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Sebastien Buczinski - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Bovine Respiratory Disease Diagnosis: What Progress Has Been Made in Clinical Diagnosis?
Veterinary Clinics of North America-food Animal Practice, 2020Co-Authors: Sebastien Buczinski, Bart PardonAbstract:Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) complex is a worldwide health problem in cattle and is a major reason for antimicrobial use in young cattle. Several challenges may explain why it is difficult to make progress in the management of this Disease. This article defines the limitation of BRD complex nomenclature, which may not easily distinguish upper versus lower Respiratory tract infection and infectious bronchopneumonia versus other types of Respiratory Diseases. It then discusses the obstacles to clinical diagnosis and reviews the current knowledge of readily available diagnostic test to reach a diagnosis of infectious bronchopneumonia.
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Bovine Respiratory Disease diagnosis what progress has been made in infectious diagnosis
Veterinary Clinics of North America-food Animal Practice, 2020Co-Authors: Bart Pardon, Sebastien BuczinskiAbstract:When it is desired to identify infectious agents involved in an outbreak of Bovine Respiratory Disease, a variety of possible sampling methods may be used. For field use, the deep nasopharyngeal swab, transtracheal wash, and nonendoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage are most feasible. At present, bacterial culture and polymerase chain reaction testing are most commonly used to identify infectious agents. Interpretation of test results can be challenging, particularly for opportunistic pathogens. Evidence-based guidelines for precise interpretation of microbiologic tests results are lacking; however, approaches that have been practically useful for the management of Bovine Respiratory Disease outbreaks are presented.
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on farm use of ultrasonography for Bovine Respiratory Disease
Veterinary Clinics of North America-food Animal Practice, 2016Co-Authors: T L Ollivett, Sebastien BuczinskiAbstract:: Thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) in young cattle has recently gained momentum as an accurate and practical tool for identifying the lung lesions associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease. As cattle producers increasingly seek input from their veterinarians on Respiratory health issues, Bovine practitioners should consider adding TUS to their practice models. This article discusses the relevant literature regarding TUS in young cattle, current acceptable techniques, and practical on-farm applications.
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comparison of thoracic auscultation clinical score and ultrasonography as indicators of Bovine Respiratory Disease in preweaned dairy calves
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 2014Co-Authors: Sebastien Buczinski, G Forte, David Francoz, Annemarie BelangerAbstract:Background The diagnostic tools for Bovine Respiratory Disease diagnosis include clinical inspection, thoracic auscultation, and ultrasonography. Hypothesis Thoracic auscultation and clinical examination have limitations in the detection of lung consolidation in dairy calves. Animals Prospective cohort of 106 preweaned calves from 13 different dairy herds (10 with a history of active Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) in calves and 3 without suspected BRD problems). Methods Each preweaned calf was clinically inspected using the Wisconsin calf Respiratory scoring chart (CRSC) and treatment history was noted. Systematic thoracic auscultation and ultrasonography then were performed, the latter focusing on lung consolidation. Mortality was recorded over a 30-day period. Results A total of 56 of 106 calves had ultrasonographic evidence of lung consolidation. The sensitivity of thoracic auscultation to detect consolidation was 5.9% (range, 0–16.7%). Only 41.1% (23/33) of calves with consolidated lungs had been treated previously by the producers. When adding CRSC and previous BRD treatment by the producer, sensitivity of detection increased to 71.4% (40/56). The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve was 0.809 (95% CI, 0.721–0.879) for the number of areas within the lungs with consolidation and 0.743 (95% CI, 0.648–0.823) for the maximal depth of consolidation as predictors of death within 1 month after examination. These were not significantly different (P = .06). Conclusions and Clinical Importance This study shows that thoracic auscultation is of limited value in diagnosing lung consolidation in calves. Ultrasonographic assessment of the thorax could be a useful tool to assess BRD detection efficiency on dairy farms.
Robert W Fulton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Viruses in Bovine Respiratory Disease in North America: Knowledge Advances Using Genomic Testing
Veterinary Clinics of North America-food Animal Practice, 2020Co-Authors: Robert W FultonAbstract:Advances in viral detection in Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) have resulted from advances in viral sequencing of Respiratory tract samples. New viruses detected include influenza D virus, Bovine coronavirus, Bovine rhinitis A, Bovine rhinitis B virus, and others. Serosurveys demonstrate widespread presence of some of these viruses in North American cattle. These viruses sometimes cause Disease after animal challenge, and some have been found in BRD cases more frequently than in healthy cattle. Continued work is needed to develop reagents for identification of new viruses, to confirm their pathogenicity, and to determine whether vaccines have a place in their control.
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Effectiveness of sorting calves with high risk of developing Bovine Respiratory Disease on the basis of serum haptoglobin concentration at the time of arrival at a feedlot
American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2011Co-Authors: B. P. Holland, Robert W Fulton, Douglas L. Step, L. O. Burciaga-robles, Anthony W. Confer, Trista K. Rose, Lindsay E. Laidig, C. J. Richards, C R KrehbielAbstract:Objective—To evaluate serum haptoglobin concentration at feedlot arrival and subsequent performance and morbidity and mortality rates of calves that developed Bovine Respiratory Disease. Animals—360 heifer calves and 416 steer and bull calves. Procedures—Serum samples were obtained from cattle at the time of arrival to a feedlot (day −1) and analyzed for haptoglobin concentration. In experiment 1, calves were classified into groups with a low ( 3.0 μg/mL) serum haptoglobin concentration and allotted into pens on the basis of group. In experiment 2, calves were classified as having or not having detectable serum haptoglobin concentrations. Results—In experiment 1, average daily gain from days 1 to 7 decreased as haptoglobin concentration increased. Dry-matter intake (DMI) from days 1 to 21 decreased with increasing haptoglobin concentration, and DMI typically decreased from days 1 to 63. Total Bovine Respiratory Disease morbidity rate typically increased w...
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the epidemiology of Bovine Respiratory Disease what is the evidence for preventive measures
Canadian Veterinary Journal-revue Veterinaire Canadienne, 2010Co-Authors: Jared D Taylor, Robert W Fulton, Terry W Lehenbauer, D L Step, A W ConferAbstract:Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is the most common and costly Disease of beef cattle in North America. Despite extensive research, industry practices are often more informed by dogma than by fact. Frequently advocated interventions, including vaccination, various processing procedures, and nutritional manipulation, have limited impact on morbidity and mortality. Evidence for use of oral antimicrobials, either in feed or water, appears to be equivocal. In contrast, preconditioning and metaphylaxis have significant scientific evidence of efficacy, with weaning prior to sale potentially being the most important component of preconditioning. The inability to reach more definitive conclusions in preventing BRD may be attributable to difficulties in investigating the Disease. Study challenges include potential for extensive confounding, tremendous variability, the multi-factorial nature of the Disease, and inadequate methods for diagnosis.
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the epidemiology of Bovine Respiratory Disease what is the evidence for predisposing factors
Canadian Veterinary Journal-revue Veterinaire Canadienne, 2010Co-Authors: Jared D Taylor, Robert W Fulton, Terry W Lehenbauer, D L Step, A W ConferAbstract:Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is the most costly Disease of beef cattle in North America. It is multi-factorial, with a variety of physical and physiological stressors combining to predispose cattle to pneumonia. However, efforts to discern which factors are most important have frequently failed to establish definitive answers. Calves are at highest risk shortly after transport. Risk factors include purchasing from sale barns and commingling. It is unclear whether or not these practices increase susceptibility, increase exposure, or are proxies for poor management. Lighter-weight calves appear to be at greater risk, although this has not been consistent. Persistent infection (PI) with Bovine virus diarrhea virus increases BRD occurrence, but it is unclear if PI calves affect other cattle in the feedlot. The complexity of BRD has made it difficult to define involvement of individual factors. Stressors may play a role as “necessary but not sufficient” components, requiring additive effects to cause Disease.
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Bovine Respiratory Disease research (1983–2009)
Animal Health Research Reviews, 2009Co-Authors: Robert W FultonAbstract:Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) research has provided significant understanding of the Disease over the past 26 years. Modern research tools that have been used include monoclonal antibodies, genomics, polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry (IHC), DNA vaccines and viral vectors coding for immunogens. Emerging/reemerging viruses and new antigenic strains of viruses and bacteria have been identified. Methods of detection and the role for cattle persistently infected Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) were identified; viral subunits, cellular components and bacterial products have been characterized. Product advances have included vaccines for Bovine Respiratory syncytial virus, Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida ; the addition of BVDV2 to the existing vaccines and new antibiotics. The role of Mycoplasma spp., particularly Mycoplasma bovis in BRD, has been more extensively studied. Bovine immunology research has provided more specific information on immune responses, T cell subsets and cytokines. The molecular and genetic basis for viral–bacterial synergy in BRD has been described. Attempts have been made to document how prevention of BRD by proper vaccination and management prior to exposure to infectious agents can minimize Disease and serve as economic incentives for certified health programs.
T L Ollivett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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how does housing influence Bovine Respiratory Disease in dairy and veal calves
Veterinary Clinics of North America-food Animal Practice, 2020Co-Authors: T L OllivettAbstract:Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in young cattle. Housing factors that lead to poor ventilation and stagnant air are often considered the primary reasons for high levels of endemic Disease. This article reviews the literature from the past 40 years in order to determine which housing factors have been associated with Respiratory Disease. Penning strategy and its affect on calf Respiratory health were most commonly studied. The wide variation in Disease definitions and quality of reporting make drawing conclusions from the available literature extraordinarily difficult.
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short communication behavioral attitude scores associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease identified using calf lung ultrasound and clinical Respiratory scoring
Journal of Dairy Science, 2019Co-Authors: M C Cramer, K L Proudfoot, T L OllivettAbstract:ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine whether calves exhibit differences in behavioral attitude when diagnosed with their first Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) event and whether fever (≥39°C) at the time of BRD diagnosis affected attitude. Preweaned dairy calves (n = 280; 21 ± 6 d) were examined twice weekly until weaning using a clinical Respiratory score (CRS; CRS+: 2 Respiratory categories with scores of 2 or greater; CRS−: 1 Respiratory category with a score of 2 or greater or all Respiratory categories scoring less than 2), lung ultrasound, and attitude score (normal = bright, alert, responsive; depressed = dull but responds to stimulation, slow to stand, or reluctant to lie down). Bovine Respiratory Disease was categorized as subclinical BRD (SBRD; CRS− and lung consolidation ≥1 cm2; n = 164) or clinical BRD (CBRD; CRS+, with or without lung consolidation; n = 79). Calves without BRD (NOBRD; n = 37) remained CRS− with lung consolidation
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on farm use of ultrasonography for Bovine Respiratory Disease
Veterinary Clinics of North America-food Animal Practice, 2016Co-Authors: T L Ollivett, Sebastien BuczinskiAbstract:: Thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) in young cattle has recently gained momentum as an accurate and practical tool for identifying the lung lesions associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease. As cattle producers increasingly seek input from their veterinarians on Respiratory health issues, Bovine practitioners should consider adding TUS to their practice models. This article discusses the relevant literature regarding TUS in young cattle, current acceptable techniques, and practical on-farm applications.
Bindu Nanduri - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Application of Functional Genomics for Bovine Respiratory Disease Diagnostics
Bioinformatics and Biology Insights, 2015Co-Authors: William B. Epperson, Bindu NanduriAbstract:Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is the most common economically important Disease affecting cattle. For developing accurate diagnostics that can predict Disease susceptibility/resistance and stratification, it is necessary to identify the molecular mechanisms that underlie BRD. To study the complex interactions among the Bovine host and the multitude of viral and bacterial pathogens, as well as the environmental factors associated with BRD etiology, genome-scale high-throughput functional genomics methods such as microarrays, RNA-seq, and proteomics are helpful. In this review, we summarize the progress made in our understanding of BRD using functional genomics approaches. We also discuss some of the available bioinformatics resources for analyzing high-throughput data, in the context of biological pathways and molecular interactions. Although resources for studying host response to infection are avail-able, the corresponding information is lacking for majority of BRD pathogens, impeding progress in identifying diagnostic signatures for BRD using functional genomics approaches.
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Transcriptome profile of a Bovine Respiratory Disease pathogen: Mannheimia haemolytica PHL213
BMC Bioinformatics, 2012Co-Authors: Joseph S Reddy, Ranjit Kumar, James M Watt, Mark L Lawrence, Shane C Burgess, Bindu NanduriAbstract:Background Computational methods for structural gene annotation have propelled gene discovery but face certain drawbacks with regards to prokaryotic genome annotation. Identification of transcriptional start sites, demarcating overlapping gene boundaries, and identifying regulatory elements such as small RNA are not accurate using these approaches. In this study, we re-visit the structural annotation of Mannheimia haemolytica PHL213, a Bovine Respiratory Disease pathogen. M. haemolytica is one of the causative agents of Bovine Respiratory Disease that results in about $3 billion annual losses to the cattle industry. We used RNA-Seq and analyzed the data using freely-available computational methods and resources. The aim was to identify previously unannotated regions of the genome using RNA-Seq based expression profile to complement the existing annotation of this pathogen. Results Using the Illumina Genome Analyzer, we generated 9,055,826 reads (average length ~76 bp) and aligned them to the reference genome using Bowtie. The transcribed regions were analyzed using SAMTOOLS and custom Perl scripts in conjunction with BLAST searches and available gene annotation information. The single nucleotide resolution map enabled the identification of 14 novel protein coding regions as well as 44 potential novel sRNA. The basal transcription profile revealed that 2,506 of the 2,837 annotated regions were expressed in vitro , at 95.25% coverage, representing all broad functional gene categories in the genome. The expression profile also helped identify 518 potential operon structures involving 1,086 co-expressed pairs. We also identified 11 proteins with mutated/alternate start codons. Conclusions The application of RNA-Seq based transcriptome profiling to structural gene annotation helped correct existing annotation errors and identify potential novel protein coding regions and sRNA. We used computational tools to predict regulatory elements such as promoters and terminators associated with the novel expressed regions for further characterization of these novel functional elements. Our study complements the existing structural annotation of Mannheimia haemolytica PHL213 based on experimental evidence. Given the role of sRNA in virulence gene regulation and stress response, potential novel sRNA described in this study can form the framework for future studies to determine the role of sRNA, if any, in M. haemolytica pathogenesis.
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Transcriptome profile of a Bovine Respiratory Disease pathogen: Mannheimia haemolytica PHL213.
BMC bioinformatics, 2012Co-Authors: Joseph S Reddy, Ranjit Kumar, James M Watt, Mark L Lawrence, Shane C Burgess, Bindu NanduriAbstract:Computational methods for structural gene annotation have propelled gene discovery but face certain drawbacks with regards to prokaryotic genome annotation. Identification of transcriptional start sites, demarcating overlapping gene boundaries, and identifying regulatory elements such as small RNA are not accurate using these approaches. In this study, we re-visit the structural annotation of Mannheimia haemolytica PHL213, a Bovine Respiratory Disease pathogen. M. haemolytica is one of the causative agents of Bovine Respiratory Disease that results in about $3 billion annual losses to the cattle industry. We used RNA-Seq and analyzed the data using freely-available computational methods and resources. The aim was to identify previously unannotated regions of the genome using RNA-Seq based expression profile to complement the existing annotation of this pathogen. Using the Illumina Genome Analyzer, we generated 9,055,826 reads (average length ~76 bp) and aligned them to the reference genome using Bowtie. The transcribed regions were analyzed using SAMTOOLS and custom Perl scripts in conjunction with BLAST searches and available gene annotation information. The single nucleotide resolution map enabled the identification of 14 novel protein coding regions as well as 44 potential novel sRNA. The basal transcription profile revealed that 2,506 of the 2,837 annotated regions were expressed in vitro, at 95.25% coverage, representing all broad functional gene categories in the genome. The expression profile also helped identify 518 potential operon structures involving 1,086 co-expressed pairs. We also identified 11 proteins with mutated/alternate start codons. The application of RNA-Seq based transcriptome profiling to structural gene annotation helped correct existing annotation errors and identify potential novel protein coding regions and sRNA. We used computational tools to predict regulatory elements such as promoters and terminators associated with the novel expressed regions for further characterization of these novel functional elements. Our study complements the existing structural annotation of Mannheimia haemolytica PHL213 based on experimental evidence. Given the role of sRNA in virulence gene regulation and stress response, potential novel sRNA described in this study can form the framework for future studies to determine the role of sRNA, if any, in M. haemolytica pathogenesis.
Alison L Van Eenennaam - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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single pathogen challenge with agents of the Bovine Respiratory Disease complex
PLOS ONE, 2015Co-Authors: Laurel J. Gershwin, Alison L Van Eenennaam, Mark L Anderson, Heather A Mceligot, Matt X Shao, Rachel L Toaffrosenstein, Jeremy F Taylor, H L Neibergs, J E WomackAbstract:Bovine Respiratory Disease complex (BRDC) is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in cattle; costing the dairy and beef industries millions of dollars annually, despite the use of vaccines and antibiotics. BRDC is caused by one or more of several viruses (Bovine Respiratory syncytial virus, Bovine herpes type 1 also known as infectious Bovine rhinotracheitis, and Bovine viral diarrhea virus), which predispose animals to infection with one or more bacteria. These include: Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, Mycoplasma bovis, and Histophilus somni. Some cattle appear to be more resistant to BRDC than others. We hypothesize that appropriate immune responses to these pathogens are subject to genetic control. To determine which genes are involved in the immune response to each of these pathogens it was first necessary to experimentally induce infection separately with each pathogen to document clinical and pathological responses in animals from which tissues were harvested for subsequent RNA sequencing. Herein these infections and animal responses are described.
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a metagenomics and case control study to identify viruses associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease
Journal of Virology, 2015Co-Authors: Alison L Van Eenennaam, H L Neibergs, Terry Fei Fan Ng, Nikola O Kondov, Xutao Deng, Eric DelwartAbstract:Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is a common health problem for both dairy and beef cattle, resulting in significant economic loses. In order to identify viruses associated with BRD, we used a metagenomics approach to enrich and sequence viral nucleic acids in the nasal swabs of 50 young dairy cattle with symptoms of BRD. Following deep sequencing, de novo assembly, and translated protein sequence similarity searches, numerous known and previously uncharacterized viruses were identified. Bovine adenovirus 3, Bovine adeno-associated virus, Bovine influenza D virus, Bovine parvovirus 2, Bovine herpesvirus 6, Bovine rhinitis A virus, and multiple genotypes of Bovine rhinitis B virus were identified. The genomes of a previously uncharacterized astrovirus and picobirnaviruses were also partially or fully sequenced. Using real-time PCR, the rates of detection of the eight viruses that generated the most reads were compared for the nasal secretions of 50 animals with BRD versus 50 location-matched healthy control animals. Viruses were detected in 68% of BRD-affected animals versus 16% of healthy control animals. Thirty-eight percent of sick animals versus 8% of controls were infected with multiple Respiratory viruses. Significantly associated with BRD were Bovine adenovirus 3 (P < 0.0001), Bovine rhinitis A virus (P = 0.005), and the recently described Bovine influenza D virus (P = 0.006), which were detected either alone or in combination in 62% of animals with BRD. A metagenomics and real-time PCR detection approach in carefully matched cases and controls can provide a rapid means to identify viruses associated with a complex Disease, paving the way for further confirmatory tests and ultimately to effective intervention strategies. IMPORTANCE Bovine Respiratory Disease is the most economically important Disease affecting the cattle industry, whose complex root causes include environmental, genetics, and infectious factors. Using an unbiased metagenomics approach, we characterized the viruses in Respiratory secretions from BRD cases and identified known and previously uncharacterized viruses belonging to seven viral families. Using a case-control format with location-matched animals, we compared the rates of viral detection and identified 3 viruses associated with severe BRD signs. Combining a metagenomics and case-control format can provide candidate pathogens associated with complex infectious Diseases and inform further studies aimed at reducing their impact.
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agreement between Bovine Respiratory Disease scoring systems for pre weaned dairy calves
Animal Health Research Reviews, 2014Co-Authors: W J Love, Alison L Van Eenennaam, Terry W Lehenbauer, Deniece R Williams, Christiana Drake, Philip H Kass, Thomas B FarverAbstract:Clinical scoring systems have been proposed for Respiratory Disease diagnosis in calves, including the Wisconsin (WI) system (McGuirk in 2008) which uses five clinical signs, each partitioned into four levels of severity. Recently, we developed the California (CA) Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) scoring system requiring less calf handling and consisting of six clinical signs, each classified as normal or abnormal. The objective of this study was to estimate the on-farm agreement between the WI and the CA scoring systems. A total of 100 calves were enrolled on a CA dairy and assessed for BRD case status using the two scoring systems simultaneously. The Kappa coefficient of agreement between these two systems was estimated to be 0.85, which indicated excellent agreement beyond chance. The simpler design and reduced calf handling required by the CA BRD scoring system may make it advantageous for on-farm use.