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Nathan A Fox - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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infant Behavioral Inhibition predicts personality and social outcomes three decades later
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020Co-Authors: Alva Tang, Kathryn A Degnan, Daniel S Pine, Haley Crawford, Santiago Morales, Nathan A FoxAbstract:Does infant temperament predict adult personality and life-course patterns? To date, there is scant evidence examining relations between child temperament and adult outcomes, and extant research has relied on limited methods for measuring temperament such as maternal report. This prospective longitudinal study followed a cohort of infants (n = 165) for three decades to examine whether infant Behavioral Inhibition, a temperament characterized by cautious and fearful behaviors to unfamiliar situations, shapes long-term personality, social relationships, vocational/education, and mental health outcomes in adulthood. At age 14 mo, Behavioral Inhibition was assessed using an observation paradigm. In adolescence (15 y; n = 115), error monitoring event-related potentials were measured in a flanker task. In adulthood (26 y; n = 109), personality, psychopathology, and sociodemographics were self-reported using questionnaires. We found that infants with higher levels of Behavioral Inhibition at 14 mo grew up to become more reserved and introverted adults (β = 0.34) with lower social functioning with friends and family (β = −0.23) at age 26. Infant Behavioral Inhibition was also a specific risk factor for adult internalizing (i.e., anxiety and depression, β = 0.20) psychopathology, rather than a transdiagnostic risk for general and externalizing psychopathology. We identified a neurophysiologic mechanism underlying risk and resilience for later psychopathology. Heightened error monitoring in adolescence moderated higher levels of adult internalizing psychopathology among Behaviorally inhibited individuals. These findings suggest meaningful continuity between infant temperament and the development of adult personality. They provide the earliest evidence suggesting that the foundation of long-term well-being is rooted in individual differences in temperament observed in infancy.
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differences in neural response to extinction recall in young adults with or without history of Behavioral Inhibition
Development and Psychopathology, 2018Co-Authors: Tomer Shechner, Daniel S Pine, Nathan A Fox, Johanna M Jarcho, Ellen Leibenluft, Jamie A Mash, Gang Chen, Jennifer C BrittonAbstract:Behavioral Inhibition (BI) is a temperament identified in early childhood that is associated with risk for anxiety disorders, yet only about half of Behaviorally inhibited children manifest anxiety later in life. We compared brain function and behavior during extinction recall in a sample of nonanxious young adults characterized in childhood with BI (n = 22) or with no BI (n = 28). Three weeks after undergoing fear conditioning and extinction, participants completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging extinction recall task assessing memory and threat differentiation for conditioned stimuli. While self-report and psychophysiological measures of differential conditioning and extinction were similar across groups, BI-related differences in brain function emerged during extinction recall. Childhood BI was associated with greater activation in subgenual anterior cingulate cortex in response to cues signaling safety. This pattern of results may reflect neural correlates that promote resilience against anxiety in a temperamentally at-risk population.
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developmental relations among Behavioral Inhibition anxiety and attention biases to threat and positive information
Child Development, 2017Co-Authors: Lauren K White, Kathryn A Degnan, Koraly Perezedgar, Heather A Henderson, Daniel S Pine, Yair Barhaim, Ellen Leibenluft, Tomer Shechner, Olga L Walker, Nathan A FoxAbstract:This study examined relations between Behavioral Inhibition (BI) assessed in toddlerhood (n = 268) and attention biases (AB) to threat and positive faces and maternal-reported anxiety assessed when children were 5- and 7-year-old. Results revealed that BI predicted anxiety at age 7 in children with AB toward threat, away from positive, or with no bias, at age 7; BI did not predict anxiety for children displaying AB away from threat or toward positive. Five-year AB did not moderate the link between BI and 7-year anxiety. No direct association between AB and BI or anxiety was detected; moreover, children did not show stable AB across development. These findings extend our understanding of the developmental links among BI, AB, and anxiety.
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early childhood Behavioral Inhibition adult psychopathology and the buffering effects of adolescent social networks a twenty year prospective study
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2015Co-Authors: Tahl I Frenkel, Kathryn A Degnan, Daniel S Pine, Nathan A Fox, Olga L Walker, Andrea ChronistuscanoAbstract:Background We examined whether the temperament of Behavioral Inhibition is a significant marker for psychopathology in early adulthood and whether such risk is buffered by peer social networks. Methods Participants (N = 165) were from a prospective study spanning the first two decades of life. Temperament was characterized during infancy and early childhood. Extent of involvement in peer social networks was measured during adolescence, and psychopathology was assessed in early adulthood. Latent Class Analyses generated comprehensive variables at each of three study time-points. Regressions assessed (a) the direct effect of early Behavioral Inhibition on adult psychopathology (b) the moderating effect of adolescent involvement in social peer networks on the link between temperamental risk and adult psychopathology. Results Stable Behavioral Inhibition in early childhood was negatively associated with adult mental health (R2 = .07, p = .005, β = −.26), specifically increasing risk for adult anxiety disorders (R2 = .04, p = .037, β = .19). These temperament-pathology relations were significantly moderated by adolescent peer group social involvement and network size (Total R2 = .13, p = .027, β = −.22). Temperament predicted heightened risk for adult anxiety when adolescent social involvement was low (p = .002, β = .43), but not when adolescent social involvement was high. Conclusions Stable Behavioral Inhibition throughout early childhood is a risk factor for adult anxiety disorders and interacts with adolescent social involvement to moderate risk. This is the first study to demonstrate the critical role of adolescent involvement in socially active networks in moderating long-lasting temperamental risk over the course of two decades, thus informing prevention/intervention approaches.
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Behavioral Inhibition and developmental risk a dual processing perspective
Neuropsychopharmacology, 2015Co-Authors: Heather A Henderson, Daniel S Pine, Nathan A FoxAbstract:Behavioral Inhibition (BI) is an early-appearing temperament characterized by strong reactions to novelty. BI shows a good deal of stability over childhood and significantly increases the risk for later diagnosis of social anxiety disorder (SAD). Despite these general patterns, many children with high BI do not go on to develop clinical, or even subclinical, anxiety problems. Therefore, understanding the cognitive and neural bases of individual differences in developmental risk and resilience is of great importance. The present review is focused on the relation of BI to two types of information processing: automatic (novelty detection, attention biases to threat, and incentive processing) and controlled (attention shifting and inhibitory control). We propose three hypothetical models (Top-Down Model of Control; Risk Potentiation Model of Control; and Overgeneralized Control Model) linking these processes to variability in developmental outcomes for BI children. We argue that early BI is associated with an early bias to quickly and preferentially process information associated with motivationally salient cues. When this bias is strong and stable across development, the risk for SAD is increased. Later in development, children with a history of BI tend to display normative levels of performance on controlled attention tasks, but they demonstrate exaggerated neural responses in order to do so, which may further potentiate risk for anxiety-related problems. We conclude by discussing the reviewed studies with reference to the hypothetical models and make suggestions regarding future research and implications for treatment.
Daniel S Pine - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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infant Behavioral Inhibition predicts personality and social outcomes three decades later
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020Co-Authors: Alva Tang, Kathryn A Degnan, Daniel S Pine, Haley Crawford, Santiago Morales, Nathan A FoxAbstract:Does infant temperament predict adult personality and life-course patterns? To date, there is scant evidence examining relations between child temperament and adult outcomes, and extant research has relied on limited methods for measuring temperament such as maternal report. This prospective longitudinal study followed a cohort of infants (n = 165) for three decades to examine whether infant Behavioral Inhibition, a temperament characterized by cautious and fearful behaviors to unfamiliar situations, shapes long-term personality, social relationships, vocational/education, and mental health outcomes in adulthood. At age 14 mo, Behavioral Inhibition was assessed using an observation paradigm. In adolescence (15 y; n = 115), error monitoring event-related potentials were measured in a flanker task. In adulthood (26 y; n = 109), personality, psychopathology, and sociodemographics were self-reported using questionnaires. We found that infants with higher levels of Behavioral Inhibition at 14 mo grew up to become more reserved and introverted adults (β = 0.34) with lower social functioning with friends and family (β = −0.23) at age 26. Infant Behavioral Inhibition was also a specific risk factor for adult internalizing (i.e., anxiety and depression, β = 0.20) psychopathology, rather than a transdiagnostic risk for general and externalizing psychopathology. We identified a neurophysiologic mechanism underlying risk and resilience for later psychopathology. Heightened error monitoring in adolescence moderated higher levels of adult internalizing psychopathology among Behaviorally inhibited individuals. These findings suggest meaningful continuity between infant temperament and the development of adult personality. They provide the earliest evidence suggesting that the foundation of long-term well-being is rooted in individual differences in temperament observed in infancy.
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frontal alpha asymmetry moderates the relations between Behavioral Inhibition and social effect ern
Biological Psychology, 2019Co-Authors: Anita Harrewijn, Daniel S Pine, Ellen Leibenluft, George A Buzzell, Ranjan Debnath, N A FoxAbstract:Behavioral Inhibition (BI) is an early temperamental precursor of anxiety disorders, characterized by withdrawal from novel situations. Some but not all young children with BI go on to display anxiety disorders. Neural correlates, such as frontal alpha asymmetry or event-related negativity (ERN), could moderate the relations between early BI and later anxiety. The goal of this longitudinal study was to test frontal alpha asymmetry as a potential moderator of the relation between BI and later anxiety, and of the relation between BI and the social-effect ERN. 100 children were assessed for BI at ages 2 and 3, and we collected EEG during resting state and the social Flanker task at age 12. Frontal alpha asymmetry did not correlate with BI or anxiety, nor did it moderate the relation between early BI and later anxiety. However, frontal alpha asymmetry did moderate the relation between BI and the social-effect ERN. This suggests that, in adolescents who previously manifested BI, a pattern of resting EEG associated with avoidance predicts hypersensitivity to errors in a social context.
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differences in neural response to extinction recall in young adults with or without history of Behavioral Inhibition
Development and Psychopathology, 2018Co-Authors: Tomer Shechner, Daniel S Pine, Nathan A Fox, Johanna M Jarcho, Ellen Leibenluft, Jamie A Mash, Gang Chen, Jennifer C BrittonAbstract:Behavioral Inhibition (BI) is a temperament identified in early childhood that is associated with risk for anxiety disorders, yet only about half of Behaviorally inhibited children manifest anxiety later in life. We compared brain function and behavior during extinction recall in a sample of nonanxious young adults characterized in childhood with BI (n = 22) or with no BI (n = 28). Three weeks after undergoing fear conditioning and extinction, participants completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging extinction recall task assessing memory and threat differentiation for conditioned stimuli. While self-report and psychophysiological measures of differential conditioning and extinction were similar across groups, BI-related differences in brain function emerged during extinction recall. Childhood BI was associated with greater activation in subgenual anterior cingulate cortex in response to cues signaling safety. This pattern of results may reflect neural correlates that promote resilience against anxiety in a temperamentally at-risk population.
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developmental relations among Behavioral Inhibition anxiety and attention biases to threat and positive information
Child Development, 2017Co-Authors: Lauren K White, Kathryn A Degnan, Koraly Perezedgar, Heather A Henderson, Daniel S Pine, Yair Barhaim, Ellen Leibenluft, Tomer Shechner, Olga L Walker, Nathan A FoxAbstract:This study examined relations between Behavioral Inhibition (BI) assessed in toddlerhood (n = 268) and attention biases (AB) to threat and positive faces and maternal-reported anxiety assessed when children were 5- and 7-year-old. Results revealed that BI predicted anxiety at age 7 in children with AB toward threat, away from positive, or with no bias, at age 7; BI did not predict anxiety for children displaying AB away from threat or toward positive. Five-year AB did not moderate the link between BI and 7-year anxiety. No direct association between AB and BI or anxiety was detected; moreover, children did not show stable AB across development. These findings extend our understanding of the developmental links among BI, AB, and anxiety.
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early childhood Behavioral Inhibition adult psychopathology and the buffering effects of adolescent social networks a twenty year prospective study
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2015Co-Authors: Tahl I Frenkel, Kathryn A Degnan, Daniel S Pine, Nathan A Fox, Olga L Walker, Andrea ChronistuscanoAbstract:Background We examined whether the temperament of Behavioral Inhibition is a significant marker for psychopathology in early adulthood and whether such risk is buffered by peer social networks. Methods Participants (N = 165) were from a prospective study spanning the first two decades of life. Temperament was characterized during infancy and early childhood. Extent of involvement in peer social networks was measured during adolescence, and psychopathology was assessed in early adulthood. Latent Class Analyses generated comprehensive variables at each of three study time-points. Regressions assessed (a) the direct effect of early Behavioral Inhibition on adult psychopathology (b) the moderating effect of adolescent involvement in social peer networks on the link between temperamental risk and adult psychopathology. Results Stable Behavioral Inhibition in early childhood was negatively associated with adult mental health (R2 = .07, p = .005, β = −.26), specifically increasing risk for adult anxiety disorders (R2 = .04, p = .037, β = .19). These temperament-pathology relations were significantly moderated by adolescent peer group social involvement and network size (Total R2 = .13, p = .027, β = −.22). Temperament predicted heightened risk for adult anxiety when adolescent social involvement was low (p = .002, β = .43), but not when adolescent social involvement was high. Conclusions Stable Behavioral Inhibition throughout early childhood is a risk factor for adult anxiety disorders and interacts with adolescent social involvement to moderate risk. This is the first study to demonstrate the critical role of adolescent involvement in socially active networks in moderating long-lasting temperamental risk over the course of two decades, thus informing prevention/intervention approaches.
Heather A Henderson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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developmental relations among Behavioral Inhibition anxiety and attention biases to threat and positive information
Child Development, 2017Co-Authors: Lauren K White, Kathryn A Degnan, Koraly Perezedgar, Heather A Henderson, Daniel S Pine, Yair Barhaim, Ellen Leibenluft, Tomer Shechner, Olga L Walker, Nathan A FoxAbstract:This study examined relations between Behavioral Inhibition (BI) assessed in toddlerhood (n = 268) and attention biases (AB) to threat and positive faces and maternal-reported anxiety assessed when children were 5- and 7-year-old. Results revealed that BI predicted anxiety at age 7 in children with AB toward threat, away from positive, or with no bias, at age 7; BI did not predict anxiety for children displaying AB away from threat or toward positive. Five-year AB did not moderate the link between BI and 7-year anxiety. No direct association between AB and BI or anxiety was detected; moreover, children did not show stable AB across development. These findings extend our understanding of the developmental links among BI, AB, and anxiety.
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infant attachment security and early childhood Behavioral Inhibition interact to predict adolescent social anxiety symptoms
Child Development, 2015Co-Authors: Erin Lewismorrarty, Kathryn A Degnan, Daniel S Pine, Andrea Chronistuscano, Heather A HendersonAbstract:Insecure attachment and Behavioral Inhibition (BI) increase risk for internalizing problems, but few longitudinal studies have examined their interaction in predicting adolescent anxiety. This study included 165 adolescents (ages 14–17 years) selected based on their reactivity to novelty at 4 months. Infant attachment was assessed with the Strange Situation. Multimethod BI assessments were conducted across childhood. Adolescents and their parents independently reported on anxiety. The interaction of attachment and BI significantly predicted adolescent anxiety symptoms, such that BI and anxiety were only associated among adolescents with histories of insecure attachment. Exploratory analyses revealed that this effect was driven by insecure-resistant attachment and that the association between BI and social anxiety was significant only for insecure males. Clinical implications are discussed.
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Behavioral Inhibition and developmental risk a dual processing perspective
Neuropsychopharmacology, 2015Co-Authors: Heather A Henderson, Daniel S Pine, Nathan A FoxAbstract:Behavioral Inhibition (BI) is an early-appearing temperament characterized by strong reactions to novelty. BI shows a good deal of stability over childhood and significantly increases the risk for later diagnosis of social anxiety disorder (SAD). Despite these general patterns, many children with high BI do not go on to develop clinical, or even subclinical, anxiety problems. Therefore, understanding the cognitive and neural bases of individual differences in developmental risk and resilience is of great importance. The present review is focused on the relation of BI to two types of information processing: automatic (novelty detection, attention biases to threat, and incentive processing) and controlled (attention shifting and inhibitory control). We propose three hypothetical models (Top-Down Model of Control; Risk Potentiation Model of Control; and Overgeneralized Control Model) linking these processes to variability in developmental outcomes for BI children. We argue that early BI is associated with an early bias to quickly and preferentially process information associated with motivationally salient cues. When this bias is strong and stable across development, the risk for SAD is increased. Later in development, children with a history of BI tend to display normative levels of performance on controlled attention tasks, but they demonstrate exaggerated neural responses in order to do so, which may further potentiate risk for anxiety-related problems. We conclude by discussing the reviewed studies with reference to the hypothetical models and make suggestions regarding future research and implications for treatment.
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Behavioral Inhibition and Anxiety: The Moderating Roles of Inhibitory Control and Attention Shifting
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Lauren K White, Kathryn A Degnan, Heather A Henderson, Jennifer Martin Mcdermott, Nathan A FoxAbstract:Behavioral Inhibition (BI), a temperament identified in early childhood, is associated with social reticence in childhood and an increased risk for anxiety problems in adolescence and adulthood. However, not all Behaviorally inhibited children remain reticent or develop an anxiety disorder. One possible mechanism accounting for the variability in the developmental trajectories of BI is a child’s ability to successfully recruit cognitive processes involved in the regulation of negative reactivity. However, separate cognitive processes may differentially moderate the association between BI and later anxiety problems. The goal of the current study was to examine how two cognitive processes—attention shifting and inhibitory control—laboratory assessed at 48 months of age moderated the association between 24-month BI and anxiety symptoms in the preschool years. Results revealed that high levels of attention shifting decreased the risk for anxiety problems in children with high levels of BI, whereas high levels of inhibitory control increased this risk for anxiety symptoms. These findings suggest that different cognitive processes may influence relative levels of risk or adaptation depending upon a child’s temperamental reactivity.
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attention biases to threat link Behavioral Inhibition to social withdrawal over time in very young children
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Koraly Perezedgar, Kathryn A Degnan, Heather A Henderson, Daniel S Pine, Jennifer Martin Mcdermott, Bethany C Reebsutherland, Lauren K White, Amie Ashley Hane, Nathan A FoxAbstract:Behaviorally inhibited children display a temper- amental profile characterized by social withdrawal and anxious behaviors. Previous research, focused largely on adolescents, suggests that attention biases to threat may sustain high levels of Behavioral Inhibition (BI) over time, helping link early temperament to social outcomes. How- ever, no prior studies examine the association between attention bias and BI before adolescence. The current study examined the interrelations among BI, attention biases to threat, and social withdrawal already manifest in early childhood. Children (N=187, 83 Male, Mage=61.96 months) were characterized for BI in toddlerhood (24 & 36 months). At 5 years, they completed an attention bias task and concurrent social withdrawal was measured. As expected, BI in toddlerhood predicted high levels of social withdrawal in early childhood. However, this relation was moderated by attention bias. The BI-withdrawal association was only evident for children who displayed an attention bias toward threat.Thedataprovidefurther support formodelsassociating attention with socioemotional development and the later emergence of clinical anxiety.
Jerrold F Rosenbaum - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Behavioral Inhibition in preschool children at risk is a specific predictor of middle childhood social anxiety a five year follow up
Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 2007Co-Authors: Dina R Hirshfeldbecker, Joseph Biederman, Stephen V Faraone, Aude Henin, Stephanie H Davis, Kara R Harrington, Jerrold F RosenbaumAbstract:Objective: Behavioral Inhibition (BI) to the unfamiliar represents the temperamental tendency to exhibit fearfulness, reticence, or restraint when faced with unfamiliar people or situations. It has been hypoth- esized to be a risk factor for anxiety disorders. In this prospective longitudinal study, we compared the psychiatric outcomes in middle childhood of children evaluated at preschool age for BI. Method: The baseline sample consisted of 284 children ages 21 months to 6 years, including offspring at risk for anxiety (children of parents with panic disorder and/or major depression) and comparison offspring of parents without mood or major anxiety disorders. They had been assessed for BI using age-specific laboratory protocols. We reassessed 215 of the children (76.5%) at 5-year follow-up at a mean age of 9.6 years using structured diagnostic inter- views. Results: BI specifically predicted onset of social anxiety. The rate of lifetime social anxiety (DSM-IV social phobia or DSM-III-R avoidant disorder) was 28% versus 14% (odds ratio (OR) 2.37; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10-5.10) in inhibited versus noninhibited children. BI significantly predicted new onset of social phobia among children unaffected at baseline (22.2% vs 8.0% in inhibited versus noninhibited children (OR 3.15, 95% CI: 1.16-8.57). No other anxiety disorders were associated with BI. Conclusion: BI appears to be a temperamental antecedent to subsequent social anxiety in middle childhood. Children presenting with BI should be monitored for symptoms of social anxiety and may be good candidates for preventive cognitive Behavioral strategies. (J Dev Behav Pediatr 28:225-233, 2007) Index terms: Behavioral Inhibition, social anxiety, high risk, childhood anxiety.
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association of a genetic marker at the corticotropin releasing hormone locus with Behavioral Inhibition
Biological Psychiatry, 2003Co-Authors: Jordan W Smoller, Jerome Kagan, Jerrold F Rosenbaum, Joseph Biederman, John G Kennedy, Daisy Dai, Stephanie R Racette, Nan M Laird, Nancy Snidman, Dina R HirshfeldbeckerAbstract:Abstract Background Behavioral Inhibition to the unfamiliar (BI), a heritable temperamental profile involving an avoidant response to novel situations, may be an intermediate phenotype in the development of anxiety disorders. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a key mediator of the stress response through its effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and limbic brain systems. Transgenic mice overexpressing CRH exhibit BI-like behaviors, implicating this gene in the development of the phenotype. Methods We genotyped a marker tightly linked to the CRH locus in 85 families of children who underwent laboratory-based Behavioral assessments of BI and performed family-based association analyses. Results We observed an association between an allele of the CRH-linked locus and BI (p = .015). Among offspring of parents with panic disorder, this association was particularly marked (p = .0009). We further demonstrate linkage disequilibrium between this marker and single nucleotide polymorphisms encompassing the CRH gene. Conclusions These results are consistent with the possibility that variants in the CRH gene are associated with anxiety proneness.
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Behavioral Inhibition and disInhibition as hypothesized precursors to psychopathology implications for pediatric bipolar disorder
Biological Psychiatry, 2003Co-Authors: Dina R Hirshfeldbecker, Joseph Biederman, Stephen V Faraone, Sara Calltharp, Eliza D Rosenbaum, Jerrold F RosenbaumAbstract:Abstract Attention has been devoted over the past two decades to the identification of temperamental risk factors for child psychopathology. These qualities, evident in toddlerhood or earlier, have the advantage of being measurable in standardized laboratory observations well before children reach the age of onset or diagnosis of psychiatric disorders. Our group’s programmatic research over the past 15 years, and that of others, has provided evidence linking “Behavioral Inhibition to the unfamiliar” in toddlerhood or early childhood with later social anxiety disorder. In addition, recent results by our group have suggested that “Behavioral disInhibition” in early childhood, measured by the same laboratory methods, may be linked with later disruptive behavior and comorbid mood disorders. In this article, we discuss our approach to the study of temperamental precursors to disorders in high-risk children, summarize the literature linking Behavioral Inhibition and disInhibition to later psychopathology, and suggest directions to take in applying this methodology to the search for temperamental precursors to pediatric bipolar disorder.
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further evidence of association between Behavioral Inhibition and social anxiety in children
American Journal of Psychiatry, 2001Co-Authors: Joseph Biederman, Jerome Kagan, Jerrold F Rosenbaum, Nancy Snidman, Dina R Hirshfeldbecker, Deborah Friedman, Christine Herot, Stephen V FaraoneAbstract:OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to examine psychopathological correlates of Behavioral Inhibition in young offspring of parents with panic disorder and/or major depression. METHOD: Behavioral Inhibition, determined by using standard laboratory observations, was assessed in four groups of children (age 2–6 years): 129 children of parents with both panic disorder and major depression, 22 children of parents with panic disorder alone, 49 children of parents with major depression alone, and 84 comparison children of parents with neither panic disorder nor major depression. Psychopathology in children ≥5 years was compared between children with Behavioral Inhibition (N=64) and without (N=152). RESULTS: Social anxiety disorder (social phobia or avoidant disorder) was significantly more likely to be found in the children with Behavioral Inhibition (17%) than in those without (5%). Noninhibited children were significantly more likely than inhibited children to have disruptive behavior disorders (20% versus 6%, resp...
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further evidence of association between Behavioral Inhibition and social anxiety in children
American Journal of Psychiatry, 2001Co-Authors: Joseph Biederman, Jerome Kagan, Jerrold F Rosenbaum, Nancy Snidman, Dina R Hirshfeldbecker, Deborah Friedman, Christine Herot, Stephen V FaraoneAbstract:OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to examine psychopathological correlates of Behavioral Inhibition in young offspring of parents with panic disorder and/or major depression. METHOD: Behavioral inhibit...
Koraly Perezedgar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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frontolimbic functioning during threat related attention relations to early Behavioral Inhibition and anxiety in children
Biological Psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Bradley C Taberthomas, Koraly PerezedgarAbstract:Children with Behavioral Inhibition (BI), a temperament characterized by biologically-based hyper-vigilance to novelty, display threat-related attention biases (AB) that shape developmental trajectories of risk for anxiety. Here we explore the relations between BI, neural function, and anxiety. Fifty-six 9-12-year-olds (23 Behaviorally inhibited) performed the dot-probe task while undergoing fMRI. AB scores were not associated with BI group or parent-rated anxiety symptoms. Trials requiring attention orienting away from threat engaged an executive and threat-attention network (dlPFC, vlPFC, mPFC, and amygdala). Within that network, Behaviorally inhibited children showed greater activation in the right dlPFC. Heightened dlPFC activation related to increased anxiety, and BI levels accounted for the direct relation between dlPFC activation and anxiety. Behaviorally inhibited children may engage the executive attention system during threat-related processing as a compensatory mechanism. We provide preliminary evidence that the link between PFC functioning and anxiety might be attributed to early-emerging temperamental vulnerabilities present before the emergence of clinical anxiety.
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developmental relations among Behavioral Inhibition anxiety and attention biases to threat and positive information
Child Development, 2017Co-Authors: Lauren K White, Kathryn A Degnan, Koraly Perezedgar, Heather A Henderson, Daniel S Pine, Yair Barhaim, Ellen Leibenluft, Tomer Shechner, Olga L Walker, Nathan A FoxAbstract:This study examined relations between Behavioral Inhibition (BI) assessed in toddlerhood (n = 268) and attention biases (AB) to threat and positive faces and maternal-reported anxiety assessed when children were 5- and 7-year-old. Results revealed that BI predicted anxiety at age 7 in children with AB toward threat, away from positive, or with no bias, at age 7; BI did not predict anxiety for children displaying AB away from threat or toward positive. Five-year AB did not moderate the link between BI and 7-year anxiety. No direct association between AB and BI or anxiety was detected; moreover, children did not show stable AB across development. These findings extend our understanding of the developmental links among BI, AB, and anxiety.
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Behavioral Inhibition temperament or prodrome
Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports, 2014Co-Authors: Koraly Perezedgar, Amanda E GuyerAbstract:Individual differences in temperament emerge in the first months of life. Some infants display a heightened sensitivity to novelty and uncertainty in the world around them, leading a subset to fearfully withdraw from the social environment. Extreme forms of this temperament, Behavioral Inhibition (BI), are associated with increased risk for social anxiety disorder. Indeed, the link is so strong that some suggest that BI is not simply a risk factor for anxiety, but rather a milder form of the disorder. The current overview describes the literature linking BI and anxiety, highlighting the unique bioBehavioral profiles evident in each construct. It then highlights specific evidence that may help distinguish the form and function of BI and anxiety. Finally, we briefly discuss unresolved issues that may help inform future work aimed at improving our understanding of individual development and shape therapeutic interventions directed at specific mechanisms of disorder.
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drd4 and striatal modulation of the link between childhood Behavioral Inhibition and adolescent anxiety
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2014Co-Authors: Koraly Perezedgar, Daniel S Pine, Nathan A Fox, Amanda E Guyer, Eric E Nelson, Brenda E Benson, Jillian E Hardee, Elena Gorodetsky, David Goldman, Monique ErnstAbstract:Behavioral Inhibition (BI), a temperament characterized by vigilance to novelty, sensitivity to approach–withdrawal cues and social reticence in childhood, is associated with risk for anxiety in adolescence. Independent studies link reward hyper-responsivity to BI, adolescent anxiety and dopamine gene variants. This exploratory study extends these observations by examining the impact of DRD4 genotype and reward hyper-responsivity on the BI–anxiety link. Adolescents (N ¼ 78) completed a monetary incentive delay task in the fMRI environment. Participants were characterized based on a continuous score of BI and the 7-repeat allele (7Rþ) of the DRD4 functional polymorphism. Parent-report and self-report measures of anxiety were also collected. Across the entire sample, striatal activation increased systematically with increases in the magnitude of anticipated monetary gains and losses. DRD4 status moderated the relation between BI and activation in the caudate nucleus. Childhood BI was associated with parent report of adolescent anxiety among 7Rþ participants with elevated levels of striatal response to incentive cues. DRD4 genotype influenced the relations among neural response to incentives, early childhood BI and anxiety. The findings help refine our understanding of the role reward-related brain systems play in the emergenc eo f anxiety in temperamentally at-risk individuals, building a foundation for future larger scale studies.
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attention biases to threat link Behavioral Inhibition to social withdrawal over time in very young children
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Koraly Perezedgar, Kathryn A Degnan, Heather A Henderson, Daniel S Pine, Jennifer Martin Mcdermott, Bethany C Reebsutherland, Lauren K White, Amie Ashley Hane, Nathan A FoxAbstract:Behaviorally inhibited children display a temper- amental profile characterized by social withdrawal and anxious behaviors. Previous research, focused largely on adolescents, suggests that attention biases to threat may sustain high levels of Behavioral Inhibition (BI) over time, helping link early temperament to social outcomes. How- ever, no prior studies examine the association between attention bias and BI before adolescence. The current study examined the interrelations among BI, attention biases to threat, and social withdrawal already manifest in early childhood. Children (N=187, 83 Male, Mage=61.96 months) were characterized for BI in toddlerhood (24 & 36 months). At 5 years, they completed an attention bias task and concurrent social withdrawal was measured. As expected, BI in toddlerhood predicted high levels of social withdrawal in early childhood. However, this relation was moderated by attention bias. The BI-withdrawal association was only evident for children who displayed an attention bias toward threat.Thedataprovidefurther support formodelsassociating attention with socioemotional development and the later emergence of clinical anxiety.