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Kennon A Lattal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Resurgence Without Overall Worsening of Alternative Reinforcement
Behavioural Processes, 2020Co-Authors: Tyler D. Nighbor, Anthony C. Oliver, Kennon A LattalAbstract:Abstract Three experiments were conducted with pigeons to assess discriminated periods of nonreinforcement as precipitators of Resurgence. Each experiment occurred in three phases. In the Training phase, key-pecking was reinforced according to variable-interval schedules that alternated between two response keys (Experiment 1) or were concurrently available on two response keys (Experiments 2a & 2b). In the Alternative-Reinforcement phase, responding to one key was extinguished, while that to the other was reinforced according to tandem schedules. These then were replaced by chained schedules with the same programmed reinforcement rate in the Resurgence-Test phase. Resurgence occurred both when the signaled period of nonreinforcement was a darkened keylight in the terminal link of the chain schedule (Experiment 1) and a darkened keylight (Experiment 2a) or keylight color change (Experiment 2b) in the initial link of the chain schedule. Thus, signaled periods of extinction, without accompanying reductions in reinforcement rate, precipitated Resurgence, suggesting that Resurgence is not the result of worsening of overall reinforcement conditions, but also occurs when local conditions of reinforcement are worsened.
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Hierarchical Resurgence.
Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 2019Co-Authors: Kennon A Lattal, Carlos R. X. Cançado, Elizabeth A Solley, Anthony C. OliverAbstract:In Resurgence, conventionally a target response is trained and then extinguished while some alternative response is reinforced. In the most common procedure, when the latter is extinguished, the former resurges. The present experiments examined Resurgence after two responses were trained sequentially and subsequently extinguished. In Experiments 1 and 2, keypecking to one key was trained and then extinguished as keypecking to a different key was trained then later extinguished. In both experiments, regardless of the spatial location of the different keys, the last-trained response resurged before the first-trained one. The results were replicated in Experiment 3 where reinforcement rate of the first-trained response was four times that of the second-trained response. The results in conjunction with earlier experiments suggest that Resurgence occurs hierarchically, although whether more or less recently trained target responses resurge first or later may depend on both current and historical variables. The results also raise questions about the interpretation of responding on a control key that sometimes is included in Resurgence experiments to isolate Resurgence from extinction-induced responding.
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Repeated, within‐session Resurgence
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2019Co-Authors: James E. Cook, Kennon A LattalAbstract:: Resurgence is a reliable, transient effect that only occasionally is replicated more than once within a single experiment or subject. In the present experiments, within-session Resurgence was generated repeatedly by dividing individual sessions into three phases (Training, Alternative-Reinforcement, and Resurgence-Test). In Experiments 1 and 2, Resurgence reliably occurred in most of the 22-30 daily sessions when responding was reinforced on, respectively, fixed- and variable-interval schedules. Resurgence magnitude and duration did decrease across replications for some subjects, but not for others. To examine the utility of the procedure in studying the effects of an independent variable on Resurgence, in Experiment 3 the effects of rich and lean baseline and alternative reinforcement rates on Resurgence were compared. The target response was eliminated more rapidly, Resurgence occurred more often, and usually was greater following rich alternative reinforcement rates. Resurgence was of greater magnitude when the baseline reinforcement rate was relatively lean compared to the alternative reinforcement rate. These experiments provide a reliable method for generating Resurgence within individual sessions, instead of across multiple-session conditions, that can be repeated over many successive sessions.
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Reinforcer magnitude and Resurgence.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2018Co-Authors: Anthony C. Oliver, Tyler D. Nighbor, Kennon A LattalAbstract:: One experiment each was conducted with pigeons and rats to assess the effects of changes in reinforcer magnitude on Resurgence. Each experiment involved three phases. In the Training phase, key pecking (Experiment 1) or lever pressing (Experiment 2) on two concurrently available operanda was reinforced according to variable-interval schedules. In the Alternative Reinforcement phase, responding to one operandum was extinguished while that to the other was reinforced with greater duration of food access (Experiment 1), greater number of pellets (Experiment 2a), or a similar number of pellets (Experiment 2b) than occurred in the Training phase. In the Resurgence Test phase, the reinforcer magnitude associated with the Alternative response was either reduced (Experiments 1 & 2a) or increased (Experiment 2b) relative to the preceding condition. Resurgence generally occurred when the reinforcer magnitude maintaining the Alternative response was reduced, but not when it was increased relative to the preceding condition. The results further support the suggestion that Resurgence results from an overall "worsening" of reinforcement conditions, but not simply from a change in conditions.
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Stimulus contributions to operant Resurgence.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2018Co-Authors: Tyler D. Nighbor, Stephanie L. Kincaid, Christopher M. O'hearn, Kennon A LattalAbstract:: In two experiments, pigeons were exposed to a three-phase Resurgence procedure (train Response A; extinguish Response A and train Response B; extinguish Response B). In the first experiment, the stimuli associated with phases were different, resulting in a Resurgence procedure combined with an ABC renewal procedure. Presenting the novel stimulus, C, during extinction of both responses in the third phase resulted in minimal Resurgence. Subsequently, substituting the original training Stimulus A for Stimulus C resulted in Resurgence with all pigeons. In the second experiment, Resurgence with the same stimuli present in all three phases of the Resurgence procedure (AAA) was compared concurrently with a Resurgence procedure in which the ABC renewal procedure used in Experiment 1 was superimposed. Substantially more Resurgence occurred with the AAA procedure compared to the ABC procedure. Although ABC renewal in combination with the Resurgence procedure generated some Resurgence, such recurrent responding was attenuated relative to that observed when the stimulus conditions were constant across phases. Combined with earlier research showing the enhancing effects of combining Resurgence and ABA renewal procedures, the present results elaborate on how stimuli correlated with certain behavioral histories affect the course of operant Resurgence.
Timothy A. Shahan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Resurgence of punishment-suppressed cocaine seeking in rats.
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2019Co-Authors: Rusty W. Nall, Timothy A. ShahanAbstract:: Alternative reinforcement-based treatments are among the most effective for reducing substance abuse. However, relapse often occurs when alternative reinforcement ends. Relapse following the loss of alternative reinforcement is called Resurgence. An animal model has been used to study basic factors that may ultimately reduce Resurgence but uses drug unavailability (i.e., extinction) to reduce drug seeking. In humans, drug abstinence is thought to be a product of aversive consequences associated with drug use rather than extinction. This discrepancy is important because the environmental and neurobiological factors involved in relapse may differ between punished and extinguished behavior. Experiment 1 evaluated Resurgence of previously punished cocaine seeking. In Phase 1, rats earned cocaine for pressing levers. In Phase 2, cocaine remained available, but lever pressing also produced mild foot shocks while an alternative response produced food pellets for 1 group but not for another group. In Phase 3, alternative reinforcement and punishment were removed and Resurgence of cocaine seeking occurred only in rats previously exposed to alternative reinforcement. In Experiment 2, Resurgence was evaluated similarly, except that consequences of cocaine seeking (i.e., punishment and cocaine) remained available during Phase 3. Resurgence did not occur in either group during Experiment 2. The animal models of Resurgence developed herein could increase translational utility and improve examination of the environmental and neurobiological factors underlying Resurgence of drug seeking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Resurgence as Choice: Implications for promoting durable behavior change.
Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2019Co-Authors: Brian D. Greer, Timothy A. ShahanAbstract:: Resurgence is an increase in a previously suppressed behavior resulting from a worsening in reinforcement conditions for current behavior. Resurgence is often observed following successful treatment of problem behavior with differential reinforcement when reinforcement for an alternative behavior is subsequently omitted or reduced. The efficacy of differential reinforcement has long been conceptualized in terms of quantitative models of choice between concurrent operants (i.e., the matching law). Here, we provide an overview of a novel quantitative model of Resurgence called Resurgence as Choice (RaC), which suggests that Resurgence results from these same basic choice processes. We review the failures of the only other quantitative model of Resurgence (i.e., Behavioral Momentum Theory) and discuss its shortcomings with respect to the limited range of circumstances about which it makes predictions in applied settings. Finally, we describe how RaC overcomes these shortcomings and discuss implications of the model for promoting durable behavior change.
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Punishment of an alternative behavior generates Resurgence of a previously extinguished target behavior.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2018Co-Authors: Rafaela M. Fontes, João Claudio Todorov, Timothy A. ShahanAbstract:: Resurgence is often defined as the recurrence of an extinguished behavior when a more recently reinforced alternative behavior is also extinguished. Resurgence has also been observed when the alternative behavior is devalued by other means (e.g., reinforcement rate or magnitude reductions). The present study investigated whether punishment of an alternative behavior would generate Resurgence. A target response was reinforced during Phase 1 and then extinguished in Phase 2 while an alternative response was reinforced. During Phase 3, response-dependent foot shocks were superimposed on the schedule of reinforcement for the alternative response and shock intensity was escalated gradually across sessions. Resurgence of the target response was reliably observed, mostly at higher intensities. The effect was replicated in two subsequent exposures to the sequence of conditions, with Resurgence tending to occur at the lowest foot shock intensity. These results suggest that devaluation of an alternative behavior via punishment can generate Resurgence. Although it is difficult to reconcile the overall pattern of results with Bouton's context account, these findings are consistent with the suggestion that Resurgence results from a "worsening of conditions" for the alternative behavior and with the formalization of that suggestion in terms of a choice-based matching-law account (i.e., Resurgence as Choice).
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Stimuli previously associated with reinforcement mitigate Resurgence.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2017Co-Authors: Andrew R. Craig, Kaitlyn O. Browning, Timothy A. ShahanAbstract:: Resurgence refers to the recurrence of an extinguished target behavior following subsequent suspension of alternative reinforcement. Delivery of reinforcers during extinction of alternative behavior has been shown to mitigate Resurgence. The present experiment aimed to determine whether delivering stimuli associated with reinforcers during Resurgence testing similarly mitigates Resurgence. Three groups of rats pressed target levers for food according to variable-interval 15-s schedules during Phase 1. In Phase 2, lever pressing was extinguished, and an alternative nose-poke response produced alternative reinforcement according to a variable-interval 15-s schedule. Food reinforcement was always associated with illumination of the food aperture and an audible click from the pellet dispenser during Phases 1 and 2. Phase 3 treatments differed between groups. For one group, nose poking continued to produce food and food-correlated stimuli. Both of these consequences were suspended for a second group. Finally, nose poking produced food-correlated stimuli but not food for a third group. Target-lever pressing resurged in the group that received no consequences and in the group that received only food-correlated stimuli for nose poking. Resurgence, however, was smaller for the group that received food-correlated stimuli than for the group that received no consequences for nose poking. Target-lever pressing did not increase between phases in the group that continued to receive food and associated stimuli. Thus, delivery of stimuli associated with food reinforcement after suspension of food reduced but did not eliminate Resurgence of extinguished lever pressing. These findings contribute to potential methodologies for preventing relapse of extinguished problem behavior in clinical settings.
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Resurgence and alternative-reinforcer magnitude.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2017Co-Authors: Andrew R. Craig, Kaitlyn O. Browning, Rusty W. Nall, Ciara M. Marshall, Timothy A. ShahanAbstract:: Resurgence is defined as an increase in the frequency of a previously reinforced target response when an alternative source of reinforcement is suspended. Despite an extensive body of research examining factors that affect Resurgence, the effects of alternative-reinforcer magnitude have not been examined. Thus, the present experiments aimed to fill this gap in the literature. In Experiment 1, rats pressed levers for single-pellet reinforcers during Phase 1. In Phase 2, target-lever pressing was extinguished, and alternative-lever pressing produced either five-pellet, one-pellet, or no alternative reinforcement. In Phase 3, alternative reinforcement was suspended to test for Resurgence. Five-pellet alternative reinforcement produced faster elimination and greater Resurgence of target-lever pressing than one-pellet alternative reinforcement. In Experiment 2, effects of decreasing alternative-reinforcer magnitude on Resurgence were examined. Rats pressed levers and pulled chains for six-pellet reinforcers during Phases 1 and 2, respectively. In Phase 3, alternative reinforcement was decreased to three pellets for one group, one pellet for a second group, and suspended altogether for a third group. Shifting from six-pellet to one-pellet alternative reinforcement produced as much Resurgence as suspending alternative reinforcement altogether, while shifting from six pellets to three pellets did not produce Resurgence. These results suggest that alternative-reinforcer magnitude has effects on elimination and Resurgence of target behavior that are similar to those of alternative-reinforcer rate. Thus, both suppression of target behavior during alternative reinforcement and Resurgence when conditions of alternative reinforcement are altered may be related to variables that affect the value of the alternative-reinforcement source.
Claire C. St. Peter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Resurgence of previously taught academic responses.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2019Co-Authors: Catherine L. Williams, Claire C. St. PeterAbstract:: Resurgence is often discussed in relation to the relapse of undesirable behavior. However, Resurgence may also describe the recurrence of socially appropriate behavior, including academic responding. The recurrence of academic responses following periods of extinction may aid in the solution of novel problems. The aims of this study were to evaluate the Resurgence of complex, desirable behavior related to college-level instruction and to explore problem form as an aspect of environmental context. Each participant was taught 2 response chains to solve quadratic equations across experimental phases, followed by a phase in which neither chain resulted in the correct solution (extinction). During Experiment 1, the equations presented during extinction resembled those presented during reinforcement of the alternative response. Of the 8 participants in Experiment 1, 4 attempted to use the first-taught chain to solve an equation in the extinction phase. During Experiment 2, the equations presented during extinction resembled those presented during reinforcement of the target response. Of the 8 participants in Experiment 2, 6 attempted to use the first-taught chain to solve an equation in the extinction phase. Results demonstrate the Resurgence of academic responses and suggest that the form of the problem may constitute a context that affects Resurgence.
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Resurgence Following Response Cost in a Human-Operant Procedure
Psychological Record, 2018Co-Authors: Kathryn M. Kestner, Lucie M. Romano, Claire C. St. Peter, Gabrielle A. MeschesAbstract:Resurgence is the reemergence of a previously reinforced behavior following the extinction of an alternative behavior. Although several variables are known to impact Resurgence, few studies have examined Resurgence when the target response was previously punished. Results of two studies examining Resurgence after punishment have been mixed. In the current study, we employed a human-operant procedure to compare Resurgence following differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) with extinction and DRA with extinction and response cost. For the three participants, target responding was eliminated more rapidly and fully following DRA with response cost. Similar levels of Resurgence, however, occurred following both procedures. These data provide evidence that arranging response cost during DRA facilitates suppression of target responding without affecting subsequent Resurgence. The results further our understanding of the role of negative punishment in Resurgence as a process and have implications for the development of clinical intervention packages.
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Resurgence: The Unintended Maintenance of Problem Behavior
Education and Treatment of Children, 2017Co-Authors: Joel E. Ringdahl, Claire C. St. PeterAbstract:Researchers, teachers, practitioners, and parents are often concerned with how to program for and achieve the maintenance of appropriate behavior. The unintended maintenance of problem behavior is less often evaluated. This article describes a behavioral phenomenon, Resurgence, that may result in the unintended maintenance of problem behavior. Examples of Resurgence from the basic and applied literatures, factors influencing Resurgence, and methods for mitigating its effects are discussed.
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Omission Training Results in More Resurgence than Alternative Reinforcement
Psychological Record, 2016Co-Authors: Lucie M. Romano, Claire C. St. PeterAbstract:Resurgence refers to the reemergence of a previously reinforced response following the extinction of a more recently reinforced response. In a published study, Resurgence occurred to a lesser extent following differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) than differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) with pigeons, but this effect has not been replicated with humans. We conducted a within-subject comparison of Resurgence following DRA and DRO, using a human-operant preparation. Six college students earned points by clicking a mouse button across two-component multiple schedules. During both baseline components, points were delivered for the first click to a black circle after 2 s. Responding on the black circle decreased during the second phase, using a DRA in one component and a DRO in the other component. We tested for Resurgence by terminating point deliveries (extinction) during both components in the third phase. For three of the participants, more Resurgence occurred in the component previously associated with DRO than the component previously associated with DRA. The other three participants showed more Resurgence in the first component experienced during extinction, regardless of whether that component was associated with DRA or DRO. However, Resurgence was exacerbated when the first component during extinction was DRO rather than DRA. Although sequence influenced Resurgence, DRA may be preferable to DRO as an intervention when Resurgence is a concern.
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SIX REASONS WHY APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSTS SHOULD KNOW ABOUT Resurgence
Revista Mexicana De Biodiversidad, 2015Co-Authors: Claire C. St. PeterAbstract:To date, the majority of Resurgence studies have occurred in controlled contexts with nonhuman subjects. However, understanding Resurgence has implications for application. In this article, I outline six reasons why applied behavior analysts should know about Resurgence. These reasons are the generality of the phenomenon, the diversity of responses that resurge, the extent to which procedures parallel common clinical treatment, the likelihood of particular topographies resurging, the extent to which clinicians might want Resurgence, and the ways that clinicians can structure reinforcement histories to affect Resurgence. Although we have a growing body of knowledge about the conditions under which Resurgence occurs, further research is needed to determine the generality of existing studies to clinical contexts. In the meantime, clinicians should plan for Resurgence when working with their clients.
Andrew R. Craig - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Measurement of nontargeted problem behavior during investigations of Resurgence.
Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2019Co-Authors: William E. Sullivan, Andrew R. Craig, Valdeep Saini, Nicole M. Derosa, Joel E. Ringdahl, Henry S. RoaneAbstract:: Resurgence occurs when a previously extinguished behavior reemerges once a more recently reinforced behavior is placed on extinction. Previous research has suggested that nontargeted responses within the same response class recur alongside target-response Resurgence (e.g., da Silva, Maxwell, & Lattal, 2008; Lieving, Hagopian, Long, & O'Connor, 2004). The purpose of this two-experiment investigation was to examine target response Resurgence while simultaneously measuring the occurrence of nontargeted responses. Three children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder who displayed multiple topographies of problem behavior participated. In Experiment 1, a three-phase Resurgence procedure was conducted and all three participants displayed target-response Resurgence accompanied by the emergence of nontargeted forms of problem behavior. These findings were replicated in Experiment 2 using a 30-min assessment procedure. The implications of these findings as they pertain to the treatment of severe problem behavior and utility of a brief relapse assessment are discussed.
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Baseline reinforcement rate and Resurgence of destructive behavior.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2018Co-Authors: Wayne W. Fisher, Andrew R. Craig, Brian D. Greer, Ashley M. Fuhrman, William E. Sullivan, Valdeep Saini, Henry S. Roane, Ryan T. KimballAbstract:: Concepts from behavioral momentum theory, along with some empirical findings, suggest that the rate of baseline reinforcement may contribute to the relapse of severe destructive behavior. With seven children who engaged in destructive behavior, we tested this hypothesis in the context of functional communication training by comparing the effects of different baseline reinforcement rates on Resurgence during a treatment challenge (i.e., extinction). We observed convincing Resurgence of destructive behavior in four of seven participants, and we observed more Resurgence in the condition associated with high-rate baseline reinforcement (i.e., variable-interval 2 s in Experiment 1 or fixed-ratio 1 in Experiment 2) compared to a low-rate baseline reinforcement condition. We discuss the implications of these results relative to schedules of reinforcement in the treatment of destructive behavior and strategies to mitigate Resurgence in clinical settings.
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Stimuli previously associated with reinforcement mitigate Resurgence.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2017Co-Authors: Andrew R. Craig, Kaitlyn O. Browning, Timothy A. ShahanAbstract:: Resurgence refers to the recurrence of an extinguished target behavior following subsequent suspension of alternative reinforcement. Delivery of reinforcers during extinction of alternative behavior has been shown to mitigate Resurgence. The present experiment aimed to determine whether delivering stimuli associated with reinforcers during Resurgence testing similarly mitigates Resurgence. Three groups of rats pressed target levers for food according to variable-interval 15-s schedules during Phase 1. In Phase 2, lever pressing was extinguished, and an alternative nose-poke response produced alternative reinforcement according to a variable-interval 15-s schedule. Food reinforcement was always associated with illumination of the food aperture and an audible click from the pellet dispenser during Phases 1 and 2. Phase 3 treatments differed between groups. For one group, nose poking continued to produce food and food-correlated stimuli. Both of these consequences were suspended for a second group. Finally, nose poking produced food-correlated stimuli but not food for a third group. Target-lever pressing resurged in the group that received no consequences and in the group that received only food-correlated stimuli for nose poking. Resurgence, however, was smaller for the group that received food-correlated stimuli than for the group that received no consequences for nose poking. Target-lever pressing did not increase between phases in the group that continued to receive food and associated stimuli. Thus, delivery of stimuli associated with food reinforcement after suspension of food reduced but did not eliminate Resurgence of extinguished lever pressing. These findings contribute to potential methodologies for preventing relapse of extinguished problem behavior in clinical settings.
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Resurgence and alternative-reinforcer magnitude.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2017Co-Authors: Andrew R. Craig, Kaitlyn O. Browning, Rusty W. Nall, Ciara M. Marshall, Timothy A. ShahanAbstract:: Resurgence is defined as an increase in the frequency of a previously reinforced target response when an alternative source of reinforcement is suspended. Despite an extensive body of research examining factors that affect Resurgence, the effects of alternative-reinforcer magnitude have not been examined. Thus, the present experiments aimed to fill this gap in the literature. In Experiment 1, rats pressed levers for single-pellet reinforcers during Phase 1. In Phase 2, target-lever pressing was extinguished, and alternative-lever pressing produced either five-pellet, one-pellet, or no alternative reinforcement. In Phase 3, alternative reinforcement was suspended to test for Resurgence. Five-pellet alternative reinforcement produced faster elimination and greater Resurgence of target-lever pressing than one-pellet alternative reinforcement. In Experiment 2, effects of decreasing alternative-reinforcer magnitude on Resurgence were examined. Rats pressed levers and pulled chains for six-pellet reinforcers during Phases 1 and 2, respectively. In Phase 3, alternative reinforcement was decreased to three pellets for one group, one pellet for a second group, and suspended altogether for a third group. Shifting from six-pellet to one-pellet alternative reinforcement produced as much Resurgence as suspending alternative reinforcement altogether, while shifting from six pellets to three pellets did not produce Resurgence. These results suggest that alternative-reinforcer magnitude has effects on elimination and Resurgence of target behavior that are similar to those of alternative-reinforcer rate. Thus, both suppression of target behavior during alternative reinforcement and Resurgence when conditions of alternative reinforcement are altered may be related to variables that affect the value of the alternative-reinforcement source.
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Resurgence as Choice
Behavioural Processes, 2016Co-Authors: Timothy A. Shahan, Andrew R. CraigAbstract:Resurgence is typically defined as an increase in a previously extinguished target behavior when a more recently reinforced alternative behavior is later extinguished. Some treatments of the phenomenon have suggested that it might also extend to circumstances where either the historic or more recently reinforced behavior is reduced by other non-extinction related means (e.g., punishment, decreases in reinforcement rate, satiation, etc.). Here we present a theory of Resurgence suggesting that the phenomenon results from the same basic processes governing choice. In its most general form, the theory suggests that Resurgence results from changes in the allocation of target behavior driven by changes in the values of the target and alternative options across time. Specifically, Resurgence occurs when there is an increase in the relative value of an historically effective target option as a result of a subsequent devaluation of a more recently effective alternative option. We develop a more specific quantitative model of how extinction of the target and alternative responses in a typical Resurgence paradigm might produce such changes in relative value across time using a temporal weighting rule. The example model does a good job in accounting for the effects of reinforcement rate and related manipulations on Resurgence in simple schedules where Behavioral Momentum Theory has failed. We also discuss how the general theory might be extended to other parameters of reinforcement (e.g., magnitude, quality), other means to suppress target or alternative behavior (e.g., satiation, punishment, differential reinforcement of other behavior), and other factors (e.g., non- contingent versus contingent alternative reinforcement, serial alternative reinforcement, and multiple schedules).
Mary M. Sweeney - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Renewal, Resurgence, and alternative reinforcement context.
Behavioural Processes, 2015Co-Authors: Mary M. Sweeney, Timothy A. ShahanAbstract:Abstract Resurgence, relapse induced by the removal of alternative reinforcement, and renewal, relapse induced by a change in contextual stimuli, are typically studied separately in operant conditioning paradigms. In analogous treatments of operant problem behavior, aspects of both relapse phenomena can operate simultaneously. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine a novel method for studying Resurgence and renewal in the same experimental preparation. An alternative source of reinforcement was available during extinction for one group of rats (a typical Resurgence preparation). Another group experienced an operant renewal preparation in which the extinction context was distinguished via olfactory and visual stimuli. A third group experienced alternative reinforcement delivery in the new context, a novel combination of typical Resurgence and renewal preparations. Removal of alternative reinforcement and/or a change in context induced relapse relative to an extinction-only control group. When alternative reinforcement was delivered in a novel context, the alternative response was less persistent relative to when extinction of the alternative response took place in the context in which it was trained. This methodology might be used to illustrate shared (or distinct) mechanisms of Resurgence and renewal, and to determine how delivering alternative reinforcement in another context may affect persistence and relapse.
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Resurgence of sucrose and cocaine seeking in free-feeding rats.
Behavioural Brain Research, 2014Co-Authors: Timothy A. Shahan, Andrew R. Craig, Mary M. SweeneyAbstract:Abstract Resurgence is relapse of an extinguished operant response following the removal of alternative reinforcement. In animal models of Resurgence to date, rats have been food deprived and food is used as the source of alternative reinforcement. Thus, when the alternative reinforcer is removed, the only remaining source of food during experimental sessions is no longer available. Acute food deprivation is known to produce reinstatement of drug seeking, thus such deprivation has been suggested a potential mechanism of Resurgence. The present experiments examined whether Resurgence of sucrose and cocaine seeking could be obtained with rats that were not food deprived. Free-feeding rats were trained to press a lever for either sucrose (Experiment 1) or cocaine infusions (Experiment 2). Next, lever pressing was extinguished and an alternative response (nose poking) was reinforced with sucrose. When nose poking was also placed on extinction, Resurgence of both sucrose and cocaine seeking was observed. Thus, Resurgence of both sucrose and cocaine seeking can be obtained in rats that are not food restricted and it appears unlikely that an acute hunger state is responsible for Resurgence. In addition, the present procedures for studying Resurgence in the absence of interpretive complexities introduced by the use of food-deprivation may prove useful for further investigations of the neurobiological mechanisms of Resurgence.
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Behavioral momentum and Resurgence: Effects of time in extinction and repeated Resurgence tests.
Learning & Behavior, 2013Co-Authors: Mary M. Sweeney, Timothy A. ShahanAbstract:Resurgence is an increase in a previously extinguished operant response that occurs if an alternative reinforcement introduced during extinction is removed. Shahan and Sweeney (2011) developed a quantitative model of Resurgence based on behavioral momentum theory that captures existing data well and predicts that Resurgence should decrease as time in extinction and exposure to the alternative reinforcement increases. Two experiments tested this prediction. The data from Experiment 1 suggested that without a return to baseline, Resurgence decreases with increased exposure to alternative reinforcement and to extinction of the target response. Experiment 2 tested the predictions of the model across two conditions, one with constant alternative reinforcement for five sessions, and the other with alternative reinforcement removed three times. In both conditions, the alternative reinforcement was removed for the final test session. Experiment 2 again demonstrated a decrease in relapse across repeated Resurgence tests. Furthermore, comparably little Resurgence was observed at the same time point in extinction in the final test, despite dissimilar previous exposures to alternative reinforcement removal. The quantitative model provided a good description of the observed data in both experiments. More broadly, these data suggest that increased exposure to extinction may be a successful strategy to reduce Resurgence. The relationship between these data and existing tests of the effect of time in extinction on Resurgence is discussed.
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a model of Resurgence based on behavioral momentum theory
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2011Co-Authors: Timothy A. Shahan, Mary M. SweeneyAbstract:Resurgence is the reappearance of an extinguished behavior when an alternative behavior reinforced during extinction is subsequently placed on extinction. Resurgence is of particular interest because it may be a source of relapse to problem behavior following treatments involving alternative reinforcement. In this article we develop a quantitative model of Resurgence based on the augmented model of extinction provided by behavioral momentum theory. The model suggests that alternative reinforcement during extinction of a target response acts as both an additional source of disruption during extinction and as a source of reinforcement in the context that increases the future strength of the target response. The model does a good job accounting for existing data in the Resurgence literature and makes novel and testable predictions. Thus, the model appears to provide a framework for understanding Resurgence and serves to integrate the phenomenon into the existing theoretical account of persistence provided by behavioral momentum theory. In addition, we discuss some potential implications of the model for further development of behavioral momentum theory.
