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Changlu Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effect of Steam Treatment on Feeding, Mating, and Fecundity of the Common Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae).
Journal of medical entomology, 2018Co-Authors: Desen Wang, Changlu Wang, Chen ZhaAbstract:Steam application is an effective and environmentally friendly method for controlling Bed Bugs, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). While a few studies documented the Bed Bug control efficacy of steam treatment, the sublethal effect of steam treatment on Bed Bug behavior and female fecundity is unknown. In this study, we evaluated the effect of steam treatment on the movement, feeding, mating behavior, and fecundity of female Bed Bugs in the laboratory. Bed Bug adults received a calibrated steam treatment that caused approximately 28% mortality. The surviving Bed Bugs were observed for their feeding and mating behavior at 1 d posttreatment, female fecundity during a 7-d observation period, and offspring hatching. Steam-treated Bed Bugs were less active based on the percentage of Bed Bugs with movement, moving distance during a 10-min observation period, and feeding rate. However, steam treatment had no significant effect on blood intake (amount of blood taken per meal) among the fed Bed Bugs. After blood feeding, the steam-treated Bed Bugs had similar mating events and egg production as the control Bed Bugs. Furthermore, parental steam exposure had no significant effect on the offspring hatching. In conclusion, steam treatment could temporarily decrease Bed Bug activity levels and feeding rate, but had no significant impact on Bed Bug mating behavior and female fecundity.
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Dynamics of Bed Bug infestations in three low-income housing communities with various Bed Bug management programs.
Pest Management Science, 2018Co-Authors: Changlu Wang, Narinderpal Singh, Amanda L Eiden, Desen Wang, Richard CooperAbstract:BACKGROUND: Infestations of the common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius L., have become common in low-income communities in the USA over the last 15 years. We evaluated community-based integrated pest management (IPM) programs for reducing Bed Bug infestations. Two housing authorities (Bayonne and Hackensack) implemented Bed Bug IPM programs. A third housing authority (Paterson) was used as the control site. Building-wide surveys were conducted in all communities, three times, to evaluate the effectiveness of the IPM programs. RESULTS: From 0 to 24 months, the infestation rate at Bayonne, Hackensack, and Paterson decreased by 49, 64, and 26%, respectively. The two sites that adopted IPM achieved faster Bed Bug elimination than the control site. The Bed Bug introduction rate over a 24-month period at Bayonne, Hackensack, and Paterson was 7, 3, and 11%, respectively. The introduction rate was positively associated with the initial infestation rate. Residents from buildings enrolled in IPM programs were more satisfied with the Bed Bug control services than residents from the control site. CONCLUSION: IPM programs were more effective in reducing Bed Bug infestations than traditional pest control services, but many factors contributed to the lower than desired level of reduction in infestation rate. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Effect of Moxidectin on Bed Bug Feeding, Development, Fecundity, and Survivorship.
Insects, 2017Co-Authors: Chen Zha, Changlu Wang, Johnathan M. SheeleAbstract:The common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), is a blood-feeding ectoparasite which experienced world-wide resurgence during recent decades. The control of Bed Bugs is often challenging, due to their cryptic nature and resistance to commonly used insecticides. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the antiparasitic drug moxidectin on Bed Bug survival, reproduction, and development. The LC50 (lethal concentration to kill half the members of a tested population) of moxidectin against Bed Bug male adults, female adults, and large nymphs were 52.7 (95% CI (confidence interval): 39.5–70.8), 29.3 (95% CI: 20.7–40.5), and 29.1 ng/mL (95% CI: 23.3–35.3), respectively. Moxidectin (≥ 25 ng/mL) reduced egg laying of Bed Bug females, but showed no significant effect on egg hatching. One time feeding on rabbit blood containing 20 and 40 ng/mL moxidectin showed no negative effects in Bed Bug feeding and blood meal ingestion, but significantly reduced digestion rates and nymph molting rates. Although moxidectin at concentrations of 20 and 40 ng/mL only caused moderate mortality in Bed Bugs, it significantly interrupted digestion, development, and oviposition of survived Bed Bugs for at least one week after feeding. Moxidectin is a promising supplement of the existing Bed Bug control materials if its use on humans can be approved in the future.
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Testing a Threshold-Based Bed Bug Management Approach in Apartment Buildings.
Insects, 2017Co-Authors: Narinderpal Singh, Changlu Wang, Richard Cooper, Chen Zha, Mark G. RobsonAbstract:We tested a threshold-based Bed Bug (Cimex lectularius L.) management approach with the goal of achieving elimination with minimal or no insecticide application. Thirty-two Bed Bug infested apartments were identified. These apartments were divided into four treatment groups based on apartment size and initial Bed Bug count, obtained through a combination of visual inspection and Bed Bug monitors: I- Non-chemical only in apartments with 1–12 Bed Bug count, II- Chemical control only in apartments with 1–12 Bed Bug count, III- Non-chemical and chemical control in apartments with >12 Bed Bug count, and IV- Chemical control only in apartments with ≥11 Bed Bug count. All apartments were monitored or treated once every two weeks for a maximum of 28 wk. Treatment I eliminated Bed Bugs in a similar amount of time to treatment II. Time to eliminate Bed Bugs was similar between treatment III and IV but required significantly less insecticide spray in treatment III than that in treatment IV. A threshold-based management approach (non-chemical only or non-chemical and chemical) can eliminate Bed Bugs in a similar amount of time, using little to no pesticide compared to a chemical only approach.
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effects of various interventions including mass trapping with passive pitfall traps on low level Bed Bug populations in apartments
Journal of Economic Entomology, 2016Co-Authors: Richard Cooper, Changlu Wang, Narinderpal SinghAbstract:Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of various interventions on low-level Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius L., populations in occupied apartments. The first experiment was conducted in occupied apartments under three intervention conditions: never treated (Group I), recently treated with no further treatment (Group II), and recently treated with continued treatment (Group III). Each apartment was monitored with pitfall-style traps (interceptors) installed at Beds and upholstered furniture (sleeping and resting areas) along with ∼18 additional interceptors throughout the apartment. The traps were inspected every 2 wk. After 22 wk, Bed Bugs had been eliminated (zero trap catch for eight consecutive weeks and none detected in visual inspections) in 96, 87, and 100% of the apartments in Groups I, II, and III, respectively. The second experiment investigated the impact of interceptors as a control measure in apartments with low-level infestations. In the treatment group, interceptors were continuously installed at and away from sleeping and resting areas and were inspected every 2 wk for 16 wk. In the control group, interceptors were placed in a similar fashion as the treatment group but were only placed during 6–8 and 14–16 wk to obtain Bed Bug counts. Bed Bug counts were significantly lower at 8 wk in the treatment group than in the control group. At 16 wk, Bed Bugs were eliminated in 50% of the apartments in the treatment group. The implications of our results in the development of Bed Bug management strategies and monitoring protocols are discussed.
Alvaro Romero - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Survival and Transstadial Persistence of Trypanosoma cruzi in the Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)
Journal of medical entomology, 2018Co-Authors: Brittny N Blakely, Stephen F. Hanson, Alvaro RomeroAbstract:Bed Bug populations are increasing around the world at an alarming rate and have become a major public health concern. The appearance of Bed Bug populations in areas where Chagas disease is endemic raises questions about the role of these insects in the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of the disease. In a series of laboratory evaluations, Bed Bug adults and nymphs were experimentally fed with T. cruzi-infected blood to assess the ability of T. cruzi to survive inside the Bed Bug and throughout the insect’s molting process. Live T. cruzi were observed in gut contents of experimentally infected Bed Bug adults via light microscopy and the identity of the parasite was confirmed via polymerase chain reaction analysis. T. cruzi persisted at least 97-d postinfection in adult Bed Bugs. Nymphal stage Bed Bugs that were infected with T. cruzi maintained the parasite after molting, indicating that transstadial passage of T. cruzi in Bed Bugs took place. This report provides further evidence of acquisition, maintenance, and for the first time, transstadial persistence of T. cruzi in Bed Bugs.
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Behavioral Responses of the Common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius, to Insecticide Dusts
Insects, 2017Co-Authors: John L. Agnew, Alvaro RomeroAbstract:Bed Bugs have reemerged recently as a serious and growing problem not only in North America but in many parts of the world. These insects have become the most challenging pest to control in urban environments. Residual insecticides are the most common methods used for Bed Bug control; however, insecticide resistance limits the efficacy of treatments. Desiccant dusts have emerged as a good option to provide a better residual effect for Bed Bug control. Several studies have focused on determining the efficacy of dust-based insecticides against Bed Bugs. However, behavioral responses of Bed Bugs to insecticide dusts could influence their efficacy. The behavioral responses of Bed Bugs to six insecticide dusts commonly used in the United States were evaluated with an advanced video tracking technique (Ethovision). Bed Bugs took longer to make first contact with areas treated with the diatomaceous earth (DE)-based products MotherEarth D and Alpine than pyrethroid, pyrethrins or silica gel based products, DeltaDust, Tempo 1% Dust and CimeXa, respectively. Lower visitation rates of Bed Bugs were recorded for areas treated with MotherEarth D, Alpine and CimeXa than that of DeltaDust, Tempo 1% Dust, and Tri-Die Silica + Pyrethrum Dust. Bed Bugs spent less time in areas treated with Tri-Die Dust, CimeXa, Alpine, and MotherEarth D than DeltaDust and Tempo 1% Dust, and they exhibited a reduction in locomotor parameters when crawling on areas treated with CimeXa and Alpine. The implications of these responses to Bed Bug control are discussed.
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high levels of resistance in the common Bed Bug cimex lectularius hemiptera cimicidae to neonicotinoid insecticides
Journal of Medical Entomology, 2016Co-Authors: Alvaro Romero, Troy D AndersonAbstract:The rapid increase of Bed Bug populations resistant to pyrethroids demands the development of novel control tactics. Products combining pyrethroids and neonicotinoids have become very popular for Bed Bug control in the United States, but there are concerns about evolution of resistance to these compounds. Laboratory assays were used to measure the toxicity of topical applications of four neonicotinoids to a susceptible population and three pyrethroid-resistant populations. Activity of esterases, glutathione S-transferases, and cytochrome P450s of all strains was also evaluated. High levels of resistance to four neonicotinoids, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, dinotefuran, and thiamethoxam, relative to the susceptible Fort Dix population, were detected in populations collected from human dwellings in Cincinnati and Michigan. Because activity of detoxifying enzymes was increased in these two populations, our results suggest that these enzymes have some involvement in neonicotinoid resistance, but other resistance mechanisms might be involved as well. Detection of high levels of resistance to neonicotinoids further limits the options for chemical control of Bed Bugs.
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Evaluation of chlorfenapyr for control of the Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius L.
Pest management science, 2010Co-Authors: Alvaro Romero, Michael F Potter, Kenneth F HaynesAbstract:BACKGROUND: The presence of Bed Bug populations resistant to pyrethroids demands the development of new control tactics, including the use of insecticides with new modes of action. Insecticides that disrupt oxidative phosphorylation in insect mitochondria can be an option. Laboratory assays were used to measure the toxicity of chlorfenapyr to susceptible strains and two strains highly resistant to pyrethroids. The effectiveness of two chlorfenapyr-based formulations was compared, and behavioral responses of Bed Bugs to dry residues of aerosol sprays were evaluated. RESULTS: Chlorfenapyr was effective against all Bed Bug strains, killing them at a similar rate, regardless of their susceptibility status to pyrethroids. Dry residues aged for 4 months were as toxic as fresh dry residues. The aerosol formulation had contact activity and caused faster mortality than a water-based formulation. Bed Bugs did not avoid resting on surfaces treated with aerosol. CONCLUSION: Chlorfenapyr is an option for controlling pyrethroid-resistant Bed Bugs. While it does not cause quick knockdown, its long residual activity and no avoidance behavior of Bed Bugs to dry residues appear to make this insecticide suitable for Bed Bug control. A faster insecticidal effect is obtained with the aerosol formulation, suggesting greater bioavailablity of the toxicant. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
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widespread distribution of knockdown resistance mutations in the Bed Bug cimex lectularius hemiptera cimicidae populations in the united states
Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 2010Co-Authors: Fang Zhu, John Wigginton, Alvaro Romero, Ali Moore, Kimberly Ferguson, Roshan Palli, Michael F Potter, Kenneth F Haynes, Subba Reddy PalliAbstract:We previously reported high deltamethrin resistance in Bed Bugs, Cimex lectularius, collected from multiple areas of the United States (Romero et al., 2007). Recently, two mutations, the Valine to Leucine mutation (V419L) and the Leucine to Isoleucine mutation (L925I) in voltage-gated sodium channel α-subunit gene, had been identified to be responsible for knockdown resistance (kdr) to deltamethrin in Bed Bugs collected from New York (Yoon et al., 2008). The current study was undertaken to investigate the distribution of these two kdr mutations in 110 Bed Bug populations collected in the United States. Out of the 17 Bed Bug populations that were assayed for deltamethrin susceptibility, two resistant populations collected in the Cincinnati area and three deltamethrin-susceptible lab colonies showed neither of the two reported mutations (haplotype A). The remaining 12 populations contained L925I or both V419L and L925I mutations in voltage-gated sodium channel α-subunit gene (haplotypes B&C). In 93 populations that were not assayed for deltamethrin susceptibility, 12 contained neither of the two mutations (haplotype A) and 81 contained L925I or V419L or both mutations (haplotypes B-D). Thus, 88% of the Bed Bug populations collected showed target-site mutations. These data suggest that deltamethrin resistance conferred by target-site insensitivity of sodium channel is widely spread in Bed Bug populations across the United States. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kenneth F Haynes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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impact of sublethal exposure to a pyrethroid neonicotinoid insecticide on mating fecundity and development in the Bed Bug cimex lectularius l hemiptera cimicidae
PLOS ONE, 2017Co-Authors: Sydney E Crawley, Michael F Potter, Jennifer R. Gordon, Katelyn A Kowles, Kenneth F HaynesAbstract:Sublethal exposure to an insecticide may alter insect feeding, mating, oviposition, fecundity, development, and many other life history parameters. Such effects may have population-level consequences that are not apparent in traditional dose-mortality evaluations. Earlier, we found that a routinely used combination insecticide that includes a pyrethroid and a neonicotinoid (Temprid® SC) had deleterious effects on multiple Bed Bug (Cimex lectularius, L.) behaviors. Here, we demonstrate that sublethal exposure impacts physiology and reproduction as well. We report that sublethal exposure to Temprid SC has variable aberrant effects on Bed Bugs depending on the strain, including: a reduction in male mating success and delayed oviposition by females. However, after sublethal exposure, egg hatch rate consistently declined in every strain tested, anywhere from 34%-73%. Conversely, impact on fifth instar eclosion time was not significant. While the strains that we tested varied in their respective magnitude of sublethal effects, taken together, these effects could reduce Bed Bug population growth. These changes in Bed Bug behavior and fecundity could lead to improved efficacy of Temprid SC in the field, but recovery of impacted Bugs must be considered in future studies. Sublethal effects should not be overlooked when evaluating insecticide efficacy, as it is likely that other products may also have indirect effects on population dynamics that could either aid or inhibit successful management of pest populations.
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Recent Progress in Bed Bug Management
Advanced Technologies for Managing Insect Pests, 2012Co-Authors: Kenneth F Haynes, Michael F PotterAbstract:The world-wide resurgence of the Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius L., has prompted new investigations into their control. In part the resurgence may be explained by the evolution and spread of resistance to pyrethroids, which have been a mainstay for controlling Bed Bugs and other indoor pests. The magnitude, distribution, and mechanisms of resistance will be presented and discussed here. Pyrethroid resistance has necessitated a switch to other classes of insecticides and control tactics, some of which we have studied. Heat treatments have proven to be effective, but only when reintroduction of Bed Bugs can be prevented. Direct control with steam, freezing, and vacuuming can kill or remove insects that are within the limited range of these laborious techniques. Chlorfenapyr and neonicotinoids, the latter being marketed as combination products with pyrethroids, have thus far been effective in killing pyrethroid-resistant Bed Bugs. Desiccants and other insecticidal dusts often have a role to play in multifaceted control programs. DDVP, a volatile organophosphate insecticide could help to eliminate Bugs and their eggs from difficult to treat items. Many insecticides will kill Bed Bugs if they are directly sprayed with the formulated insecticides. Bed Bug control is made much more difficult by the surreptitious behaviors of the insects. There is an acute need for insecticides with residual activity that can be safely used in this sensitive setting so that host and harborage seeking Bugs will be exposed. Integration of chemical and non-chemical methods is recommended, because no single approach, other than specialized applications such as fumigation or area-wide heat treatment, has been shown to be consistently effective. Perhaps the greatest need for the pest management industry is a way to detect less obvious infestations and to monitor the effectiveness of treatment programs. Well-trained dogs can be effective in detecting Bed Bugs under certain conditions, but are expensive to train and maintain. There is a plethora of traps on the market, including those that take advantage of the inherent responses of Bed Bugs to heat and CO2, and other host odors. The unusual mating behavior in which the male introduces sperm directly into the female’s body cavity is a possible vulnerability for future applications.
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Bed Bug deterrence
BMC biology, 2010Co-Authors: Kenneth F Haynes, Mark H Goodman, Michael F PotterAbstract:A recent study in BMC Biology has determined that the immature stage of the Bed Bug (the nymph) signals its reproductive status to adult males using pheromones and thus avoids the trauma associated with copulation in this species. The success of this nymphal strategy of deterrence is instructive. Against the background of increasing problems with Bed Bugs, this research raises the question whether pheromones might be used to control them.
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Evaluation of chlorfenapyr for control of the Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius L.
Pest management science, 2010Co-Authors: Alvaro Romero, Michael F Potter, Kenneth F HaynesAbstract:BACKGROUND: The presence of Bed Bug populations resistant to pyrethroids demands the development of new control tactics, including the use of insecticides with new modes of action. Insecticides that disrupt oxidative phosphorylation in insect mitochondria can be an option. Laboratory assays were used to measure the toxicity of chlorfenapyr to susceptible strains and two strains highly resistant to pyrethroids. The effectiveness of two chlorfenapyr-based formulations was compared, and behavioral responses of Bed Bugs to dry residues of aerosol sprays were evaluated. RESULTS: Chlorfenapyr was effective against all Bed Bug strains, killing them at a similar rate, regardless of their susceptibility status to pyrethroids. Dry residues aged for 4 months were as toxic as fresh dry residues. The aerosol formulation had contact activity and caused faster mortality than a water-based formulation. Bed Bugs did not avoid resting on surfaces treated with aerosol. CONCLUSION: Chlorfenapyr is an option for controlling pyrethroid-resistant Bed Bugs. While it does not cause quick knockdown, its long residual activity and no avoidance behavior of Bed Bugs to dry residues appear to make this insecticide suitable for Bed Bug control. A faster insecticidal effect is obtained with the aerosol formulation, suggesting greater bioavailablity of the toxicant. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
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widespread distribution of knockdown resistance mutations in the Bed Bug cimex lectularius hemiptera cimicidae populations in the united states
Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 2010Co-Authors: Fang Zhu, John Wigginton, Alvaro Romero, Ali Moore, Kimberly Ferguson, Roshan Palli, Michael F Potter, Kenneth F Haynes, Subba Reddy PalliAbstract:We previously reported high deltamethrin resistance in Bed Bugs, Cimex lectularius, collected from multiple areas of the United States (Romero et al., 2007). Recently, two mutations, the Valine to Leucine mutation (V419L) and the Leucine to Isoleucine mutation (L925I) in voltage-gated sodium channel α-subunit gene, had been identified to be responsible for knockdown resistance (kdr) to deltamethrin in Bed Bugs collected from New York (Yoon et al., 2008). The current study was undertaken to investigate the distribution of these two kdr mutations in 110 Bed Bug populations collected in the United States. Out of the 17 Bed Bug populations that were assayed for deltamethrin susceptibility, two resistant populations collected in the Cincinnati area and three deltamethrin-susceptible lab colonies showed neither of the two reported mutations (haplotype A). The remaining 12 populations contained L925I or both V419L and L925I mutations in voltage-gated sodium channel α-subunit gene (haplotypes B&C). In 93 populations that were not assayed for deltamethrin susceptibility, 12 contained neither of the two mutations (haplotype A) and 81 contained L925I or V419L or both mutations (haplotypes B-D). Thus, 88% of the Bed Bug populations collected showed target-site mutations. These data suggest that deltamethrin resistance conferred by target-site insensitivity of sodium channel is widely spread in Bed Bug populations across the United States. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Richard Cooper - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Dynamics of Bed Bug infestations in three low-income housing communities with various Bed Bug management programs.
Pest Management Science, 2018Co-Authors: Changlu Wang, Narinderpal Singh, Amanda L Eiden, Desen Wang, Richard CooperAbstract:BACKGROUND: Infestations of the common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius L., have become common in low-income communities in the USA over the last 15 years. We evaluated community-based integrated pest management (IPM) programs for reducing Bed Bug infestations. Two housing authorities (Bayonne and Hackensack) implemented Bed Bug IPM programs. A third housing authority (Paterson) was used as the control site. Building-wide surveys were conducted in all communities, three times, to evaluate the effectiveness of the IPM programs. RESULTS: From 0 to 24 months, the infestation rate at Bayonne, Hackensack, and Paterson decreased by 49, 64, and 26%, respectively. The two sites that adopted IPM achieved faster Bed Bug elimination than the control site. The Bed Bug introduction rate over a 24-month period at Bayonne, Hackensack, and Paterson was 7, 3, and 11%, respectively. The introduction rate was positively associated with the initial infestation rate. Residents from buildings enrolled in IPM programs were more satisfied with the Bed Bug control services than residents from the control site. CONCLUSION: IPM programs were more effective in reducing Bed Bug infestations than traditional pest control services, but many factors contributed to the lower than desired level of reduction in infestation rate. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Testing a Threshold-Based Bed Bug Management Approach in Apartment Buildings.
Insects, 2017Co-Authors: Narinderpal Singh, Changlu Wang, Richard Cooper, Chen Zha, Mark G. RobsonAbstract:We tested a threshold-based Bed Bug (Cimex lectularius L.) management approach with the goal of achieving elimination with minimal or no insecticide application. Thirty-two Bed Bug infested apartments were identified. These apartments were divided into four treatment groups based on apartment size and initial Bed Bug count, obtained through a combination of visual inspection and Bed Bug monitors: I- Non-chemical only in apartments with 1–12 Bed Bug count, II- Chemical control only in apartments with 1–12 Bed Bug count, III- Non-chemical and chemical control in apartments with >12 Bed Bug count, and IV- Chemical control only in apartments with ≥11 Bed Bug count. All apartments were monitored or treated once every two weeks for a maximum of 28 wk. Treatment I eliminated Bed Bugs in a similar amount of time to treatment II. Time to eliminate Bed Bugs was similar between treatment III and IV but required significantly less insecticide spray in treatment III than that in treatment IV. A threshold-based management approach (non-chemical only or non-chemical and chemical) can eliminate Bed Bugs in a similar amount of time, using little to no pesticide compared to a chemical only approach.
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effects of various interventions including mass trapping with passive pitfall traps on low level Bed Bug populations in apartments
Journal of Economic Entomology, 2016Co-Authors: Richard Cooper, Changlu Wang, Narinderpal SinghAbstract:Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of various interventions on low-level Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius L., populations in occupied apartments. The first experiment was conducted in occupied apartments under three intervention conditions: never treated (Group I), recently treated with no further treatment (Group II), and recently treated with continued treatment (Group III). Each apartment was monitored with pitfall-style traps (interceptors) installed at Beds and upholstered furniture (sleeping and resting areas) along with ∼18 additional interceptors throughout the apartment. The traps were inspected every 2 wk. After 22 wk, Bed Bugs had been eliminated (zero trap catch for eight consecutive weeks and none detected in visual inspections) in 96, 87, and 100% of the apartments in Groups I, II, and III, respectively. The second experiment investigated the impact of interceptors as a control measure in apartments with low-level infestations. In the treatment group, interceptors were continuously installed at and away from sleeping and resting areas and were inspected every 2 wk for 16 wk. In the control group, interceptors were placed in a similar fashion as the treatment group but were only placed during 6–8 and 14–16 wk to obtain Bed Bug counts. Bed Bug counts were significantly lower at 8 wk in the treatment group than in the control group. At 16 wk, Bed Bugs were eliminated in 50% of the apartments in the treatment group. The implications of our results in the development of Bed Bug management strategies and monitoring protocols are discussed.
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evaluation of a model community wide Bed Bug management program in affordable housing
Pest Management Science, 2016Co-Authors: Richard Cooper, Changlu Wang, Narinderpal SinghAbstract:BACKGROUND Low-income apartment communities in the United States are suffering from disproportionally high Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius L., infestations owing to lack of effective monitoring and treatment. Studies examining the effectiveness of integrated pest management (IPM) for the control of Bed Bugs in affordable housing have been limited to small subsets of Bed-Bug-infested apartments, rather than at the apartment community level. We developed, implemented and evaluated a complex-wide IPM program for Bed Bugs in an affordable housing community. Proactive inspections and biweekly treatments using a combination of non-chemical and chemical methods until Bed Bugs were not detected for three biweekly monitoring visits were key elements of the IPM program. RESULTS A total of 55 Bed-Bug-infested apartments were identified during the initial inspection. Property management was unaware of 71% of these infestations. Over the next 12 months, 14 additional infested apartments were identified. The IPM program resulted in a 98% reduction in Bed Bug counts among treated apartments and reduced infestation rates from 15 to 2.2% after 12 months. CONCLUSIONS Adopting a complex-wide Bed Bug IPM program, incorporating proactive monitoring, and biweekly treatments of infested apartments utilizing non-chemical and chemical methods can successfully reduce infestation rates to very low levels. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
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field study of the comparative efficacy of three pyrethroid neonicotinoid mixture products for the control of the common Bed Bug cimex lectularius
Insects, 2015Co-Authors: Changlu Wang, Narinderpal Singh, Richard CooperAbstract:Three insecticide mixtures that contain two classes of insecticides (pyrethroid and neonicotinoid) were recently developed to control Bed Bugs. We evaluated three integrated Bed Bug management strategies in apartments, each using the same non-chemical control methods and one of the three insecticide mixture products: Tandem (lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam), Temprid SC (beta-cyfluthrin + imidacloprid), and Transport Mikron (bifenthrin + acetamiprid). No insecticides were applied in the Control apartments. In all apartments, we installed vinyl mattress encasements (if not already present) and applied steam to Beds and other infested upholstered furniture. Insecticide sprays were applied in the three treatments. Each treatment and the Control included 8-10 occupied apartments. Re-treatment was conducted during biweekly inspections if necessary. After eight weeks, the mean (± SEM) Bed Bug count reduction in the Tandem, Temprid SC, Transport Mikron, and Control was 89 ± 9, 87 ± 6, 98 ± 1, and 23 ± 54%, respectively. Only Tandem and Transport Mikron treatments resulted in significantly higher population reduction than the Control at eight weeks. There were no significant differences in mean percent reduction among the three treatments (Tandem, Temprid SC, Transport Mikron) at eight weeks. Tandem spray caused significantly faster Bed Bug reduction than Temprid SC spray and Transport Mikron spray.
Emma N.i. Weeks - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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semiochemicals of the common Bed Bug cimex lectularius l hemiptera cimicidae and their potential for use in monitoring and control
Pest Management Science, 2011Co-Authors: M M Cameron, Emma N.i. Weeks, Michael A. Birkett, J A Pickett, James G. LoganAbstract:The recent resurgence of the common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius L., has driven an increase in research into the biology and behaviour of this pest. Current control is reliant on the application of insecticides, but, owing to the development of insecticide resistance, there is a need for new tools and techniques. Semiochemicals (behaviour- and physiology-modifying chemicals) could be exploited for management of Bed Bugs. The aim of this review was to evaluate studies undertaken in Bed Bug chemical ecology to date, with particular reference to how the research could be exploited for monitoring and control. Bed Bugs, like many other insects, have a complex olfactory system. Recent studies have characterised the olfactory sensilla, located on the terminal segment of the antennae, to functional classes by electrophysiological screening. Behavioural studies have revealed the presence of an alarm pheromone and potential airborne aggregation semiochemicals, but it is not yet understood if Bed Bugs use a sex pheromone during mating. Host location cues have been investigated, and carbon dioxide has been found to be highly attractive both in laboratory and in field studies. Recent field trials have tested blends of other potential kairomones, which have been shown to have an additive effect when used in a heated Bed Bug trap with carbon dioxide. The trap, which combines heat and kairomones, is the only trap currently available with proven efficacy in the field. In order for semiochemicals to be useful for Bed Bug management, an increased knowledge and understanding of the biology, behaviour and chemical ecology of this insect is essential.
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A bioassay for studying behavioural responses of the common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) to Bed Bug-derived volatiles.
Bulletin of entomological research, 2010Co-Authors: Emma N.i. Weeks, James G. Logan, Salvador A. Gezan, Christine M. Woodcock, Michael A. Birkett, John A. Pickett, Mary M. CameronAbstract:The common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), has recently re-emerged in increasing numbers, distribution and intensity of infestation in many countries. Current control relies on the application of residual pesticides; but, due to the development of insecticide resistance, there is a need for new tools and techniques. Semiochemicals (behaviour and physiology modifying chemicals) could be exploited for management of Bed Bugs. However, in order to identify semiochemicals that can be utilised in monitoring or control, a suitable olfactometer is needed that enables the study of the responses of Bed Bugs to volatile chemicals. Previous studies have used olfactometers that do not separate olfactory responses from responses to physical contact. In this study, a still-air olfactometer was used to measure behavioural responses to different Bed Bug-derived volatiles presented in an odour pot. Bed Bugs were significantly more likely to visit the area above the odour pot first, and more frequently, in the presence of volatiles from Bed Bug-exposed paper but not in the presence of volatiles from conspecific Bed Bugs. Bed Bug activity was found to be dependent on the presence of the volatiles from Bed Bug-exposed paper, the time during the scotophase and the sex of the insect being tested. The still-air olfactometer could be used to test putative semiochemicals, which would allow an understanding of their behavioural role in Bed Bug ecology. Ultimately, this could lead to the identification of new semiochemical tools for Bed Bug monitoring and control.