Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene

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Langowski H.-c. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Evaporated aluminum on Polypropylene: Oxide layer thicknesses as a function of oxygen plasma treatment level
    2011
    Co-Authors: Mcclure D.j., Strulle C., Langowski H.-c.
    Abstract:

    Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) film samples were metalized in an industrial rollto-roll vacuum web coater following various levels of oxygen plasma treatment. The aluminum adhesion, barrier properties, and the oxide layer thicknesses on both sides of the aluminum layer were measured. The plasma treatment increased the level of oxygen containing groups on the BOPP surface. Low treatment levels led to increases in the measured aluminum adhesion

  • Surface modification of polymer films for improved adhesion of deposited metal layers
    2011
    Co-Authors: Langowski H.-c.
    Abstract:

    Plasma treatment and vacuum Al deposition on films from Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene is a multistep large scale industrial process, mainly ending up in packaging film laminates. As atmospheric plasma treatment processes suffer from lack of reproducibility, low pressure plasma treatment processes that can be operated in-line with the metal deposition are being developed. Process development is difficult, because the final packaging film laminate has to deliver optimum properties of adhesion as well as of the barrier against oxygen and water vapor permeation. As a typical production run involves tens of thousands to up to one hundred thousand square meters of film, experiments on an industrial scale are expensive, so smaller scale experimental processes are needed, which so far do not match well enough with industrial process characteristics. Moreover, bonding mechanisms between the treated substrate film and the deposited Al layer are not sufficiently understood. This paper describes the sequence in development and optimization of substrate films and plasma treatment that has been performed on an experimental as well as on an industrial scale. A sufficient correlation between experimental and industrial scales was achieved, which helps to perform development and optimization on a small scale before scaling up to industrial processes. However, improvement is still needed both in fundamental understanding of the aluminum-Polypropylene interface as well as in experimental equipment and methodology

  • Permeation Processes through Vacuum Web Coated Films and Laminates
    1999
    Co-Authors: Moosheime U., Langowski H.-c., Melze A.
    Abstract:

    From the worldwide annual quantity of 15,000 km2 of polymer films that are vacuum web coated with inorganic layers, two third are used by the packaging industry. Although food packagings have the highest share, specialized technical packagings show an increasing fraction. For virtually all applications, the major function of the coatings is the drastic improvement of the barrier of polymers against the permeation of gases, moisture and flavors. Therefore, a proper understanding of the permeation processes is a key issue. On laboratory as well as on industrial scale, the influence of various production parameters on the permeation through coated barrier films and final high barrier laminates was studied by using different inorganic coatings materials and lamination adhesives. The substrate film, Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP), was vacuum web coated with aluminium (Al), or silicon oxide (SiOx) and laminated against BOPP films using polyurethane and ORMOCER. From the results, different mechanisms for the permeation of oxygen, moisture and flavor substances through films with an inorganic barrier layer could be identified. In the final laminate, the barrier layer itself as well as substrate surface and adhesive layers adjacent to it determine the permeability and thus the functionality of the product

  • Permeation of Oxygen and Moisture through Vacuum Web Coated Films
    1999
    Co-Authors: Moosheime U., Langowski H.-c.
    Abstract:

    Worldwide 15,000 km2 of polymer films are vacuum web coated with inorganic layers per year. Two third of these coatings are used by the packaging industry. Coatings drastically improve the barrier of polymers against the permeation of gases, moisture and flavor. For final packaging applications, coated layers are normally protected by laminating to another film. On laboratory as well as industial scale, the influence of various production parameters on the permeation through coated barrier films and final high barrier laminates was studied by using different types of substrate films, different kinds of pretreatment, different inorganic coating materials anddifferent lamination adhesives. The different substrate films, as Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP), polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) and ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene-copolymere (ETFE), were either pretreated at the film production site by a standard Corona atmospheric plasma or in-situ before the vacuum web coating by an oxyge n low pressure plasma. These films were vacuum web coated with aluminium (Al), aluminium oxide (AlOx) or silicon oxide (SiOx) and laminated against BOPP or polyethylene (PE) films using polyurethane and ORMOCER adhesives.Finally, different mechanisms for the permeation of oxygen and moisture through films with an inorganic barrier layer could be identified. Thereby, the barrier layer itself as well as substrate surface and adhesive layers adjacent to it determine the permeability through the final laminate

  • Adhesion Mechanism of Aluminum, Aluminum Oxide, and Silicon Oxide on Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP), Poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET), and Poly(vinyl Chloride) (PVC)
    1997
    Co-Authors: Ichle C., Langowski H.-c., Moosheime U., . Seife
    Abstract:

    In a roll-to-roll vacuum coater, homopolymer and copolymer Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene films (BOPP HOMO and BOPP P/E COPO) were pretreated by a microwave-powered oxygen plasma. A plasma monitor and a Langmuir probe were used to analyze the plasma parameters, i. e. the composition of neutral and positive ions, and floating and plasma potential. With this set-up, surface overtreatment, i. e. destruction of the polymer surface, was also detected in situ. Atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and polar surface energy measurements characterized the surface before and after the pretreatment. The BOPP samples, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), and poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET) were coated with thin aluminum, aluminum oxide, and silicon monoxide layers by an electron beam evaporator. It is shown that the commonly used rule of thumb - a higher polar surface energy of a polymer results in better adhesion of a thin layer coated onto this surface - fails in some cases. High adhesion of thin aluminum, aluminum oxide, and silicon monoxide layers on a polymer substrate is obtained if there is oxygen at the interface between the polymer and the overlayer. It is not hydrogen bonds - being responsible for the polar surface energy - but covalent oxygen bonds (C-O-Al) that are responsible for the adhesion of aluminum and aluminum oxide. Silicon oxide is covalently bonded to polymers by C-O-Si and/or C-Si bonds

Moosheime U. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Oxygen Barrier Coatings Based on Supramolecular Assembly of Melamine
    2000
    Co-Authors: Jahromi S., Moosheime U.
    Abstract:

    Gas permeability is one of the key performance characteristics of polymeric films. Here we explore a novel approach for modifying the oxygen transmission rate of polymers by vapor deposition of melamine. We will show that melamine, upon physical vapor deposition, forms a transparent uniform layer on polymeric films such as Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene. X-ray diffraction, in combination with molecular modeling, has indicated that the melamine coating is crystalline and macroscopically Oriented with the preferred direction of the melamine molecules parallel to the (polymeric) substrate. The vapor-deposited melamine molecules undergo a large number of cooperative hydrogen bond interactions leading to a coherent layer of an infinite supramolecular network. The melamine coating acts as a surprisingly effective barrier against gases, decreasing drastically, for example, the oxygen transmission rate through coated polymer films by 2 orders of magnitude. The effect is attributed to the crystalline nature of the deposited melamine layer, strengthened by the high level of hydrogen bonding. This is the first example of application of supramolecular chemistry for the production of health and environment friendly transparent barrier coatings against oxygen. The vacuum-coating process with melamine and related compounds is expected to bring a major breakthrough in the field of transparent polymeric barrier films for applications, for example, in food and pharmaceutical packaging

  • Permeation Processes through Vacuum Web Coated Films and Laminates
    1999
    Co-Authors: Moosheime U., Langowski H.-c., Melze A.
    Abstract:

    From the worldwide annual quantity of 15,000 km2 of polymer films that are vacuum web coated with inorganic layers, two third are used by the packaging industry. Although food packagings have the highest share, specialized technical packagings show an increasing fraction. For virtually all applications, the major function of the coatings is the drastic improvement of the barrier of polymers against the permeation of gases, moisture and flavors. Therefore, a proper understanding of the permeation processes is a key issue. On laboratory as well as on industrial scale, the influence of various production parameters on the permeation through coated barrier films and final high barrier laminates was studied by using different inorganic coatings materials and lamination adhesives. The substrate film, Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP), was vacuum web coated with aluminium (Al), or silicon oxide (SiOx) and laminated against BOPP films using polyurethane and ORMOCER. From the results, different mechanisms for the permeation of oxygen, moisture and flavor substances through films with an inorganic barrier layer could be identified. In the final laminate, the barrier layer itself as well as substrate surface and adhesive layers adjacent to it determine the permeability and thus the functionality of the product

  • Bedeutung des Kaschierprozesses auf die Sauerstoff- und Wasserdampfbarriere von Verbunden mit anorganischer Barriereschicht
    1999
    Co-Authors: Moosheime U.
    Abstract:

    The packaging industry replaces more and more heavy packaging materials by lighter materials, especially flexible packaging systems. The total packaging surface of flexible films possessing a high barrier against the permeation of gases, moisture and flavor covers about 16 % of all used packagings. The demanded for high barrier properties by lower material consumption can be achieved by using additional barrier layers, as vacuum evaporated Al, AlOx and SiOx layers. The production chain of high barrier laminates is film production, vacuum web coating and lamination. Along this process chain each single step must be optimized itself and be adapted to the whole chain. Here, each step was analyzed on laboratory as well as industrial scale, whereas the following components were used: substrate films: polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP); barrier layers: Al, AlOx and SiOx; adhesives: polyurethane and ORMOCER; lamination films: Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) and polyethylene films (PE). As final process step, the lamination process is the key issue for the barrier of the total laminate against oxygen, moisture and flavor, because on the one hand it can destroy the functionality of the vacuum evaporated barrier layer and on the other hand it can improve the barrier by an order of magnitude due to the synergetic effect between the barrier layer and the adhesive

  • Permeation of Oxygen and Moisture through Vacuum Web Coated Films
    1999
    Co-Authors: Moosheime U., Langowski H.-c.
    Abstract:

    Worldwide 15,000 km2 of polymer films are vacuum web coated with inorganic layers per year. Two third of these coatings are used by the packaging industry. Coatings drastically improve the barrier of polymers against the permeation of gases, moisture and flavor. For final packaging applications, coated layers are normally protected by laminating to another film. On laboratory as well as industial scale, the influence of various production parameters on the permeation through coated barrier films and final high barrier laminates was studied by using different types of substrate films, different kinds of pretreatment, different inorganic coating materials anddifferent lamination adhesives. The different substrate films, as Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP), polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) and ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene-copolymere (ETFE), were either pretreated at the film production site by a standard Corona atmospheric plasma or in-situ before the vacuum web coating by an oxyge n low pressure plasma. These films were vacuum web coated with aluminium (Al), aluminium oxide (AlOx) or silicon oxide (SiOx) and laminated against BOPP or polyethylene (PE) films using polyurethane and ORMOCER adhesives.Finally, different mechanisms for the permeation of oxygen and moisture through films with an inorganic barrier layer could be identified. Thereby, the barrier layer itself as well as substrate surface and adhesive layers adjacent to it determine the permeability through the final laminate

  • Adhesion Mechanism of Aluminum, Aluminum Oxide, and Silicon Oxide on Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP), Poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET), and Poly(vinyl Chloride) (PVC)
    1997
    Co-Authors: Ichle C., Langowski H.-c., Moosheime U., . Seife
    Abstract:

    In a roll-to-roll vacuum coater, homopolymer and copolymer Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene films (BOPP HOMO and BOPP P/E COPO) were pretreated by a microwave-powered oxygen plasma. A plasma monitor and a Langmuir probe were used to analyze the plasma parameters, i. e. the composition of neutral and positive ions, and floating and plasma potential. With this set-up, surface overtreatment, i. e. destruction of the polymer surface, was also detected in situ. Atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and polar surface energy measurements characterized the surface before and after the pretreatment. The BOPP samples, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), and poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET) were coated with thin aluminum, aluminum oxide, and silicon monoxide layers by an electron beam evaporator. It is shown that the commonly used rule of thumb - a higher polar surface energy of a polymer results in better adhesion of a thin layer coated onto this surface - fails in some cases. High adhesion of thin aluminum, aluminum oxide, and silicon monoxide layers on a polymer substrate is obtained if there is oxygen at the interface between the polymer and the overlayer. It is not hydrogen bonds - being responsible for the polar surface energy - but covalent oxygen bonds (C-O-Al) that are responsible for the adhesion of aluminum and aluminum oxide. Silicon oxide is covalently bonded to polymers by C-O-Si and/or C-Si bonds

Taweechai Amornsakchai - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • surface modification of Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene bopp film using acrylic acid corona treatment part ii long term aging surface properties
    Surface & Coatings Technology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Nanticha Kalapa, Taweechai Amornsakchai, Toemsak Srikhiri
    Abstract:

    Abstract In this work particular attention has been paid to the aging behavior of Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) film surfaces modified with the acrylic acid (AAc) corona discharge treatment previously reported. Three different corona energies of 15.3, 38.2 and 76.4 kJ/m 2 were studied. The surface properties of treated films during 90 days of aging were compared with those of normal air-corona treated films prepared with the same corona energies. The surface chemical compositions of aged films were analyzed by curve-fitting of the ATR-FTIR spectra. The wettabilities of all aged films were monitored by water contact angle and surface free energy measurements. The change of surface topology of air- and AAc-corona treated films was investigated at 1 day, 7 days and 90 days of aging using the AFM technique. In addition, the surface adhesions of aged films were determined with the T-peeling test. The results showed that the amount of polar functional groups on the surface of aged films had changed. However, the aged films of the AAc-corona treated films still showed greater wettability than did the air-corona treated films and could retain high surface hydrophilicity for more than 90 days of aging under ambient condition. The surface topology of both types of aged films changed after aging from a globular structure to a flatter surface, due to mobility of the deposited polymer layer. The AAc-corona treated films showed rougher surfaces due to the influence of poly(acrylic acid) deposition and they could retain the improved surface wettability despite the change in surface topography. The adhesion peel forces of aged films decreased slightly due to the topological changes. A mechanism for the change in surface topography and in chemical functionality of each type of aged film is proposed.

  • surface modification of Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene bopp film using acrylic acid corona treatment part i properties and characterization of treated films
    Surface & Coatings Technology, 2012
    Co-Authors: Nanticha Kalapa, Taweechai Amornsakchai
    Abstract:

    Abstract In this work, the acrylic acid (AAc)-corona discharge was carried out on Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) films by introducing AAc vapor into the corona region of a normal corona treater. Three different corona energies of 15.3, 38.2 and 76.4 kJ/m 2 were studied. Surface properties of treated films were compared with those of air-corona treated films prepared with the same corona energies. The change in chemical composition on the film surface was characterized by curve-fitting of the ATR-FTIR spectra. The wettability of treated films, before and after aging in different environments, was observed by water contact angle and surface free energy. The surface morphology of air- and AAc-corona treated films was investigated using SEM and AFM techniques. Adhesion of the treated films to some other substrate was determined with the T-peeling test. It was found that the hydrophilicity of all treated films increased with increasing corona energy. AAc-corona treated films showed greater wettability than did the air-corona treated films and could retain the surface hydrophilicity for more than 90 days of aging under ambient conditions. The surface morphology of BOPP films changed after corona treatment into a globular structure. The AAc-corona treated films showed rougher surfaces due to surface oxidation and polymer formation, whereas, air-corona treated films displayed a similar structure but of smaller size due to the formation of low molecular weight oxidized materials (LMWOM) arising from the degradation of BOPP films. AAc-corona treated films showed greater peel strength than did the air-corona treated films.

N. J. Copeland - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Aluminium oxide barrier films on polymeric web and their conversion for packaging applications
    'Elsevier BV', 2014
    Co-Authors: Cf Strulle, N. J. Copeland, P J Kelly, He Assende, Cw Holliday, Sj Read
    Abstract:

    In recent years, inorganic transparent barrier layers such as aluminium oxide or silicon oxide deposited onto polymer films have emerged as an attractive alternative to polymer based transparent barrier layers for flexible food packaging materials. For this application, barrier properties against water vapour and oxygen are critical. Aluminium oxide coatings can provide good barrier levels at thicknesses in the nanometre range, compared to several micrometres for polymer-based barrier layers. These ceramic barrier coatings are now being produced on a large scale using industrial high speed vacuum deposition techniques, here, reactive evaporation on a 'boat-type' roll-to-roll metalliser. For the thin barrier layer to be useful in its final packaging application, it needs to be protected. This can be either via lamination or via an additional topcoat. This study reports on acrylate topcoats, but also undercoats, on aluminium oxide coated Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene films. The effect of the acrylate layer on barrier levels and surface topography and roughness was investigated. The acrylate was found to smooth the substrate surface and improve barrier properties. Furthermore, the activation energy for water vapour and oxygen permeation was determined in order to investigate barrier mechanisms. The oxide coated film was, additionally, converted via adhesive lamination, which also provided improvement in barrier levels. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

  • Aluminum oxide barrier coatings on polymer films for food packaging applications
    Surface and Coatings Technology, 2014
    Co-Authors: C. F. Struller, P J Kelly, N. J. Copeland
    Abstract:

    In the field of packaging, barrier layers are functional films, which can be applied to polymeric substrates with the objective of enhancing their end-use properties. For food packaging applications, the packaging material is required to preserve packaged food stuffs and protect them from a variety of environmental influences, particularly moisture and oxygen ingress and UV radiation. Aluminum metallized films are widely used for this purpose. More recently, transparent barrier coatings based on aluminum oxide or silicon oxide have been introduced in order to fulfill requirements such as product visibility, microwaveability or retortability. With the demand for transparent barrier films for low-cost packaging applications growing, the use of high-speed vacuum deposition techniques, such as roll-to-roll metallizers, has become a favorable and powerful tool. In this study, aluminum oxide barrier coatings have been deposited onto Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate film substrates via reactive evaporation using an industrial 'boat-type' roll-to-roll metallizer. The coated films have been investigated and compared to uncoated films in terms of barrier properties, surface topography, roughness and surface energy using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and contact angle measurement. Coating to substrate adhesion and coating thickness have been examined via peel tests and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

Nanticha Kalapa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • surface modification of Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene bopp film using acrylic acid corona treatment part ii long term aging surface properties
    Surface & Coatings Technology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Nanticha Kalapa, Taweechai Amornsakchai, Toemsak Srikhiri
    Abstract:

    Abstract In this work particular attention has been paid to the aging behavior of Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) film surfaces modified with the acrylic acid (AAc) corona discharge treatment previously reported. Three different corona energies of 15.3, 38.2 and 76.4 kJ/m 2 were studied. The surface properties of treated films during 90 days of aging were compared with those of normal air-corona treated films prepared with the same corona energies. The surface chemical compositions of aged films were analyzed by curve-fitting of the ATR-FTIR spectra. The wettabilities of all aged films were monitored by water contact angle and surface free energy measurements. The change of surface topology of air- and AAc-corona treated films was investigated at 1 day, 7 days and 90 days of aging using the AFM technique. In addition, the surface adhesions of aged films were determined with the T-peeling test. The results showed that the amount of polar functional groups on the surface of aged films had changed. However, the aged films of the AAc-corona treated films still showed greater wettability than did the air-corona treated films and could retain high surface hydrophilicity for more than 90 days of aging under ambient condition. The surface topology of both types of aged films changed after aging from a globular structure to a flatter surface, due to mobility of the deposited polymer layer. The AAc-corona treated films showed rougher surfaces due to the influence of poly(acrylic acid) deposition and they could retain the improved surface wettability despite the change in surface topography. The adhesion peel forces of aged films decreased slightly due to the topological changes. A mechanism for the change in surface topography and in chemical functionality of each type of aged film is proposed.

  • surface modification of Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene bopp film using acrylic acid corona treatment part i properties and characterization of treated films
    Surface & Coatings Technology, 2012
    Co-Authors: Nanticha Kalapa, Taweechai Amornsakchai
    Abstract:

    Abstract In this work, the acrylic acid (AAc)-corona discharge was carried out on Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP) films by introducing AAc vapor into the corona region of a normal corona treater. Three different corona energies of 15.3, 38.2 and 76.4 kJ/m 2 were studied. Surface properties of treated films were compared with those of air-corona treated films prepared with the same corona energies. The change in chemical composition on the film surface was characterized by curve-fitting of the ATR-FTIR spectra. The wettability of treated films, before and after aging in different environments, was observed by water contact angle and surface free energy. The surface morphology of air- and AAc-corona treated films was investigated using SEM and AFM techniques. Adhesion of the treated films to some other substrate was determined with the T-peeling test. It was found that the hydrophilicity of all treated films increased with increasing corona energy. AAc-corona treated films showed greater wettability than did the air-corona treated films and could retain the surface hydrophilicity for more than 90 days of aging under ambient conditions. The surface morphology of BOPP films changed after corona treatment into a globular structure. The AAc-corona treated films showed rougher surfaces due to surface oxidation and polymer formation, whereas, air-corona treated films displayed a similar structure but of smaller size due to the formation of low molecular weight oxidized materials (LMWOM) arising from the degradation of BOPP films. AAc-corona treated films showed greater peel strength than did the air-corona treated films.