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Takeshi Matsuura - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • hydrocarbon degradation and separation of Bilge Water via a novel tio2 hnts pvdf based photocatalytic membrane reactor pmr
    RSC Advances, 2015
    Co-Authors: A. Moslehyani, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Takeshi Matsuura
    Abstract:

    This paper focuses on the potential of a novel flat sheet nanocomposite titanium dioxide (TiO2)-halloysite nanotubes (HNTs)/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane as a photocatalytic separator in the photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR). The photocatalytic nanocomposite membrane acted the roles of both degradation and separation for Bilge Water. Both TiO2-HNTs photocatalyst and photocatalytic nanocomposite membranes were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) combined energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The hydrocarbon degradation and removal efficiency of the PMR was evaluated by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). It was found that 99.9% of hydrocarbons were removed by the PMR within 8 h, which is likely due to uniform distribution and high effectiveness of the TiO2-HNTs photocatalyst in the PVDF polymer matrix. The TiO2 leaching from the nanocomposite membrane during the membrane permeation was analyzed using flame atomic adsorption spectrophotometer (AAS), which recorded 1.0 ppb of TiO2 leaching in the permeate tank.

  • Hydrocarbon degradation and separation of Bilge Water via a novel TiO2-HNTs/PVDF-based photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR)
    RSC Advances, 2015
    Co-Authors: A. Moslehyani, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Takeshi Matsuura
    Abstract:

    This paper focuses on the potential of a novel flat sheet nanocomposite titanium dioxide (TiO2)-halloysite nanotubes (HNTs)/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane as a photocatalytic separator in the photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR). The photocatalytic nanocomposite membrane acted the roles of both degradation and separation for Bilge Water. Both TiO2-HNTs photocatalyst and photocatalytic nanocomposite membranes were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) combined energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The hydrocarbon degradation and removal efficiency of the PMR was evaluated by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). It was found that 99.9% of hydrocarbons were removed by the PMR within 8 h, which is likely due to uniform distribution and high effectiveness of the TiO2-HNTs photocatalyst in the PVDF polymer matrix. The TiO2 leaching from the nanocomposite membrane during the membrane permeation was analyzed using flame atomic adsorption spectrophotometer (AAS), which recorded 1.0 ppb of TiO2 leaching in the permeate tank.

A. Moslehyani - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Photoreactor-ultrafiltration hybrid system for oily Bilge Water photooxidation and separation from oil tanker
    Reactive and Functional Polymers, 2016
    Co-Authors: A. Moslehyani, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Arun M. Isloor, M. Mobaraki, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman
    Abstract:

    Abstract A novel design of hybrid system consisting of photoreactor (PR) combined with ultrafiltration (UF) membrane was investigated for oily Bilge Water degradation and separation from oil tanker. Initially, the Bilge organic compounds were photooxidized using ultraviolet type A (UVA) light irradiation on 100, 200 and 300 ppm of TiO2. Further TiO2 and oxidized oily Bilge Water was filtered using hollow fiber membrane separator, which was prepared by polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and halloysite nanotubes. The hollow fiber membranes were characterized by ATR-IR spectrum, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS). Individual hydrocarbon of oily Bilge Water was identified by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. According to the GC–MS analysis, over 90% decomposition of oil in Bilge Water has occurred by 200 and 300 ppm of TiO2 suspension. On the other hand, pH meter showed that, decomposed oily Bilge Water was more acidic, which increased to pH 7 after UF system process. Moreover, over 99% of degraded oil in Bilge Water was filtered by this promising hybrid system.

  • hydrocarbon degradation and separation of Bilge Water via a novel tio2 hnts pvdf based photocatalytic membrane reactor pmr
    RSC Advances, 2015
    Co-Authors: A. Moslehyani, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Takeshi Matsuura
    Abstract:

    This paper focuses on the potential of a novel flat sheet nanocomposite titanium dioxide (TiO2)-halloysite nanotubes (HNTs)/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane as a photocatalytic separator in the photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR). The photocatalytic nanocomposite membrane acted the roles of both degradation and separation for Bilge Water. Both TiO2-HNTs photocatalyst and photocatalytic nanocomposite membranes were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) combined energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The hydrocarbon degradation and removal efficiency of the PMR was evaluated by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). It was found that 99.9% of hydrocarbons were removed by the PMR within 8 h, which is likely due to uniform distribution and high effectiveness of the TiO2-HNTs photocatalyst in the PVDF polymer matrix. The TiO2 leaching from the nanocomposite membrane during the membrane permeation was analyzed using flame atomic adsorption spectrophotometer (AAS), which recorded 1.0 ppb of TiO2 leaching in the permeate tank.

  • Novel hybrid photocatalytic reactor-UF nanocomposite membrane system for Bilge Water degradation and separation
    RSC Advances, 2015
    Co-Authors: A. Moslehyani, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Arun M. Isloor
    Abstract:

    This study focuses on the design and performance of a hybrid system consisting of a photocatalytic reactor and ultrafiltration permeation cell. Initially, an ultraviolet (UV) lamp was installed in the photocatalytic reactor to decompose the Bilge organic pollutants in the presence of 200 ppm titanium-dioxide (TiO2). Individual hydrocarbon compounds of Bilge Water samples were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Two types of membrane, which are a pure polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane and PVDF/modified halloysite nanotube clay (M-HNTs) nanocomposite membrane were fabricated aiming to enhance the rejection, flux and fouling resistance for full filtration of pollutants from the photocatalytic reactor. The membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Furthermore, GC-MS analysis showed that, over 90% Bilge decomposition occurred by a photocatalytic reaction. The TiO2 cross-over during permeation was detected by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), which proved that, TiO2 rejection was more than 99% for the nanocomposite membrane. A UV- vis spectrophotometer confirmed over 99% rejection of decomposed Bilge hydrocarbons via the nanocomposite membrane with 1.0 wt% of M-HNTs incorporated in the PVDF matrix.

  • Hydrocarbon degradation and separation of Bilge Water via a novel TiO2-HNTs/PVDF-based photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR)
    RSC Advances, 2015
    Co-Authors: A. Moslehyani, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Takeshi Matsuura
    Abstract:

    This paper focuses on the potential of a novel flat sheet nanocomposite titanium dioxide (TiO2)-halloysite nanotubes (HNTs)/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane as a photocatalytic separator in the photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR). The photocatalytic nanocomposite membrane acted the roles of both degradation and separation for Bilge Water. Both TiO2-HNTs photocatalyst and photocatalytic nanocomposite membranes were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) combined energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The hydrocarbon degradation and removal efficiency of the PMR was evaluated by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). It was found that 99.9% of hydrocarbons were removed by the PMR within 8 h, which is likely due to uniform distribution and high effectiveness of the TiO2-HNTs photocatalyst in the PVDF polymer matrix. The TiO2 leaching from the nanocomposite membrane during the membrane permeation was analyzed using flame atomic adsorption spectrophotometer (AAS), which recorded 1.0 ppb of TiO2 leaching in the permeate tank.

Behnam Khoshandam - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Investigation on up-flow anaerobic sludge fixed film (UASFF) reactor for treating low-strength Bilge Water of Caspian Sea ships
    Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 2015
    Co-Authors: Seyyed Mohammad Emadian, Morteza Hosseini, Mostafa Rahimnejad, Behnam Khoshandam
    Abstract:

    Background In order to meet the International Maritime Organization (IMO) objectives, the main purpose of this study was using the cheap and practical wasteWater treatment system for low-strength Bilge Water of Caspian Sea ships; therefore, the low-strength Bilge Water of the Caspian Sea ships has been treated by up-flow anaerobic sludge fixed film (UASFF) reactor at the ambient temperature. Results The reactor operated at two hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 10 h and 8 h. The organic loading rates (OLR) ranged (0.12-0.6) g chemical oxygen demand (COD)/l.day. At the beginning of the experimental procedure, the sludge was immobilized on the surface of the support materials. After 10 days of batch feeding of the reactor with the wasteWater as an acclimation period (with COD removal of 59%), the reactor operated continuously. At the end of the experiment, with the HRT of 8 h and OLR of 0.6 g COD/l.day, the COD and total suspended solid (TSS) removal efficiencies reached the amounts of 75% and 99%, respectively. In addition to the good features of the reactor in removing COD and TSS, the effluent oil concentration was significantly lower than the standard value (15 ppm) which has been laid down for the discharge of the Bilge Water from ships by the IMO. Conclusions The obtained data demonstrated that UASFF reactor is an appropriate system for treatment of a low-strength Bilge Water.

  • Investigation on up-flow anaerobic sludge fixed film (UASFF) reactor for treating low-strength Bilge Water of Caspian Sea ships.
    Journal of environmental health science & engineering, 2015
    Co-Authors: Seyyed Mohammad Emadian, Morteza Hosseini, Mostafa Rahimnejad, Behnam Khoshandam
    Abstract:

    Background In order to meet the International Maritime Organization (IMO) objectives, the main purpose of this study was using the cheap and practical wasteWater treatment system for low-strength Bilge Water of Caspian Sea ships; therefore, the low-strength Bilge Water of the Caspian Sea ships has been treated by up-flow anaerobic sludge fixed film (UASFF) reactor at the ambient temperature.

  • Treatment of a low-strength Bilge Water of Caspian Sea ships by HUASB technique
    Ecological Engineering, 2015
    Co-Authors: Seyyed Mohammad Emadian, Morteza Hosseini, Mostafa Rahimnejad, Mohammad Hassan Shahavi, Behnam Khoshandam
    Abstract:

    Abstract Oily Bilge Water is one of the major pollutants that threats marine environment due to its direct discharge from ships into sea. The aim of this paper is to investigate the possibility of dilute Bilge Water treatment by using hybrid up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (HUASB) bio-reactor. The reactor operated at two hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 10 h and 8 h. The organic loading rate (OLR) was gradually increased from 0.12 g to 0.6 g chemical oxygen demand (COD)/l day. After the immobilization of sludge on the surface of the support materials and 10 days of batch feeding of the reactor with the waste Water as acclimation period (with COD removal of 59%), the continuous operation of the reactor started. At the end of the experiment, with the HRT of 8 h and OLR of 0.6 g COD/l day, the COD removal efficiency reached the amount of 75%. Furthermore, the bio-reactor showed a good performance in removing oil from the waste stream which was significantly lower than the standard value which has been laid down for the discharge of the Bilge Water from ships by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The obtained data demonstrated that the HUASB reactor is an appropriate system for the treatment of a low-strength Bilge Water.

Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Photoreactor-ultrafiltration hybrid system for oily Bilge Water photooxidation and separation from oil tanker
    Reactive and Functional Polymers, 2016
    Co-Authors: A. Moslehyani, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Arun M. Isloor, M. Mobaraki, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman
    Abstract:

    Abstract A novel design of hybrid system consisting of photoreactor (PR) combined with ultrafiltration (UF) membrane was investigated for oily Bilge Water degradation and separation from oil tanker. Initially, the Bilge organic compounds were photooxidized using ultraviolet type A (UVA) light irradiation on 100, 200 and 300 ppm of TiO2. Further TiO2 and oxidized oily Bilge Water was filtered using hollow fiber membrane separator, which was prepared by polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and halloysite nanotubes. The hollow fiber membranes were characterized by ATR-IR spectrum, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS). Individual hydrocarbon of oily Bilge Water was identified by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. According to the GC–MS analysis, over 90% decomposition of oil in Bilge Water has occurred by 200 and 300 ppm of TiO2 suspension. On the other hand, pH meter showed that, decomposed oily Bilge Water was more acidic, which increased to pH 7 after UF system process. Moreover, over 99% of degraded oil in Bilge Water was filtered by this promising hybrid system.

  • hydrocarbon degradation and separation of Bilge Water via a novel tio2 hnts pvdf based photocatalytic membrane reactor pmr
    RSC Advances, 2015
    Co-Authors: A. Moslehyani, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Takeshi Matsuura
    Abstract:

    This paper focuses on the potential of a novel flat sheet nanocomposite titanium dioxide (TiO2)-halloysite nanotubes (HNTs)/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane as a photocatalytic separator in the photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR). The photocatalytic nanocomposite membrane acted the roles of both degradation and separation for Bilge Water. Both TiO2-HNTs photocatalyst and photocatalytic nanocomposite membranes were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) combined energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The hydrocarbon degradation and removal efficiency of the PMR was evaluated by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). It was found that 99.9% of hydrocarbons were removed by the PMR within 8 h, which is likely due to uniform distribution and high effectiveness of the TiO2-HNTs photocatalyst in the PVDF polymer matrix. The TiO2 leaching from the nanocomposite membrane during the membrane permeation was analyzed using flame atomic adsorption spectrophotometer (AAS), which recorded 1.0 ppb of TiO2 leaching in the permeate tank.

  • Novel hybrid photocatalytic reactor-UF nanocomposite membrane system for Bilge Water degradation and separation
    RSC Advances, 2015
    Co-Authors: A. Moslehyani, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Arun M. Isloor
    Abstract:

    This study focuses on the design and performance of a hybrid system consisting of a photocatalytic reactor and ultrafiltration permeation cell. Initially, an ultraviolet (UV) lamp was installed in the photocatalytic reactor to decompose the Bilge organic pollutants in the presence of 200 ppm titanium-dioxide (TiO2). Individual hydrocarbon compounds of Bilge Water samples were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Two types of membrane, which are a pure polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane and PVDF/modified halloysite nanotube clay (M-HNTs) nanocomposite membrane were fabricated aiming to enhance the rejection, flux and fouling resistance for full filtration of pollutants from the photocatalytic reactor. The membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Furthermore, GC-MS analysis showed that, over 90% Bilge decomposition occurred by a photocatalytic reaction. The TiO2 cross-over during permeation was detected by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), which proved that, TiO2 rejection was more than 99% for the nanocomposite membrane. A UV- vis spectrophotometer confirmed over 99% rejection of decomposed Bilge hydrocarbons via the nanocomposite membrane with 1.0 wt% of M-HNTs incorporated in the PVDF matrix.

  • Hydrocarbon degradation and separation of Bilge Water via a novel TiO2-HNTs/PVDF-based photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR)
    RSC Advances, 2015
    Co-Authors: A. Moslehyani, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Takeshi Matsuura
    Abstract:

    This paper focuses on the potential of a novel flat sheet nanocomposite titanium dioxide (TiO2)-halloysite nanotubes (HNTs)/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane as a photocatalytic separator in the photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR). The photocatalytic nanocomposite membrane acted the roles of both degradation and separation for Bilge Water. Both TiO2-HNTs photocatalyst and photocatalytic nanocomposite membranes were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) combined energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The hydrocarbon degradation and removal efficiency of the PMR was evaluated by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). It was found that 99.9% of hydrocarbons were removed by the PMR within 8 h, which is likely due to uniform distribution and high effectiveness of the TiO2-HNTs photocatalyst in the PVDF polymer matrix. The TiO2 leaching from the nanocomposite membrane during the membrane permeation was analyzed using flame atomic adsorption spectrophotometer (AAS), which recorded 1.0 ppb of TiO2 leaching in the permeate tank.

Ahmad Fauzi Ismail - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Photoreactor-ultrafiltration hybrid system for oily Bilge Water photooxidation and separation from oil tanker
    Reactive and Functional Polymers, 2016
    Co-Authors: A. Moslehyani, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Arun M. Isloor, M. Mobaraki, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman
    Abstract:

    Abstract A novel design of hybrid system consisting of photoreactor (PR) combined with ultrafiltration (UF) membrane was investigated for oily Bilge Water degradation and separation from oil tanker. Initially, the Bilge organic compounds were photooxidized using ultraviolet type A (UVA) light irradiation on 100, 200 and 300 ppm of TiO2. Further TiO2 and oxidized oily Bilge Water was filtered using hollow fiber membrane separator, which was prepared by polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and halloysite nanotubes. The hollow fiber membranes were characterized by ATR-IR spectrum, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS). Individual hydrocarbon of oily Bilge Water was identified by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. According to the GC–MS analysis, over 90% decomposition of oil in Bilge Water has occurred by 200 and 300 ppm of TiO2 suspension. On the other hand, pH meter showed that, decomposed oily Bilge Water was more acidic, which increased to pH 7 after UF system process. Moreover, over 99% of degraded oil in Bilge Water was filtered by this promising hybrid system.

  • hydrocarbon degradation and separation of Bilge Water via a novel tio2 hnts pvdf based photocatalytic membrane reactor pmr
    RSC Advances, 2015
    Co-Authors: A. Moslehyani, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Takeshi Matsuura
    Abstract:

    This paper focuses on the potential of a novel flat sheet nanocomposite titanium dioxide (TiO2)-halloysite nanotubes (HNTs)/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane as a photocatalytic separator in the photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR). The photocatalytic nanocomposite membrane acted the roles of both degradation and separation for Bilge Water. Both TiO2-HNTs photocatalyst and photocatalytic nanocomposite membranes were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) combined energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The hydrocarbon degradation and removal efficiency of the PMR was evaluated by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). It was found that 99.9% of hydrocarbons were removed by the PMR within 8 h, which is likely due to uniform distribution and high effectiveness of the TiO2-HNTs photocatalyst in the PVDF polymer matrix. The TiO2 leaching from the nanocomposite membrane during the membrane permeation was analyzed using flame atomic adsorption spectrophotometer (AAS), which recorded 1.0 ppb of TiO2 leaching in the permeate tank.

  • Novel hybrid photocatalytic reactor-UF nanocomposite membrane system for Bilge Water degradation and separation
    RSC Advances, 2015
    Co-Authors: A. Moslehyani, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Arun M. Isloor
    Abstract:

    This study focuses on the design and performance of a hybrid system consisting of a photocatalytic reactor and ultrafiltration permeation cell. Initially, an ultraviolet (UV) lamp was installed in the photocatalytic reactor to decompose the Bilge organic pollutants in the presence of 200 ppm titanium-dioxide (TiO2). Individual hydrocarbon compounds of Bilge Water samples were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Two types of membrane, which are a pure polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane and PVDF/modified halloysite nanotube clay (M-HNTs) nanocomposite membrane were fabricated aiming to enhance the rejection, flux and fouling resistance for full filtration of pollutants from the photocatalytic reactor. The membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Furthermore, GC-MS analysis showed that, over 90% Bilge decomposition occurred by a photocatalytic reaction. The TiO2 cross-over during permeation was detected by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), which proved that, TiO2 rejection was more than 99% for the nanocomposite membrane. A UV- vis spectrophotometer confirmed over 99% rejection of decomposed Bilge hydrocarbons via the nanocomposite membrane with 1.0 wt% of M-HNTs incorporated in the PVDF matrix.

  • Hydrocarbon degradation and separation of Bilge Water via a novel TiO2-HNTs/PVDF-based photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR)
    RSC Advances, 2015
    Co-Authors: A. Moslehyani, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Takeshi Matsuura
    Abstract:

    This paper focuses on the potential of a novel flat sheet nanocomposite titanium dioxide (TiO2)-halloysite nanotubes (HNTs)/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane as a photocatalytic separator in the photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR). The photocatalytic nanocomposite membrane acted the roles of both degradation and separation for Bilge Water. Both TiO2-HNTs photocatalyst and photocatalytic nanocomposite membranes were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) combined energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The hydrocarbon degradation and removal efficiency of the PMR was evaluated by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). It was found that 99.9% of hydrocarbons were removed by the PMR within 8 h, which is likely due to uniform distribution and high effectiveness of the TiO2-HNTs photocatalyst in the PVDF polymer matrix. The TiO2 leaching from the nanocomposite membrane during the membrane permeation was analyzed using flame atomic adsorption spectrophotometer (AAS), which recorded 1.0 ppb of TiO2 leaching in the permeate tank.