential for oxidative crosslinking of cuticle and proteinaceous materials at the interface.
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growth and development of the Barnacle amphibalanus amphitrite time and spatially resolved structure and chemistry of the base plate
Biofouling, 2014Co-Authors: Daniel K Burden, Beatriz Orihuela, Dan Rittschof, Daniel E Barlow, Christopher M Spillmann, R K Everett, Jeffrey R Deschamps, Kenan P Fears, Kathryn J WahlAbstract:The radial growth and advancement of the adhesive interface to the substratum of many species of acorn Barnacles occurs underwater and beneath an opaque, calcified shell. Here, the time-dependent growth processes involving various autofluorescent materials within the interface of live Barnacles are imaged for the first time using 3D time-lapse confocal microscopy. Key features of the interface development in the striped Barnacle, Amphibalanus (= Balanus) amphitrite were resolved in situ and include advancement of the Barnacle/substratum interface, epicuticle membrane development, protein secretion, and calcification. Microscopic and spectroscopic techniques provide ex situ material identification of regions imaged by confocal microscopy. In situ and ex situ analysis of the interface support the hypothesis that Barnacle interface development is a complex process coupling sequential, timed secretory events and morphological changes. This results in a multi-layered interface that concomitantly fulfills the roles of strongly adhering to a substratum while permitting continuous molting and radial growth at the periphery.
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Barnacle balanus amphitrite adheres by a stepwise cementing process
Langmuir, 2012Co-Authors: Daniel K Burden, Beatriz Orihuela, Dan Rittschof, Daniel E Barlow, Christopher M Spillmann, Richard K Everett, Kathryn J WahlAbstract:Barnacles adhere permanently to surfaces by secreting and curing a thin interfacial adhesive underwater. Here, we show that the acorn Barnacle Balanus amphitrite adheres by a two-step fluid secretion process, both contributing to adhesion. We found that, as Barnacles grow, the first Barnacle cement secretion (BCS1) is released at the periphery of the expanding base plate. Subsequently, a second, autofluorescent fluid (BCS2) is released. We show that secretion of BCS2 into the interface results, on average, in a 2-fold increase in adhesive strength over adhesion by BCS1 alone. The two secretions are distinguishable both spatially and temporally, and differ in morphology, protein conformation, and chemical functionality. The short time window for BCS2 secretion relative to the overall area increase demonstrates that it has a disproportionate, surprisingly powerful, impact on adhesion. The dramatic change in adhesion occurs without measurable changes in interface thickness and total protein content. A fractu...
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in situ atr ftir characterization of primary cement interfaces of the Barnacle balanus amphitrite
Biofouling, 2009Co-Authors: Daniel E Barlow, Beatriz Orihuela, Dan Rittschof, Gary H Dickinson, Kathryn J WahlAbstract:A method is presented for characterizing primary cement interfaces of Barnacles using in situ attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Primary cement of the Barnacle, Balanus amphitrite (Amphibalanus amphitrite), was characterized without any disruption to the original cement interface, after settling and growing Barnacles directly on double sided polished germanium wafers. High-quality IR spectra were acquired of live Barnacle cement interfaces, providing a spectroscopic fingerprint of cured primary cement in vivo with the Barnacle adhered to the substratum. Additional spectra were also acquired of intact cement interfaces for which the upper portion of the Barnacle had been removed leaving only the base plate and cement layer attached to the substratum. This allowed further characterization of primary cement interfaces that were dried or placed in D2O. The resulting spectra were consistent with the cement being proteinaceous, and allowed analysis of the protein secondary stru...
Christopher J. Kavanagh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Observations of Barnacle detachment from silicones using high-speed video
Journal of Adhesion, 2005Co-Authors: Christopher J. Kavanagh, Ronan D. Quinn, Geoffrey W. SwainAbstract:ABSTRACT The detachment of Barnacles (under shear and tensile loads) from silicone was investigated with the aid of high-speed digital video recording. A handheld probe was used to apply loads to the shells of Barnacles attached to three clear silicone-elastomer coatings of known thickness applied to glass plates. The tests were performed in the laboratory in air and underwater. Representative data are presented as a qualitative description of separation at the Barnacle adhesive–silicone interface. Detailed examination of adhesive separation during detachment provided new insight into the nature of a marine biological adhesive on a low modulus, artificial surface. The visible response of the Barnacle adhesive on silicone under external shear and tensile loading was suggestive of the viscous fingering seen in Saffman–Taylor instabilities. Complex branching separation occurred in rapid progression, usually within 100 ms. The results suggest that the Barnacle adhesive exhibits rheological responses of a visc...
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variation among families for characteristics of the adhesive plaque in the Barnacle balanus amphitrite
Biofouling, 2005Co-Authors: Eric R Holm, Christopher J. Kavanagh, Beatriz Orihuela, Dan RittschofAbstract:A quantitative genetics approach was used to examine variation in the characteristics of the adhesive plaque of the Barnacle Balanus amphitrite Darwin attached to two silicone substrata. Barnacles settled on silicone polymer films occasionally form thick, soft adhesive plaques, in contrast to the thin, hard plaques characteristic of attachment to other surfaces. The proportion of Barnacles producing a thick adhesive plaque was 0.31 for Veridian, a commercially available silicone fouling-release coating, and 0.18 for Silastic T-2, a silicone rubber used for mold-making. For both materials, significant variation among maternal families in the proportion of Barnacles producing a thick adhesive plaque was observed, which suggests the presence of genetic variation, or maternal environmental effects, for this plaque characteristic. For the Veridian coating, Barnacles expressing the thick adhesive plaque also exhibited significantly reduced tenacity. This represents the first reported case for potential genetic ...
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surface elastic modulus of Barnacle adhesive and release characteristics from silicone surfaces
Biofouling, 2004Co-Authors: Yujie Sun, Christopher J. Kavanagh, Senli Guo, Gilbert C Walker, Geoffrey SwainAbstract:The properties of Barnacle adhesive on silicone surfaces were studied by AFM indentation, imaging, and other tests and compared to the Barnacle shear adhesion strength. A multilayered structure of Barnacle adhesive plaque is proposed based on layered modulus regions measured by AFM indentation. The fracture of Barnacles from PDMS surfaces was found to include both interfacial and cohesive failure of Barnacle adhesive plaque, as determined by protein staining of the substratum after forced Barnacle release from the substrate. Data for freshly released Barnacles showed that there was a strong correlation between the mean Young's modulus of the outermost (softest) adhesive layer (E< 0.3 MPa) and the shear strength of adhesion, but no correlation for other higher modulus regions. Linear, quadratic, and Griffith's failure criterion (based on rough estimate of crack length) regressions were used in the fit, and showed significance.
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The Effects of Silicone Fluid Additives and Silicone Elastomer Matrices on Barnacle Adhesion Strength
Biofouling, 2003Co-Authors: Christopher J. Kavanagh, Eric R Holm, Geoffrey Swain, Brett Kovach, Judith Stein, Christina Darkangelo-wood, Kathryn Truby, Jean Montemarano, Anne E. Meyer, Deborah WiebeAbstract:Barnacle adhesion strength was used to screen seventy-seven polydimethylsiloxane elastomeric coatings for fouling-release properties. The test coatings were designed to investigate the effect on Barnacle adhesion strength of silicone fluid additive type, additive location, additive molecular weight, additive loading level, mixtures of additives, coating matrix type and coating fillers. The type of silicone fluid additive was the primary controlling factor in Barnacle fouling-release. The type of silicone matrix in which the fluid resided was found to alter the effect on fouling-release. Two PDMS fluids, DMSC15 and DBE224, significantly reduced the adhesion strength of Barnacles compared to unmodified elastomers. Optimum fouling-release performance was dependent on the interaction of fluid type and elastomeric matrix.
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variation in adhesion strength of balanus eburneus crassostrea virginica and hydroides dianthus to fouling release coatings
Biofouling, 2001Co-Authors: Christopher J. Kavanagh, Geoffrey Swain, Judith Stein, Kathryn Truby, Michael P Schultz, Christina Darkangelo WoodAbstract:This study compared the shear adhesion strength of Barnacles, oysters and tubeworms on eight RTV 11‐based silicone fouling‐release coatings containing different silicone oil additives. It was found that adhesion strength differed among species and coating types. In most cases, oysters and tubeworms had higher adhesion strengths than Barnacles. Barnacle adhesion strength was reduced on all coatings containing oil additives; however, this was not generally true for oysters and tubeworms. The difference in the adhesion strength among the three organisms tested in this study emphasizes the importance of understanding the fundamental interaction between marine invertebrate adhesives and the substratum.
Eric R Holm - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Barnacle reattachment: a tool for studying Barnacle adhesion.
Biofouling, 2008Co-Authors: Dan Rittschof, Bret Chisholm, Darcy Christianson, Justin Daniels, Shane J Stafslien, Beatriz Orihuela, Eric R HolmAbstract:Standard approaches for measuring adhesion strength of fouling organisms use Barnacles, tubeworms or oysters settled and grown in the field or laboratory, to a measurable size. These approaches suffer from the vagaries of larval supply, settlement behavior, predation, disturbance and environmental stress. Procedures for reattaching Barnacles to experimental surfaces are reported. When procedures are followed, adhesion strength measurements on silicone substrata after 2 weeks are comparable to those obtained using standard methods. Hydrophilic surfaces require reattachment for 2-4 weeks. The adhesion strength of Barnacles in reattachment assays was positively correlated to results obtained from field testing a series of experimental polysiloxane fouling-release coatings (r = 0.89). The reattachment method allows for precise Barnacle orientation, enabling the use of small surfaces and the potential for automation. The method enables down-selection of coatings from combinatorial approaches to manageable levels for definitive field testing. Reattachment can be used with coatings that combine antifouling and fouling-release technologies.
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variation among families for characteristics of the adhesive plaque in the Barnacle balanus amphitrite
Biofouling, 2005Co-Authors: Eric R Holm, Christopher J. Kavanagh, Beatriz Orihuela, Dan RittschofAbstract:A quantitative genetics approach was used to examine variation in the characteristics of the adhesive plaque of the Barnacle Balanus amphitrite Darwin attached to two silicone substrata. Barnacles settled on silicone polymer films occasionally form thick, soft adhesive plaques, in contrast to the thin, hard plaques characteristic of attachment to other surfaces. The proportion of Barnacles producing a thick adhesive plaque was 0.31 for Veridian, a commercially available silicone fouling-release coating, and 0.18 for Silastic T-2, a silicone rubber used for mold-making. For both materials, significant variation among maternal families in the proportion of Barnacles producing a thick adhesive plaque was observed, which suggests the presence of genetic variation, or maternal environmental effects, for this plaque characteristic. For the Veridian coating, Barnacles expressing the thick adhesive plaque also exhibited significantly reduced tenacity. This represents the first reported case for potential genetic ...
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The Effects of Silicone Fluid Additives and Silicone Elastomer Matrices on Barnacle Adhesion Strength
Biofouling, 2003Co-Authors: Christopher J. Kavanagh, Eric R Holm, Geoffrey Swain, Brett Kovach, Judith Stein, Christina Darkangelo-wood, Kathryn Truby, Jean Montemarano, Anne E. Meyer, Deborah WiebeAbstract:Barnacle adhesion strength was used to screen seventy-seven polydimethylsiloxane elastomeric coatings for fouling-release properties. The test coatings were designed to investigate the effect on Barnacle adhesion strength of silicone fluid additive type, additive location, additive molecular weight, additive loading level, mixtures of additives, coating matrix type and coating fillers. The type of silicone fluid additive was the primary controlling factor in Barnacle fouling-release. The type of silicone matrix in which the fluid resided was found to alter the effect on fouling-release. Two PDMS fluids, DMSC15 and DBE224, significantly reduced the adhesion strength of Barnacles compared to unmodified elastomers. Optimum fouling-release performance was dependent on the interaction of fluid type and elastomeric matrix.