Benzethonium Chloride

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Shanta M Modak - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • evaluation of an alcohol based surgical hand disinfectant containing a synergistic combination of farnesol and Benzethonium Chloride for immediate and persistent activity against resident hand flora of volunteers and with a novel in vitro pig skin mo
    Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 2007
    Co-Authors: Milind S Shintre, Trupti Gaonkar, Shanta M Modak
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVE. To evaluate the immediate, persistent and sustained in vivo activity of an alcohol-based surgical hand disinfectant, consisting of a zinc gel and a preservative system containing a synergistic combination of farnesol and Benzethonium Chloride (ZBF disinfectant), and to develop a pig skin model for in vitro evaluation of the immediate and persistent efficacy of alcohol-based surgical hand disinfectants against resident hand flora. DESIGN. The in vivo immediate, persistent, and sustained activity of ZBF disinfectant was evaluated using human volunteers and the "glove-juice" method described in the US Food and Drug Administration's Tentative Final Monograph (FDA-TFM) for Healthcare Antiseptic Products. A novel in vitro pig skin model was developed to compare the immediate and persistent activity of alcohol-based surgical hand disinfectants against resident flora using Staphylococcus epidermidis as the test organism. Four alcohol-based surgical hand disinfectants were evaluated using this model. RESULTS. The results for the ZBF disinfectant exceed the FDA-TFM criteria for immediate, persistent, and sustained activity required for surgical hand disinfectants. The reduction factors for the 4 hand disinfectants obtained using the pig skin model show good agreement with the log 10 reductions in concentrations of hand flora obtained using human volunteers to test for immediate and persistent activity. CONCLUSION. The ZBF disinfectant we evaluated met the FDA-TFM criteria for surgical hand disinfectants. The immediate and persistent efficacy of the surgical hand disinfectants evaluated with the novel pig skin model described in this study shows good agreement with the results obtained in vivo.

  • efficacy of an alcohol based healthcare hand rub containing synergistic combination of farnesol and Benzethonium Chloride
    International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2006
    Co-Authors: Milind S Shintre, Trupti Gaonkar, Shanta M Modak
    Abstract:

    Abstract Healthcare workers are required to disinfect the hands several times a day using hand disinfectants, which leads to chronic hand exposure to high levels of antimicrobials contained in the disinfectants, which could compromise the skin integrity. This problem may be addressed by developing hand disinfectants containing synergistic combinations of small amounts of antimicrobials and other agents. The synergistic effect of farnesol and essential oils with several antimicrobials was studied in vitro to select an effective antimicrobial system in preservative concentration for use in healthcare hand rub. Farnesol and lemon oil showed synergistic activity against S. aureus, in combination with benzalkonium Chloride and Benzethonium Chloride, but not with other antimicrobials studied. All essential oils studied showed synergy with Benzethonium Chloride against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. An alcohol-based healthcare hand rub (ZBF hand rub) containing this unique synergistic combination of farnesol and Benzethonium Chloride was then developed and its efficacy as a healthcare hand rub was evaluated in human volunteers according to the US FDA-TFM protocol using Serratia marcescens as a marker organism. The ZBF hand rub showed a 3.22 log10 reduction in the microbial count after the first application and a 5.49 log10 reduction after the tenth application in vivo and exceeds the US FDA-TFM criteria for healthcare hand rub. The ZBF hand rub did not irritate the hands when tested on human volunteers when applied 10 times everyday for five consecutive days. The ZBF hand rub exhibits more than 5.5 log10 reduction in the microbial count within 15 s and more than 2.8 log10 reduction in the two types of viruses tested within 30 s in vitro. When evaluated in an in vitro pig skin model, the ZBF hand rub shows better prolonged activity (20–35 min post-application) against transient bacteria (S. aureus and E. coli) compared to other alcohol-based hand rubs. These findings suggest that the use of the ZBF hand rub amongst health care workers may lower the risk of chronic hand exposure to high levels of antimicrobials without compromising the efficacy.

Milind S Shintre - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • evaluation of an alcohol based surgical hand disinfectant containing a synergistic combination of farnesol and Benzethonium Chloride for immediate and persistent activity against resident hand flora of volunteers and with a novel in vitro pig skin mo
    Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 2007
    Co-Authors: Milind S Shintre, Trupti Gaonkar, Shanta M Modak
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVE. To evaluate the immediate, persistent and sustained in vivo activity of an alcohol-based surgical hand disinfectant, consisting of a zinc gel and a preservative system containing a synergistic combination of farnesol and Benzethonium Chloride (ZBF disinfectant), and to develop a pig skin model for in vitro evaluation of the immediate and persistent efficacy of alcohol-based surgical hand disinfectants against resident hand flora. DESIGN. The in vivo immediate, persistent, and sustained activity of ZBF disinfectant was evaluated using human volunteers and the "glove-juice" method described in the US Food and Drug Administration's Tentative Final Monograph (FDA-TFM) for Healthcare Antiseptic Products. A novel in vitro pig skin model was developed to compare the immediate and persistent activity of alcohol-based surgical hand disinfectants against resident flora using Staphylococcus epidermidis as the test organism. Four alcohol-based surgical hand disinfectants were evaluated using this model. RESULTS. The results for the ZBF disinfectant exceed the FDA-TFM criteria for immediate, persistent, and sustained activity required for surgical hand disinfectants. The reduction factors for the 4 hand disinfectants obtained using the pig skin model show good agreement with the log 10 reductions in concentrations of hand flora obtained using human volunteers to test for immediate and persistent activity. CONCLUSION. The ZBF disinfectant we evaluated met the FDA-TFM criteria for surgical hand disinfectants. The immediate and persistent efficacy of the surgical hand disinfectants evaluated with the novel pig skin model described in this study shows good agreement with the results obtained in vivo.

  • efficacy of an alcohol based healthcare hand rub containing synergistic combination of farnesol and Benzethonium Chloride
    International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2006
    Co-Authors: Milind S Shintre, Trupti Gaonkar, Shanta M Modak
    Abstract:

    Abstract Healthcare workers are required to disinfect the hands several times a day using hand disinfectants, which leads to chronic hand exposure to high levels of antimicrobials contained in the disinfectants, which could compromise the skin integrity. This problem may be addressed by developing hand disinfectants containing synergistic combinations of small amounts of antimicrobials and other agents. The synergistic effect of farnesol and essential oils with several antimicrobials was studied in vitro to select an effective antimicrobial system in preservative concentration for use in healthcare hand rub. Farnesol and lemon oil showed synergistic activity against S. aureus, in combination with benzalkonium Chloride and Benzethonium Chloride, but not with other antimicrobials studied. All essential oils studied showed synergy with Benzethonium Chloride against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. An alcohol-based healthcare hand rub (ZBF hand rub) containing this unique synergistic combination of farnesol and Benzethonium Chloride was then developed and its efficacy as a healthcare hand rub was evaluated in human volunteers according to the US FDA-TFM protocol using Serratia marcescens as a marker organism. The ZBF hand rub showed a 3.22 log10 reduction in the microbial count after the first application and a 5.49 log10 reduction after the tenth application in vivo and exceeds the US FDA-TFM criteria for healthcare hand rub. The ZBF hand rub did not irritate the hands when tested on human volunteers when applied 10 times everyday for five consecutive days. The ZBF hand rub exhibits more than 5.5 log10 reduction in the microbial count within 15 s and more than 2.8 log10 reduction in the two types of viruses tested within 30 s in vitro. When evaluated in an in vitro pig skin model, the ZBF hand rub shows better prolonged activity (20–35 min post-application) against transient bacteria (S. aureus and E. coli) compared to other alcohol-based hand rubs. These findings suggest that the use of the ZBF hand rub amongst health care workers may lower the risk of chronic hand exposure to high levels of antimicrobials without compromising the efficacy.

Birgit Hakkarainen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • validation of a quantitative nmr method for suspected counterfeit products exemplified on determination of Benzethonium Chloride in grapefruit seed extracts
    Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2008
    Co-Authors: Somer Bekiroglu, Olle Myrberg, Kristina Ostman, Marianne Ek, Torbjorn Arvidsson, Torgny Rundlof, Birgit Hakkarainen
    Abstract:

    Abstract A 1 H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy method for quantitative determination of Benzethonium Chloride (BTC) as a constituent of grapefruit seed extract was developed. The method was validated, assessing its specificity, linearity, range, and precision, as well as accuracy, limit of quantification and robustness. The method includes quantification using an internal reference standard, 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene, and regarded as simple, rapid, and easy to implement. A commercial grapefruit seed extract was studied and the experiments were performed on spectrometers operating at two different fields, 300 and 600 MHz for proton frequencies, the former with a broad band (BB) probe and the latter equipped with both a BB probe and a CryoProbe™. The concentration average for the product sample was 78.0, 77.8 and 78.4 mg/ml using the 300 BB probe, the 600 MHz BB probe and CryoProbe™, respectively. The standard deviation and relative standard deviation (R.S.D., in parenthesis) for the average concentrations was 0.2 (0.3%), 0.3 (0.4%) and 0.3 mg/ml (0.4%), respectively.

Carl F Dmuchowski - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • homogentisic acid interference in the measurement of urinary protein using Benzethonium Chloride
    Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 1996
    Co-Authors: Elizabeth Sykes, Marilyn Gibson, Carl F Dmuchowski
    Abstract:

    A 39-year-old man was admitted to hospital with severe lower back pain. He underwent a number of investigations, including spinal X-rays, myelogram and bone scan. Serum and urine protein electrophoreses were also performed to rule out multiple myeloma. The initial total urinary protein (Benzethonium Chloride method) was reported as 2·15 g/L, however, urine protein electrophoresis revealed only a small albumin band. Further testing of the same urine sample revealed 1+ proteinuria by dipstick (Multistix'") and O'33 giL total protein by a pyrogallol red method. The initial urine was described as light brown; however, two subsequent samples were found to be dark brown after standing for >2 h, initially at room temperature, then at 4°C. Analysis of one of these latter samples by GC/MS revealed extremely large amounts of homogentisic acid. A number of lumbar and thoracic spinal X-rays performed prior to and on this admission showed intervertebral narrowing with calcification at levels T8 to Ll. X-ray interpretations were reported as degenerative changes, but one report also noted that ochronosis could not be excluded. Laboratory, X-ray and clinical findings therefore supported a diagnosis of alkaptonuria. The diagnosis of alkaptonuria in this patient came to light during the investigation of an apparent falsely-elevated total urinary protein, measured by a Benzethonium Chloride method (UP method, DuPont acaoo , Wilmington, Delaware, USA). Alkaptonuria, a rare metabolic disease, with an incidence of 3-5 per million individuals' is caused by a deficiency of

Katerina Nemcova - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • study of the interaction phenomena of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide cetylpyridinium Chloride and Benzethonium Chloride with c i acid orange 52 and picric acid by two spectral methods
    Dyes and Pigments, 2006
    Co-Authors: Vladimir Kubicek, Katerina Nemcova
    Abstract:

    Abstract A study of solutions containing C. I. Acid Orange 52 (AO52) or picric acid (PA) and cationic surfactants in various molar ratios by UV–vis spectrophotometry and ion pair extraction spectrophotometry has been made. Cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB), cetylpyridinium Chloride (CPC) and Benzethonium Chloride (BEC) have been chosen as cationic surfactants. AO52 and PA have been used as substances with coloured organic anion. The study focuses on investigation of solutions containing AO52 or PA in molar excess over the surfactants. The results show significant changes of absorption maxima in solutions of CTAB or CPC and AO52. The changes of absorption maxima in the case of AO52 excess are ascribed to the formation of associates soluble in water but insoluble in non-polar solvents. This process influences negatively the equilibrium of the ion pair formation. Consequently the amount of the ion pairs extracted during the ion pair extraction spectrophotometry is lowered and a hypochromic shift is recorded as the excess of the dye is increased. Therefore it may be concluded that the results of the ion pair extraction spectrophotometry and the direct UV–vis measurement correspond to each other as far as the systems CTAB + AO52 and CPC + AO52 are concerned. The PA excess does not cause any spectral shifts. Thus, this is in the agreement with the results of the ion pair extraction spectrophotometry, since the excess of PA does not influence the absorbance of the extracted ion pairs.