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Verónica Benet-martínez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Biculturalism dynamics: A daily diary study of Bicultural identity and psychosocial functioning
Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 2019Co-Authors: Seth J Schwartz, Verónica Benet-martínez, Alan Meca, Jose Szapocznik, Colleen Ward, Ágnes Szabó, Elma I. Lorenzo-blanco, Gillian Albert Sznitman, Cory L. Cobb, Jennifer B UngerAbstract:Abstract We examined two conceptualizations of Bicultural identity – the Bicultural Identity Integration (BII) framework (cultural identity blendedness-distance and harmony-conflict) and cultural hybridizing and alternating (mixing one's two cultural identities and/or switching between them). Utilizing data from a 12-day diary study with 873 Hispanic college students, we examined three research questions: (1) cross-sectional and longitudinal intercorrelations among these Biculturalism components, (2) links among daily variability in these Biculturalism components, and (3) how this daily variability predicts well-being and mental health outcomes over time. Bicultural hybridizing was positively related to, and longitudinally predicted by, both BII blendedness and harmony. Daily fluctuation scores for BII blendedness, BII harmony, and Bicultural hybridizing were strongly interrelated. Well-being was negatively predicted by fluctuations in hybridizing, whereas internalizing symptoms were positively predicted by fluctuations in blendedness. These results are discussed in terms of what Biculturalism is and how best to promote it.
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Measuring variations in Bicultural identity across U.S. ethnic and generational groups: Development and validation of the Bicultural Identity Integration Scale-Version 2 (BIIS-2).
Psychological assessment, 2018Co-Authors: Que-lam Huynh, Verónica Benet-martínez, Angelaminhtu D NguyenAbstract:Bicultural Identity Integration (BII) is an individual difference construct that captures variations in the experience of Biculturalism. Using multiple samples in a series of steps, we refined BII measurement and then tested the construct in a diverse sample of Bicultural individuals. Specifically, we wrote new BII items based on qualitative data (n = 108), examined the quality of the new measure using subject-matter experts (n = 23) and Bicultural individuals (n = 5), and then collected validation data from Bicultural college students (n = 1049). We used exploratory factor analyses to select items and explore BIIS-2 structure with a random subset of the larger sample (n = 600), confirmatory factor analyses to show that the factor structure fit the data well (n = 449), and multigroup confirmatory factor analyses to demonstrate measurement invariance in two ethnic and two generational groups. Results showed that the Bicultural Identity Integration Scale-Version 2 (BIIS-2) yielded reliable and stable scores. The data also revealed interesting and important patterns of associations with theoretically relevant constructs: personality, acculturation, and psychological well-being. Additionally, structural equation models confirmed that in general, personality and acculturation variables influence individuals' experiences with their dual cultural identities, which in turn influence adjustment, but there were interesting and important generational differences in how these variables were related. These findings lend support for the validity of BIIS-2 score interpretations; add to our understanding of the sociocultural, personality, and adjustment correlates of the Bicultural experience; and have important implications for understanding the well-being of Bicultural individuals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Multiculturalism and Creativity Effects of Cultural Context, Bicultural Identity, and Ideational Fluency
Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2012Co-Authors: Carmel S. Saad, Verónica Benet-martínez, Rodica Ioana Damian, Wesley G. Moons, Richard W. RobinsAbstract:Today’s diverse society often includes culturally rich environments that contain cues pertaining to more than one culture. These cultural cues can shape cognitive processes, such as creativity. Recent evidence shows that Bicultural experience enhances creativity, and that for culture-related domains, this effect is particularly evident among Biculturals who blend their two cultural identities. The present study tested whether enhanced creativity among more blended Biculturals was due to increased idea generation (i.e., ideational fluency). Moreover, the authors tested whether these effects generalized to noncultural domains, which may indicate that Bicultural experience enhances creativity in broader arenas. One hundred seventy-seven Chinese Americans completed a creativity task in either a monocultural or Bicultural context (manipulated via Chinese or American symbols or both). Greater Bicultural identity blendedness predicted domain-general creativity in Bicultural but not in monocultural contexts, and ...
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Bicultural Identity Integration
Handbook of Identity Theory and Research, 2011Co-Authors: Que-lam Huynh, Angelaminhtu D Nguyen, Verónica Benet-martínezAbstract:Given the growing numbers of Bicultural individuals in the United States and around the world, Bicultural identity integration (BII) is an important construct that helps researchers to better capture the diversity within this group. In this chapter, we organize and summarize the limited literature on individual differences in Bicultural identity, with a special focus on BII. First, we discuss and define Biculturalism and cultural identity in general. Second, we introduce individual differences in Bicultural identity and the ways in which these differences have been studied. Third, we define BII, summarize research on this construct, and introduce the latest applications of BII theory to other areas of identity research. In unpacking the construct of BII, we first define it along with its components (harmony and blendedness) and nomological network. We also discuss what we believe to be the process involved in integrating one’s dual cultural identities. We then present correlates of BII, including self-group personality perceptions, culturally related behaviors and values, and sociocultural and psychological adjustment. Finally, we discuss how BII relates to other important social-cognitive constructs, such as cultural frame switching or code switching. We end with a brief overview of the latest applications of BII theory (e.g., to gay identity) and suggestions for future research on Bicultural identity. In summary, our goal for this chapter is to introduce BII and to help readers understand the importance of culture in identity.
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Biculturalism Unpacked: Components, Measurement, Individual Differences, and Outcomes
Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2007Co-Authors: Angelaminhtu D Nguyen, Verónica Benet-martínezAbstract:Cultural contact due to migration, globalization, travel, and the resulting cultural diversity, has led to growing numbers of Bicultural individuals, which demands further research on this group. In this article, we introduce the concept of Biculturalism and provide the foundation necessary for understanding literature on this topic, beginning research in this area, and recognizing Biculturalism in everyday life. In unpacking the construct of Biculturalism, we first define it along with its components and related constructs (e.g. acculturation strategies). Second, we compare and discuss various ways of measuring Biculturalism (e.g. unidimensional versus bidimensional models). Third, we organize and summarize the limited literature on individual differences in Bicultural identity, focusing on the construct of Bicultural Identity Integration (Benet-Martinez & Haritatos, 2005). Lastly, we review the possible outcomes resulting from Biculturalism. I think of myself not as a unified cultural being but as a communion of different cultural beings. Due to the fact that I have spent time in different cultural environments, I have developed several cultural identities that diverge and converge according to the need of the moment. (Sparrow, 2000, 190) Most agree that our society is increasingly diverse and multicultural, but who is Bicultural? Would a European American who eats Mexican food, speaks Spanish, and is married to a Mexican American be considered Bicultural? What about an African American individual born and raised in the USA? Is he or she Bicultural? In this article, we argue that there is more than one definition of Biculturalism by reviewing the various definitions of Biculturalism and presenting Biculturalism within the context of acculturation. Because there is also more than one way to operationalize Biculturalism, we compare and contrast the various methods of measuring it. Furthermore, we argue that there is more than one way to be Bicultural and subsequently discuss variations among Bicultural individuals, particularly the construct of Bicultural Identity Integration (BII). Finally, we argue for the potential benefits of Biculturalism.
Michael W. Morris - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Bicultural self defense in consumer contexts self protection motives are the basis for contrast versus assimilation to cultural cues
Journal of Consumer Psychology, 2013Co-Authors: Michael W. MorrisAbstract:Abstract Studies of social judgment found that the way Bicultural individuals respond to cultural cues depends on their cultural identity structure. Biculturals differ in the degree to which they represent their two cultural identities as integrated (vs. nonintegrated), which is assessed as high (vs. low) Bicultural identity integration (BII), respectively. High BII individuals assimilate to cultural cues, yet low BII individuals contrast to these cues. The current studies reveal that this dynamic extends to consumer behavior and elucidate the underlying psychological mechanism. We found that high (low) BII individuals exhibit assimilation (contrast) responses to cultural cues in consumer information-seeking and choice. Furthermore, the pattern occurs with both subliminal (study 1) and supraliminal (study 2) cultural primes, and is mediated by the experience of identity exclusion threat (study 2). Results suggest that the interactive effect of BII and cultural cues arises from nonconscious defense against the exclusion of a cultural identity. Implications for self-protective processes, automatic behavior, and marketing are discussed.
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matching versus mismatching cultural norms in performance appraisal effects of the cultural setting and Bicultural identity integration
International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 2010Co-Authors: Aurelia Mok, Chi-ying Cheng, Michael W. MorrisAbstract:The present study examined how Biculturals (Asian-Americans) adjust to differing cultural settings in performance appraisal. Biculturals vary in the degree to which their two cultural identities are compatible or oppositional — Bicultural Identity Integration (BII). The authors found that individual differences in BII interacted with the manipulation of the cultural setting (American or Asian) in determining whether employee outcomes were evaluated as matching or mismatching cultural norms. Results showed that Asian-Americans with high BII gave less weight to employees’ situational conditions in the American setting (matching American cultural norms) and more weight in the Asian setting (matching Asian cultural norms), whereas those with low BII showed the opposite pattern, giving more weight to employees’ situational conditions in the American setting (mismatching American cultural norms) and less weight in the Asian setting (mismatching Asian cultural norms). We discuss the implications of understanding...
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An upside to Bicultural identity conflict: Resisting groupthink in cultural ingroups
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2010Co-Authors: Aurelia Mok, Michael W. MorrisAbstract:Abstract Bicultural individuals differ in the degree to which their cultural identities are integrated versus conflicting—Bicultural Identity Integration (BII). Studies of judgment find that Biculturals with less integrated identities (low BIIs) tend to defy salient cultural norms, whereas those with highly integrated identities (high BIIs) conform. This study examined Biculturals' judgment in a group decision-making context, focusing on individuals' reactions to consensus in cultural ingroups. Results showed that low (vs. high) BIIs are more likely to resist the group consensus when it is incorrect, but not when it is correct. These findings suggest that contrarian impulses of low BIIs can be channeled towards facilitating constructive conflict—resisting groupthink that results from cultural homogeneity. Implications for Bicultural identity, motives, and organizational behavior are discussed.
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cultural chameleons and iconoclasts assimilation and reactance to cultural cues in Biculturals expressed personalities as a function of identity conflict
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2009Co-Authors: Michael W. MorrisAbstract:Abstract Bicultural individuals vary in the degree to which their two cultural identities are integrated versus conflicting—Bicultural Identity Integration (BII). Past research on attribution biases finds that BII influences the way that Biculturals shift in response to cultural primes: integrated Biculturals shift assimilatively, whereas conflicted Biculturals shift contrastively. Proposing that this reflects assimilation versus reactance responses, we tested whether it extends to shifts in self-perceived personality. In two experiments with Asian–American participants, we found that BII influences the direction of cultural priming effects (assimilation versus contrast) on the personality dimensions of need for uniqueness (Experiment 1) and extraversion (Experiment 2). As hypothesized, high BIIs shifted in a culturally assimilative direction, perceiving the self as more uniqueness-seeking and extraverted following American versus Asian priming, whereas low BIIs shifted in the reverse direction. Implications for research on Bicultural identity, priming, personality, organizational and consumer behavior are discussed.
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Negotiating Biculturalism Cultural Frame Switching in Biculturals with Oppositional Versus Compatible Cultural Identities
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2002Co-Authors: Verónica Benet-martínez, Fiona Lee, Janxin Leu, Michael W. MorrisAbstract:The authors propose that cultural frame shifting—shifting between two culturally based interpretative lenses in response to cultural cues—is moderated by perceived compatibility (vs. opposition) between the two cultural orientations, or Bicultural identity integration (BII). Three studies found that Chinese American Biculturals who perceived their cultural identities as compatible (high BII) responded in culturally congruent ways to cultural cues: They made more external attributions (a characteristically Asian behavior) after being exposed to Chinese primes and more internal attributions (a characteristically Western behavior) after being exposed to American primes. However, Chinese American Biculturals who perceived their cultural identities as oppositional (low BII) exhibited a reverse priming effect. This trend was not apparent for noncultural primes. The results show that individual differences in Bicultural identity affect how cultural knowledge is used to interpret social events.
George P Knight - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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family contextual influences on Bicultural competence development among u s mexican origin youths
Developmental Psychology, 2020Co-Authors: Dalal M Safa, Rebecca M B White, George P KnightAbstract:This study investigated how parents' value-based enculturation and acculturation processes (i.e., Mexican American and mainstream American values trajectories across their youths' development from late childhood to middle adolescence) related to their youths' behavioral, affective, and cognitive components of Bicultural competence in late adolescence. Our sample included 749 U.S. Mexican-origin youths (30% Mexico-born; 49% female), and their parents, followed for 7 years (Mage = 10.44 to 17.38 years). Linear latent growth analyses revealed that both parental enculturation and acculturation processes have important implications for U.S. Mexican-origin adolescents' Bicultural competence. This work highlights parental promoting and inhibiting influences on the development of Bicultural competence, a normative developmental competency among ethnic-racial minority and immigrant adolescents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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u s mexican origin adolescents Bicultural competence and mental health in context
Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 2019Co-Authors: Dalal M Safa, Rebecca M B White, Nicole E Mahrer, George P Knight, Nancy A Gonzales, Michelle C PascoAbstract:OBJECTIVES We examined the prospective association (from Mage = 15.84 to 17.38 years) between Bicultural competence and mental health among U.S. Mexican-origin adolescents relative to multiple (a) developmental niches, (b) components of Bicultural competence, and (c) indicators of mental health. METHOD Participants included 749 adolescents (49% female, 29.7% Mexico-born) recruited during late childhood and followed through late adolescence. We used latent profile analyses to identify adolescents' developmental niches based on sociocultural characteristics of the family, school, and neighborhood contexts and multiple-group structural equation modeling to examine whether these niches moderated the association between Bicultural competence and mental health. RESULTS We identified 5 distinct adolescents' developmental niches. We found no association between Bicultural competence and internalizing symptoms across niches; Bicultural facility predicted lower externalizing symptoms among adolescents developing in niches characterized by immigrant families and predominantly Latino schools and neighborhoods. CONCLUSIONS The diversity found among U.S. Mexican-origin adolescents' niches underscores the need to assess context broadly by including a range of settings. Studying multiple components of Bicultural competence across numerous cultural domains may provide a better understanding of any mental health benefits of Biculturalism. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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The Mexican American Biculturalism scale: Bicultural comfort, facility, and advantages for adolescents and adults.
Psychological assessment, 2014Co-Authors: Camille D. Basilio, George P Knight, Nancy A Gonzales, Megan O'donnell, Mark W. Roosa, Adriana J. Umaña-taylor, Marisela TorresAbstract:Empirical research on Biculturalism is limited, in part because of the lack of quality measures of Biculturalism. The currently available measures have limitations due to scoring procedures and sampling of only a narrow range of behaviors and attitudes. We present a measure of Biculturalism that captures a broader range of the Bicultural experience and uses a scoring system that better represents the wide ranging levels of Biculturalism that exist in the diverse population of Mexican American adolescents, mothers, and fathers born in either Mexico or the United States. The Mexican American Biculturalism Scale (27 items) includes 3 subscales: Bicultural comfort (9 items), Bicultural facility (9 items), and Bicultural advantages (9 items). We report on the reliability and construct validity of test scores and present confirmatory factor analyses findings for a diverse sample of 316 Mexican American families from a large southwestern metropolitan city. The Mexican American Biculturalism Scale is available in English and in Spanish. The use of the scale has implications for future research studying how Biculturalism is related to psychological outcomes for Mexicans/Mexican Americans.
Evelyn Marino Weisman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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exploring questions of social justice in bilingual Bicultural teacher education towards a parity of participation
The Urban Review, 2010Co-Authors: Shanan Fitts, Evelyn Marino WeismanAbstract:This qualitative study examined the development of bilingual and Bicultural preservice teachers’ beliefs and attitudes about social justice and its role in the education of language minority children. Fraser’s in Redistribution or recognition: a political-philosophical exchange. Verso, New York, (2003) perspectival dualist framework, which calls for the consideration of both the distribution of resources and the recognition of cultural identity, was applied to the investigation of participants’ social justice claims. In addition to observing these preservice teachers in their courses and conducting interviews, the researchers also analyzed the teaching practices of their bilingual-Bicultural professors. Findings indicate that bilingual teacher candidates need to have space and support for reflecting upon the conflicting meanings they might ascribe to experiences and insights gained through the occupation of different identity positions. Bilingual-Bicultural university professors’ ability to recognize and legitimate the experiences and perspectives of bilingual/Bicultural teacher candidates was significant and empowering.
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Exploring Questions of Social Justice in Bilingual/Bicultural Teacher Education: Towards a Parity of Participation
The Urban Review, 2010Co-Authors: Shanan Fitts, Evelyn Marino WeismanAbstract:This qualitative study examined the development of bilingual and Bicultural preservice teachers’ beliefs and attitudes about social justice and its role in the education of language minority children. Fraser’s in Redistribution or recognition: a political-philosophical exchange. Verso, New York, ( 2003 ) perspectival dualist framework, which calls for the consideration of both the distribution of resources and the recognition of cultural identity, was applied to the investigation of participants’ social justice claims. In addition to observing these preservice teachers in their courses and conducting interviews, the researchers also analyzed the teaching practices of their bilingual-Bicultural professors. Findings indicate that bilingual teacher candidates need to have space and support for reflecting upon the conflicting meanings they might ascribe to experiences and insights gained through the occupation of different identity positions. Bilingual-Bicultural university professors’ ability to recognize and legitimate the experiences and perspectives of bilingual/Bicultural teacher candidates was significant and empowering.
Fiona Lee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Malleability of Bicultural Identity Integration (BII)
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2013Co-Authors: Chi-ying Cheng, Fiona LeeAbstract:Bicultural Identity Integration (BII), or Biculturals’ perceived compatibility between their two cultural identities, has been found to predict a variety of psychological processes and behavioral outcomes. However, it is not clear why Biculturals differ in their levels of BII. We suggest that the valence of Bicultural experiences influences BII. Furthermore, we predict that Biculturals’ level of BII can be changed momentarily by recalling valenced Bicultural experiences. An experimental study manipulating recall of positive or negative Bicultural experiences found that recalling positive Bicultural experiences increased BII, whereas recalling negative Bicultural experiences decreased BII. However, recalling experiences irrelevant to Bicultural experiences did not change BII. Theoretical and practical implications of the malleability of BII are discussed.
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Self-referential processing and encoding in Bicultural individuals
Culture and Brain, 2013Co-Authors: Sarah Huff, Fiona Lee, Carolyn Yoon, Alekhya Mandadi, Angela H. GutchessAbstract:Prior neuroimaging evidence suggests that the medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC and vmPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) are involved in self- referential processing and memory, and that the specific patterns of activation differ as a result of culture. In the current study, we used an adjective trait judgment task and a surprise recognition memory task to investigate how Bicultural identity influences self-referential processing and memory as compared to a close other (mother) and a distant, familiar other (Gandhi). Contrary to expectations, results indicate that the dmPFC is more engaged for mother-referencing than self-refer- encing in our sample of Bicultural Asian Americans. In terms of subsequent memory, there was increased activation in the PCC for processing of mother-rele- vant and other-relevant (compared to self-relevant) information that supported the encoding of information into memory. Finally, we observed reversals in the pattern of activity in the dmPFC implicated in subsequent memory for those with a blended Bicultural identity versus those with an alternating Bicultural identity. These findings suggest that cultural effects, specifically individual differences in Bicultural identity,
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Biculturalism and Cognitive Complexity Expertise in Cultural Representations
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2006Co-Authors: Verónica Benet-martínez, Fiona Lee, Janxin LeuAbstract:To explore the possible cognitive consequences of Biculturalism, the authors examine the complexity of cultural representations in monocultural and Bicultural individuals. Study 1 found that Chinese American Biculturals' free descriptions of both American and Chinese cultures are higher in cognitive complexity than that of Anglo-American monoculturals, but the same effect was not apparent in descriptions of culturally neutral entities (landscapes). With the same procedures, Study 2 found that the cultural representations of Biculturals with low levels of Bicultural Identity Integration (BII; or Biculturals with conflicted cultural identities) are more cognitively complex than that of Biculturals with high BII (Biculturals with compatible cultural identities). This article shows that cultural frame switching and BII have meaningful cognitive consequences; furthermore, it suggests that exposure to more than one culture may increase individuals' ability to detect, process, and organize everyday cultural mean...
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Negotiating Biculturalism Cultural Frame Switching in Biculturals with Oppositional Versus Compatible Cultural Identities
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2002Co-Authors: Verónica Benet-martínez, Fiona Lee, Janxin Leu, Michael W. MorrisAbstract:The authors propose that cultural frame shifting—shifting between two culturally based interpretative lenses in response to cultural cues—is moderated by perceived compatibility (vs. opposition) between the two cultural orientations, or Bicultural identity integration (BII). Three studies found that Chinese American Biculturals who perceived their cultural identities as compatible (high BII) responded in culturally congruent ways to cultural cues: They made more external attributions (a characteristically Asian behavior) after being exposed to Chinese primes and more internal attributions (a characteristically Western behavior) after being exposed to American primes. However, Chinese American Biculturals who perceived their cultural identities as oppositional (low BII) exhibited a reverse priming effect. This trend was not apparent for noncultural primes. The results show that individual differences in Bicultural identity affect how cultural knowledge is used to interpret social events.