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Y. Elad - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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improving biological control by combining biocontrol agents each with several mechanisms of disease suppression
Phytopathology, 2002Co-Authors: Ruth Guetsky, Y. Elad, D Shtienberg, E Fischer, A DinoorAbstract:Guetsky, R., Shtienberg, D., Elad, Y., Fischer, E., and Dinoor, A. 2002. Improving biological control by combining biocontrol agents each with several mechanisms of disease suppression. Phytopathology 92:976-985. Two biocontrol agents, a yeast (Pichia guilermondii) and a bacterium (Bacillus mycoides), were tested separately and together for suppression of Botrytis cinerea on strawberry leaves and plants. Scanning electron microscopy revealed significant inhibition of Botrytis cinerea conidial germination in the presence of Pichia guilermondii, whereas Bacillus mycoides caused breakage and destruction of conidia. When both biocontrol agents were applied in a mixture, conidial destruction was more severe. The modes of action of each of the biocontrol agents were elucidated and the relative quantitative contribution of each mechanism to suppression of Botrytis cinerea was estimated using multiple regression with dummy variables. The improvement in control efficacy achieved by introducing one or more mechanisms at a time was calculated. Pichia guilermondii competed with Botrytis cinerea for glucose, sucrose, adenine, histidine, and folic acid. Viability of the yeast cells played a crucial role in suppression of Botrytis cinerea and they secreted an inhibitory compound that had an acropetal effect and was not volatile. Bacillus mycoides did not compete for any of the sugars, amino acids, or vitamins examined at a level that would affect Botrytis cinerea development. Viable cells and the compounds secreted by them contributed similarly to Botrytis cinerea suppression. The bacteria secreted volatile and nonvolatile inhibitory compounds and activated the defense systems of the host. The nonvolatile compounds had both acropetal and basipetal effects. Mixture of Pichia guilermondii and Bacillus mycoides resulted in additive activity compared with their separate application. The combined activity was due to the summation of biocontrol mechanisms of both agents. This work provides a theoretical explanation for our previous findings of reduced disease control variability with a mixture of Pichia guilermondii and Bacillus mycoides. Additional keyword: gray mold.
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Improved chemical control of Botrytis blight in roses
Phytoparasitica, 1997Co-Authors: A. Grinstein, Y. Riven, Y. EladAbstract:Botrytis cinerea causes latent infections of rose flowers, which can develop into aggressive rot (Botrytis blight) at pre- and postharvest stages. Botrytis blight is the cause of major rose flower losses. The effect of deposit and cover density of fungicides (pyrimethanil or prochloraz-Zn—folpet) on the development of Botrytis blight was tested. For pyrimethanil drop size and cover density (ranging between 80 and 1000μm drops/cm2) had no effect on disease rate, if the pesticide deposit was sufficient for disease control. For prochloraz-Zn— folpet, however, control efficacy (for equal deposit) increased with cover density. Secondary distribution of pyrimethanil was by the vapor phase. Effective control was obtained when rose petals were exposed only to pyrimethanil vapors, while any direct contact with the fungicide was prevented; no control was recorded for prochloraz-Zn—folpet under these conditions. Botrytis blight was delayed in cut flowers when bunches of 20 flowers were wrapped in packing paper strips or cellophane bags which had been sprayed previously with pyrimethanil and packed (20 bunches) in cardboard boxes. No pesticide stains could be seen on the flowers.
Yigal Elad - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Botrytis, the Good, the Bad and the Ugly
Botrytis – the Fungus the Pathogen and its Management in Agricultural Systems, 2016Co-Authors: Yigal Elad, Melané Vivier, Sabine FillingerAbstract:Botrytis spp. are efficient pathogens, causing devastating diseases and significant crop losses in a wide variety of plant species. Here we outline our review of these pathogens, as well as highlight the major advances of the past 10 years in studying Botrytis in interaction with its hosts. Progress in molecular genetics and the development of relevant phylogenetic markers in particular, has resulted in the characterisation of approximately 30 species. The host range of Botrytis spp. includes plant species that are members of 170 families of cultivated plants.
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Botrytis – the Fungus, the Pathogen and its Management in Agricultural Systems - Botrytis – the Fungus, the Pathogen and its Management in Agricultural Systems
2016Co-Authors: Sabine Fillinger, Yigal EladAbstract:Botrytis spp. are efficient pathogens, causing devastating diseases and significant crop losses in a wide variety of plant species. Here we outline our review of these pathogens, as well as highlight the major advances of the past 10 years in studying Botrytis in interaction with its hosts. Progress in molecular genetics and the development of relevant phylogenetic markers in particular, has resulted in the characterisation of approximately 30 species. The host range of Botrytis spp. includes plant species that are members of 170 families of cultivated plants
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Botrytis: Biology, Pathology and Control - Botrytis: biology, pathology and control.
2007Co-Authors: Yigal Elad, B. Williamson, Paul Tudzynski, Nafiz DelenAbstract:Preface.- Acknowledgements.- Contributors.- 1: Botrytis spp. and diseases they cause in agricultural systems - an introduction Yigal Elad, Brian Williamson, Paul Tudzynski and Nafiz Delen.- 1 Introduction. 2. Geographical and ecological occurrence. 3. Variability and adaptability. 4. Quiescent, restricted and aggressive infection. 5. Molecular basis of host-parasite interactions. 6. References. 2: The Ecology of Botrytis on Plant Surfaces Gustav Holz, Sonja Coertze and Brian Williamson.- 1. Introduction. 2. Survival. 3. Inoculum production and dispersal. 4. Growth on plant surfaces. 5. Infection pathways on diverse plant organs. 6. Conclusion. 7. References. 3: Taxonomy and Genetic Variation of Botrytis and Botryotinia Ross E. Beever and Pauline L. Weeds.- 1. Introduction. 2. Taxonomy. 3. Botrytis cinerea. 4. Genetics of other species of Botrytis. 5. The future. 6. Acknowledgements. 7. References. 4: Approaches to Molecular Genetics and Genomics of Botrytis Paul Tudzynski and Verena Siewers.- 1. Introduction. 2. Generation of transgenic Botrytis strains. 3. Unbiased gene cloning systems. 4. Perspectives. 5. Acknowledgements. 6. References. 5: Morphology and Cellular Organisation in Botrytis Interactions with Plants Klaus B. Tenberge.- 1. Introduction. 2. Cytology and ultrastructure of Botrytis. 3. Imaging of infection. 4. Host response. 5. Conclusions. 6. Acknowledgements. 7. References. 6: Signalling in Botrytis cinerea Bettina Tudzynski and Christian Schulze Gronover.- 1. Introduction. 2. Ga subunits of hetrotrimeric G proteins. 3. cAMP signalling pathway. 4. MAP kinase pathways. 5. Genes of the Ras superfamily. 6. Calcineurin/cyclophilin A signalling. 7. Putative transmembrane receptor proteins. 8. Two-component signal transduction genes in Botrytis cinerea. 9. Further protein kinase encoding geneswith unknown function. 10. Conclusion. 11. References. 7: Extracellular Enzymes and Metabolites Involved in Pathogenesis of Botrytis Ilona Kars and Jan A.L. van Kan.- 1. Introduction. 2. Penetration of the host surface. 3. Killing of host cells. 4. Conversion of host tissue into fungal biomass. 5. Other enzymes potentially involved in pathogenesis. 6. Concluding remarks. 7. Acknowledgements. 8. References. 8: Botrytis cinerea Perturbs Redox Processes as an Attack Strategy in Plants Gary D. Lyon, Bernard A. Goodman and Brian Williamson.- 1. Introduction. 2. Hydrogen peroxide and other AOS. 3. Low molecular mass antioxidant molecules. 4. Perturbation of free radical chemistry as a result of Botrytis infection. 5. Production of oxalic acid. 6. Dynamics of iron redox chemistry. 7. Regulation of plant enzymes. 8. Botrytis-derived enzymes. 9. Generation of lipid peroxidation products. 10. Host signalling and programmed cell death. 11. Fungus-derived metabolites. 12. Conclusion. 13. Acknowledgements. 14. References. 9: Plant Defence Compounds against Botrytis Infection Peter van Baarlen, Laurent Legendre and Jan A.L. van Kan.- 1. Introduction. 2. Antimicrobial secondary metabolites. 3. Tolerance of Botrytis to antifungal metabolites. 4. Structural barriers and cell wall modifications. 5. Pathogenesis-related proteins. 6. Concluding remarks. 7. Acknowledgements. 8. References. 10: Phytohormones In Botrytis-Plant Interactions Amir Sharon, Yigal Elad, Radwan Barakat and Paul Tudzynski.- 1. Introduction. 2. Biosynthesis of plant hormones by B. cinerea. 3. Effect of plant hormones on B. cinerea and on disease development. 4. Conclusions. 5. Acknowledgement. 6. References. 11: Detection, Quantification and Immunolocalisation of Botrytis species Frances M. Dewey (Molly) and David Yohalem.- 1. Introduction. 2. Classical plating out method. 3. Immu
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Botrytis biology pathology and control
Botrytis: biology pathology and control., 2007Co-Authors: Yigal Elad, B. Williamson, Paul Tudzynski, Nafiz DelenAbstract:Preface.- Acknowledgements.- Contributors.- 1: Botrytis spp. and diseases they cause in agricultural systems - an introduction Yigal Elad, Brian Williamson, Paul Tudzynski and Nafiz Delen.- 1 Introduction. 2. Geographical and ecological occurrence. 3. Variability and adaptability. 4. Quiescent, restricted and aggressive infection. 5. Molecular basis of host-parasite interactions. 6. References. 2: The Ecology of Botrytis on Plant Surfaces Gustav Holz, Sonja Coertze and Brian Williamson.- 1. Introduction. 2. Survival. 3. Inoculum production and dispersal. 4. Growth on plant surfaces. 5. Infection pathways on diverse plant organs. 6. Conclusion. 7. References. 3: Taxonomy and Genetic Variation of Botrytis and Botryotinia Ross E. Beever and Pauline L. Weeds.- 1. Introduction. 2. Taxonomy. 3. Botrytis cinerea. 4. Genetics of other species of Botrytis. 5. The future. 6. Acknowledgements. 7. References. 4: Approaches to Molecular Genetics and Genomics of Botrytis Paul Tudzynski and Verena Siewers.- 1. Introduction. 2. Generation of transgenic Botrytis strains. 3. Unbiased gene cloning systems. 4. Perspectives. 5. Acknowledgements. 6. References. 5: Morphology and Cellular Organisation in Botrytis Interactions with Plants Klaus B. Tenberge.- 1. Introduction. 2. Cytology and ultrastructure of Botrytis. 3. Imaging of infection. 4. Host response. 5. Conclusions. 6. Acknowledgements. 7. References. 6: Signalling in Botrytis cinerea Bettina Tudzynski and Christian Schulze Gronover.- 1. Introduction. 2. Ga subunits of hetrotrimeric G proteins. 3. cAMP signalling pathway. 4. MAP kinase pathways. 5. Genes of the Ras superfamily. 6. Calcineurin/cyclophilin A signalling. 7. Putative transmembrane receptor proteins. 8. Two-component signal transduction genes in Botrytis cinerea. 9. Further protein kinase encoding geneswith unknown function. 10. Conclusion. 11. References. 7: Extracellular Enzymes and Metabolites Involved in Pathogenesis of Botrytis Ilona Kars and Jan A.L. van Kan.- 1. Introduction. 2. Penetration of the host surface. 3. Killing of host cells. 4. Conversion of host tissue into fungal biomass. 5. Other enzymes potentially involved in pathogenesis. 6. Concluding remarks. 7. Acknowledgements. 8. References. 8: Botrytis cinerea Perturbs Redox Processes as an Attack Strategy in Plants Gary D. Lyon, Bernard A. Goodman and Brian Williamson.- 1. Introduction. 2. Hydrogen peroxide and other AOS. 3. Low molecular mass antioxidant molecules. 4. Perturbation of free radical chemistry as a result of Botrytis infection. 5. Production of oxalic acid. 6. Dynamics of iron redox chemistry. 7. Regulation of plant enzymes. 8. Botrytis-derived enzymes. 9. Generation of lipid peroxidation products. 10. Host signalling and programmed cell death. 11. Fungus-derived metabolites. 12. Conclusion. 13. Acknowledgements. 14. References. 9: Plant Defence Compounds against Botrytis Infection Peter van Baarlen, Laurent Legendre and Jan A.L. van Kan.- 1. Introduction. 2. Antimicrobial secondary metabolites. 3. Tolerance of Botrytis to antifungal metabolites. 4. Structural barriers and cell wall modifications. 5. Pathogenesis-related proteins. 6. Concluding remarks. 7. Acknowledgements. 8. References. 10: Phytohormones In Botrytis-Plant Interactions Amir Sharon, Yigal Elad, Radwan Barakat and Paul Tudzynski.- 1. Introduction. 2. Biosynthesis of plant hormones by B. cinerea. 3. Effect of plant hormones on B. cinerea and on disease development. 4. Conclusions. 5. Acknowledgement. 6. References. 11: Detection, Quantification and Immunolocalisation of Botrytis species Frances M. Dewey (Molly) and David Yohalem.- 1. Introduction. 2. Classical plating out method. 3. Immu
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Phytohormones in Botrytis-plant interactions.
Botrytis: Biology Pathology and Control, 2007Co-Authors: Amir Sharon, Yigal Elad, Radwan M. Barakat, Paul TudzynskiAbstract:Several lines of evidence suggest that plant hormones are involved in mediating Botrytis interaction with plants. External treatments with some plant hormones such as auxins and gibberellins can suppress disease development, while ethylene and abscisic acid seem to enhance the disease. Increased ethylene levels by Botrytis infection are well documented. Not only the plant, but also the fungus is capable of producing different hormones and fungal development may be influenced by these hormones. Little direct evidence is available on the involvement of plant hormones in vegetative and pathogenic Botrytis development. Most of the data come from studies on the production of ethylene in infected plants, on its possible effect on the disease and on ethylene production by Botrytis. Production of other plant hormones by Botrytis and their possible role in disease and fungal development have hardly been studied. The production of various plant hormones in Botrytis, and the effect that they may have on disease and fungal development are reported.
A Dinoor - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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improving biological control by combining biocontrol agents each with several mechanisms of disease suppression
Phytopathology, 2002Co-Authors: Ruth Guetsky, Y. Elad, D Shtienberg, E Fischer, A DinoorAbstract:Guetsky, R., Shtienberg, D., Elad, Y., Fischer, E., and Dinoor, A. 2002. Improving biological control by combining biocontrol agents each with several mechanisms of disease suppression. Phytopathology 92:976-985. Two biocontrol agents, a yeast (Pichia guilermondii) and a bacterium (Bacillus mycoides), were tested separately and together for suppression of Botrytis cinerea on strawberry leaves and plants. Scanning electron microscopy revealed significant inhibition of Botrytis cinerea conidial germination in the presence of Pichia guilermondii, whereas Bacillus mycoides caused breakage and destruction of conidia. When both biocontrol agents were applied in a mixture, conidial destruction was more severe. The modes of action of each of the biocontrol agents were elucidated and the relative quantitative contribution of each mechanism to suppression of Botrytis cinerea was estimated using multiple regression with dummy variables. The improvement in control efficacy achieved by introducing one or more mechanisms at a time was calculated. Pichia guilermondii competed with Botrytis cinerea for glucose, sucrose, adenine, histidine, and folic acid. Viability of the yeast cells played a crucial role in suppression of Botrytis cinerea and they secreted an inhibitory compound that had an acropetal effect and was not volatile. Bacillus mycoides did not compete for any of the sugars, amino acids, or vitamins examined at a level that would affect Botrytis cinerea development. Viable cells and the compounds secreted by them contributed similarly to Botrytis cinerea suppression. The bacteria secreted volatile and nonvolatile inhibitory compounds and activated the defense systems of the host. The nonvolatile compounds had both acropetal and basipetal effects. Mixture of Pichia guilermondii and Bacillus mycoides resulted in additive activity compared with their separate application. The combined activity was due to the summation of biocontrol mechanisms of both agents. This work provides a theoretical explanation for our previous findings of reduced disease control variability with a mixture of Pichia guilermondii and Bacillus mycoides. Additional keyword: gray mold.
Hsienda Huang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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bidirectional cross kingdom rnai and fungal uptake of external rnas confer plant protection
Nature plants, 2016Co-Authors: Ming Wang, Arne Weiberg, Bart P H J Thomma, Hsienda HuangAbstract:Aggressive fungal pathogens such as Botrytis and Verticillium spp. cause severe crop losses worldwide. We recently discovered that Botrytis cinerea delivers small RNAs (Bc-sRNAs) into plant cells to silence host immunity genes. Such sRNA effectors are mostly produced by Botrytis cinerea Dicer-like protein 1 (Bc-DCL1) and Bc-DCL2. Here we show that expressing sRNAs that target Bc-DCL1 and Bc-DCL2 in Arabidopsis and tomato silences Bc-DCL genes and attenuates fungal pathogenicity and growth, exemplifying bidirectional cross-kingdom RNAi and sRNA trafficking between plants and fungi. This strategy can be adapted to simultaneously control multiple fungal diseases. We also show that Botrytis can take up external sRNAs and double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs). Applying sRNAs or dsRNAs that target Botrytis DCL1 and DCL2 genes on the surface of fruits, vegetables and flowers significantly inhibits grey mould disease. Such pathogen gene-targeting RNAs represent a new generation of environmentally friendly fungicides.
C.h. Lombaers Van Der Plas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Potential of Ulocladium atrum for biocontrol of onion leaf spot through suppression of sporulation of Botrytis spp.
BioControl, 2003Co-Authors: Johannes Kohl, W.w.l. Molhoek, H.m. Goossen-van De Geijn, C.h. Lombaers Van Der PlasAbstract:Epidemics of onion leaf spotcaused by Botrytis spp. depend onnecrotic leaf tissue for inoculum build up inthe crop. Ulocladium atrum Preuss. is astrong competitor on necrotic above-groundplant tissues. The potential of the antagonistto reduce colonisation of necrotic leaf tissueby Botrytis spp. and subsequentsporulation was studied in two fieldexperiments. U. atrum colonised necrotictissues and consistently reduced thesporulation of fungal competitors. Althoughincidence of Botrytis spp. was low,significantly lower spore loads of Botrytis spp. were found on spore trapslocated within U. atrum treated onionplots as compared to untreated control plots.The number of leaf spots caused by Botrytis spp. was low in both fieldexperiments but was significantly reduced by60% after U. atrum applications in thesecond experiment. Spraying of the fungicideRonilan resulted in the same control level.Results show that U. atrum has apotential for biological control against diseases caused by Botrytis spp. in onions.