The Experts below are selected from a list of 321 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Alvaro Pascual-leone - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Connecting Invasive and Noninvasive Brain Stimulation (S52.002)
    Neurology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Michael D. Fox, Andres M. Lozano, Randy L. Buckner, Alvaro Pascual-leone
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVE: To identify Brain diseases in which both invasive and noninvasive Brain Stimulation have shown evidence of efficacy and determine whether the Stimulation sites are different nodes within the same Brain network. BACKGROUND: Invasive deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) and noninvasive transcranial magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current Stimulation (tDCS) are increasingly being applied to treat a variety of Brain diseases. Although generally considered separate in terms of mechanism and clinical indication, invasive and noninvasive approaches share the ability to modify Brain activity at the stimulated site, impact regions remote from the site of Stimulation, and the challenge of knowing where to stimulate to optimize therapeutic effect. Here we determine whether these two forms of Stimulation are linked through Brain networks. DESIGN/METHODS: Diseases with evidence of efficacy for both invasive and noninvasive Brain Stimulation were identified using a pubmed search. For each disease, resting state functional connectivity with the most effective DBS site was assessed using a previously collected MRI dataset from 1000 normal subjects. Connectivity to noninvasive Brain Stimulation sites was compared to that expected by chance. RESULTS: Thirteen Brain diseases were identified with reports of efficacy for both invasive and noninvasive Brain Stimulation including Parkinson’s, dystonia, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s, and disorders of consciousness. Across diseases, DBS sites were functionally connected to noninvasive Brain Stimulation sites at a level much greater than chance (p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Resting state functional connectivity links invasive and noninvasive Brain Stimulation sites across diseases. This suggests that these two types of Brain Stimulation may exert their therapeutic effect by modulating different nodes in the same Brain network. Identifying such networks may prove valuable in determining the optimal targets for Brain Stimulation and represents a potential therapeutic application of the human connectome. Study Supported by: National Institutes of Health (K23NS083741), the AAN / American Brain Foundation, and the National Center for Research Resources: Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center (UL1 RR025758). Disclosure: Dr. Buckner has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lozano has received personal compensation for activities with Medtronic Inc., Boston Scientific Corp., Johnson & Johnson, and St Jude Medical. Dr. Lozano has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Brain Stimulation. Dr. Pascual-Leone has received personal compensation for activities with Nexstim, Neuronix, Starlab Neuroscience, Neuroelectrics, Neosync, and Novavision. Dr. Pascual-Leone has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for the European Journal of Neurology. Dr. Pascual-Leone has received research support from Nexstim and Neuronix.

  • EDITORIAL Brain Stimulation
    2014
    Co-Authors: Dylan J. Edwards, Alvaro Pascual-leone
    Abstract:

    We are at a time of substantial and growing interest for noninvasive Brain Stimulation. This is reflected in expanding technological, scientific, and clinical efforts, and paralleled by increasing public curiosity and financial investment. Scientists and clinicians are becoming increasingly aware of the need for new treatments for Brain diseases, predicated on novel approaches grounded on a deeper, more detailed understanding of Brain function. Large-scale Brain mapping initiatives like the Human Connectome Project (http://www.humanconnectomeproject.org), the Human Brain Project (https://www. humanBrainproject.eu/), and president Obama’s highly publicized Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (Brain) initiative (http://www.nih.gov/science/Brain/) reflect this growing awareness. The human nervous system is complex and there is a crystalizing realization that most aspects human behavior and symptomatic manifestations of Brain disease might be best conceptualized as alterations in function of distributed, plastic neural networks. Deeper understanding of the human nervous system promises to enable more targeted, controlled interventions. Brain Stimulation offers an opportunity to modulate specific neural networks, and thus affect behavior and address symptoms of disease. At the same time, Brain Stimulation represents a controllable input that can be well characterized and can help gain novel insights into the integrity and dynamics of neural networks. Thus, Brain Stimulation can offer help to patients while advancing scientific insights. In this context, noninvasive Brain Stimulation approaches have the additional appeal of their safety provide and lack of surgical invasiveness. To-date, methods based in electromagnetic and electric Stimulation, notably transcranial magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and transcranial current Stimulation (tCS), are the two most popular and best studied noninvasive Brain Stimulation tools. However, there is a fast growing array of techniques to query and modulate Brain activity without invasive surgical approaches, including methods utilizing light, ultrasound, viral and other vectors. Noninvasive Brain Stimulation techniques can effectively modify, suppress, augment or disrupt Brain function depending on Stimulation, individual, context, and environmental characteristics. Applications include investigation into fundamental principles of Brain function, translational efforts of insights in animal models into humans, research on Brain-behavior relations, and novel therapeutic approaches for neurologic and

  • NONINVASIVE Brain Stimulation IN TRAUMATIC Brain INJURY
    The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation, 2012
    Co-Authors: Asli Demirtas-tatlidede, Andrew M. Vahabzadeh-hagh, Montserrat Bernabeu, José María Tormos, Alvaro Pascual-leone
    Abstract:

    Brain Stimulation techniques have evolved in the last few decades with more novel methods capable of painless, noninvasive Brain Stimulation. While the number of clinical trials employing noninvasive Brain Stimulation continues to increase in a variety of medication-resistant neurological and psychiatric diseases, studies evaluating their diagnostic and therapeutic potential in traumatic Brain injury (TBI) are largely lacking. This review introduces different techniques of noninvasive Brain Stimulation, which may find potential use in TBI. We cover transcranial magnetic Stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current Stimulation (tDCS), low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and transcranial doppler sonography (TCD) techniques. We provide a brief overview of studies to date, discuss possible mechanisms of action, and raise a number of considerations when thinking about translating these methods to clinical use.

  • Noninvasive Human Brain Stimulation
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 2007
    Co-Authors: Timothy Wagner, A. Valero-cabré, Alvaro Pascual-leone
    Abstract:

    AbstractNoninvasive Brain Stimulation with transcranial magnetic Stimulation (TMS) or transcranial direct current Stimulation (tDCS) is valuable in research and has potential therapeutic applications in cognitive neuroscience, neurophysiology, psychiatry, and neurology. TMS allows neuroStimulation and neuromodulation, while tDCS is a purely neuromodulatory application. TMS and tDCS allow diagnostic and interventional neurophysiology applications, and focal neuropharmacology delivery. However, the physics and basic mechanisms of action remain incompletely explored. Following an overview of the history and current applications of noninvasive Brain Stimulation, we review Stimulation device design principles, the electromagnetic and physical foundations of the techniques, and the current knowledge about the electrophysiologic basis of the effects. Finally, we discuss potential biomedical and electrical engineering developments that could lead to more effective Stimulation devices, better suited for the specific applications.

Andres M. Lozano - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Connecting Invasive and Noninvasive Brain Stimulation (S52.002)
    Neurology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Michael D. Fox, Andres M. Lozano, Randy L. Buckner, Alvaro Pascual-leone
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVE: To identify Brain diseases in which both invasive and noninvasive Brain Stimulation have shown evidence of efficacy and determine whether the Stimulation sites are different nodes within the same Brain network. BACKGROUND: Invasive deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) and noninvasive transcranial magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current Stimulation (tDCS) are increasingly being applied to treat a variety of Brain diseases. Although generally considered separate in terms of mechanism and clinical indication, invasive and noninvasive approaches share the ability to modify Brain activity at the stimulated site, impact regions remote from the site of Stimulation, and the challenge of knowing where to stimulate to optimize therapeutic effect. Here we determine whether these two forms of Stimulation are linked through Brain networks. DESIGN/METHODS: Diseases with evidence of efficacy for both invasive and noninvasive Brain Stimulation were identified using a pubmed search. For each disease, resting state functional connectivity with the most effective DBS site was assessed using a previously collected MRI dataset from 1000 normal subjects. Connectivity to noninvasive Brain Stimulation sites was compared to that expected by chance. RESULTS: Thirteen Brain diseases were identified with reports of efficacy for both invasive and noninvasive Brain Stimulation including Parkinson’s, dystonia, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s, and disorders of consciousness. Across diseases, DBS sites were functionally connected to noninvasive Brain Stimulation sites at a level much greater than chance (p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Resting state functional connectivity links invasive and noninvasive Brain Stimulation sites across diseases. This suggests that these two types of Brain Stimulation may exert their therapeutic effect by modulating different nodes in the same Brain network. Identifying such networks may prove valuable in determining the optimal targets for Brain Stimulation and represents a potential therapeutic application of the human connectome. Study Supported by: National Institutes of Health (K23NS083741), the AAN / American Brain Foundation, and the National Center for Research Resources: Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center (UL1 RR025758). Disclosure: Dr. Buckner has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lozano has received personal compensation for activities with Medtronic Inc., Boston Scientific Corp., Johnson & Johnson, and St Jude Medical. Dr. Lozano has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Brain Stimulation. Dr. Pascual-Leone has received personal compensation for activities with Nexstim, Neuronix, Starlab Neuroscience, Neuroelectrics, Neosync, and Novavision. Dr. Pascual-Leone has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for the European Journal of Neurology. Dr. Pascual-Leone has received research support from Nexstim and Neuronix.

  • Deep Brain Stimulation therapy.
    BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2012
    Co-Authors: Andres M. Lozano
    Abstract:

    Effectively treats movement disorders and could work in neuropsychiatric conditions Neurological and psychiatric illnesses continue to cause major disability despite currently available treatment options. With this background of unmet treatment need, important advances in structural and functional Brain imaging, the understanding of the circuitry of neurological disease, and neurosurgical techniques and equipment have led to the emergence of deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) as an effective therapeutic option. Deep Brain Stimulation was first tested in animal experiments about 70 years ago and has been used in human subjects, mainly to treat movement disorders—particularly Parkinson’s disease—for the past 20 years. It is now available in most major medical centres. More than 80 000 patients have undergone such Stimulation to date,1 and 8000-10 000 new patients are treated each year. Deep Brain Stimulation involves implanting indwelling electrodes within specific Brain circuits to modulate the activity of those circuits, either to suppress pathological neuronal activity or to drive underactive output; an analogy would be moving the dial to a chosen radio station and adjusting the volume when the sound is too low …

  • Deep Brain Stimulation: emerging indications
    Progress in brain research, 2011
    Co-Authors: Travis S. Tierney, Tejas Sankar, Andres M. Lozano
    Abstract:

    There are a number of emerging surgical indications for deep Brain Stimulation. We have shown that modulation of activity within motor, mood, and cognitive circuits has beneficial effects in patients with Parkinson's disease, treatment-resistant depression, and perhaps Alzheimer's type dementia. We review the rationale, safety, and efficacy for each of these indications, focusing on disease mechanisms and relevant data that are necessary to document therapeutic value in each case. The review closes with some thoughts on possible future directions for deep Brain Stimulation. It is likely that applications for deep Brain Stimulation will continue to expand as accumulating data establish its safety and efficacy profile in these and other conditions.

  • memory enhancement induced by hypothalamic fornix deep Brain Stimulation
    Annals of Neurology, 2008
    Co-Authors: Clement Hamani, Mary Pat Mcandrews, Melanie Cohn, Dominik Zumsteg, Colin M Shapiro, Richard Wennberg, Andres M. Lozano
    Abstract:

    Bilateral hypothalamic deep Brain Stimulation was performed to treat a patient with morbid obesity. We observed, quite unexpectedly, that Stimulation evoked detailed autobiographical memories. Associative memory tasks conducted in a double-blinded “on” versus “off” manner demonstrated that Stimulation increased recollection but not familiarity-based recognition, indicating a functional engagement of the hippocampus. Electroencephalographic source localization showed that hypothalamic deep Brain Stimulation drove activity in mesial temporal lobe structures. This shows that hypothalamic Stimulation in this patient modulates limbic activity and improves certain memory functions. Ann Neurol 2008;63:119–123

Mark S. George - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The Future of Brain Stimulation Treatments.
    The Psychiatric clinics of North America, 2018
    Co-Authors: Kevin A. Caulfield, Mark S. George
    Abstract:

    Trends in Brain Stimulation include becoming less invasive, more focal, and more durable with less toxicity. Several of the more interesting new potentially disruptive technologies that are just making their way through basic and sometimes clinical research studies include low-intensity focused ultrasound and temporally interfering electric fields. It is possible, and even likely, that noninvasive Brain Stimulation may become the dominant form of Brain treatments over the next 20 years. The future of Brain Stimulation therapeutics is bright.

  • Brain Stimulation Treatments for Depression
    The Oxford Handbook of Mood Disorders, 2016
    Co-Authors: Mark S. George, E. Baron Short, Suzanne E. Kerns
    Abstract:

    The use of Brain Stimulation for the treatment and investigation of mood disorders is rapidly expanding. Mood disorders are common, but so are treatment-refractory or intolerant patients, explaining increasing interest in alternatives to medications and talk therapy. Additionally, depressive episodes are periodic or temporary states and are thus amenable to pulsatile, non-systemic treatments. The oldest Brain Stimulation method, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), remains the most effective acute antidepressant available. The newer Brain Stimulation methods, in particular repetitive transcranial magnetic Stimulation (rTMS), also show that non-invasive Stimulation of key Brain regions not only effectively treats depression, but also causes quantifiable changes in Brain biomarkers. More research is needed, though, to better understand how these treatments work, for whom they work, and how to optimize their use.

  • Treating the depressions with superficial Brain Stimulation methods.
    Handbook of clinical neurology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Mark S. George, Joseph J. Taylor, Short
    Abstract:

    Many, if not most, of the different superficial Brain Stimulation methods are being either used or investigated to treat the depressions. There are likely many reasons why there is this much interest and research involving Brain Stimulation treatments for depression, including that the depressions are common, there is dissatisfaction with other treatments, and some patients do not respond to medications or talking therapies. This is coupled with the fact that depressive episodes are a periodic or temporary state of the Brain, and that when patients are no longer in that state they return to normal functioning. Additionally, the oldest Brain Stimulation method, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), is also the most effective antidepressant available for the acute treatment of depression in patients who do not respond to medications. The newer Brain Stimulation methods have followed in the path blazed by ECT, showing that Stimulation of key regions can cause a change in Brain state and treat the depression. After almost 20 years of research, repeated daily repetitive transcranial magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) of the prefrontal cortex for several weeks is now also an established clinical treatment for acute episodes. The data are less convincing for the other Brain Stimulation methods, but all are being investigated. Using Brain Stimulation (as opposed to medications or talking therapy) to treat depression is a rapidly expanding area of research with already established clear indications. Much more work is needed to understand best which methods should be used in any given patient, and in what order.

Damiaan Denys - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Neuroimaging deep Brain Stimulation in psychiatric disorders.
    Deep Brain Stimulation, 2012
    Co-Authors: Martijn Figee, P. Richard Schuurman, Pepijn Van Den Munckhof, Damiaan Denys
    Abstract:

    Neuroimaging may help us understand the mechanism of action of deep Brain Stimulation for the treatment of psychiatric disorders at existing targets and to explore other targets. To this end, we discuss structural and functional imaging studies of obsessive–compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder, Tourette syndrome, and addiction, and the neuroanatomical changes in these disorders induced by deep Brain Stimulation.

  • Deep Brain Stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder
    Current psychiatry reports, 2009
    Co-Authors: Dan J. Stein, Damiaan Denys
    Abstract:

    Abstract The use of deep Brain Stimulation in psychiatric disorders has received great interest owing to the small risk of the operation, the reversible nature of the technique, and the possibility of optimizing treatment postoperatively. Currently, deep Brain Stimulation in psychiatry is investigated for obsessive–compulsive disorder, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and major depression. This chapter reviews the application of deep Brain Stimulation in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Preliminary results suggest that deep Brain Stimulation in obsessive–compulsive disorder can effectuate a decrease of 40–60% in at least half of the patients. Although various side effects occur, most of these are transitory and linked to specific Stimulation parameters which can be changed. Because only a few studies have been performed with a limited number of patients in accordance with varying research protocols, appliance of deep Brain Stimulation to obsessive–compulsive disorder is still at an experimental stage. The speed of the effect of deep Brain Stimulation causes fundamental assumptions on the pathophysiology of obsessive–compulsive disorder.

F.c. Hummel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • IS 27. Brain Stimulation in stroke therapy
    Clinical Neurophysiology, 2013
    Co-Authors: F.c. Hummel
    Abstract:

    Non-invasive Brain Stimulation has shown its potential to modulate Brain plasticity and enhance the effects of training in humans (Zimerman et al., Ann Neurol; 2012). Endeavour has been made to utilize Brain Stimulation in neurological diseases to enhance adaptive processes and prevent potential maladaptive ones. First studies presented evidence that non-invasive Brain Stimulation might not only transiently improve functions of the paretic hand, but can also modulate processes of learning (Zimerman et al., Stroke; 2012), a basis to achieve longer lasting effects. Based on this enhancement of functional recovery of both, sensorimotor and higher cognitive impairment (such as aphasia and neglect), by Brain Stimulation has been addressed in stroke. In the present talk, an update of the field of non-invasive Brain Stimulation to improve motor and higher cognitive functions in patients suffering from stroke will be presented. The recent pathophysiological grounds for therapeutic approaches based on Brain Stimulation will be provided in the framework of the actual controversial discussion of the field. At the end briefly the potential developments and future directions of this research topic will be discussed.

  • Non-invasive Brain Stimulation in neurological diseases
    Neuropharmacology, 2012
    Co-Authors: Robert Schulz, Christian Gerloff, F.c. Hummel
    Abstract:

    Non-invasive Brain Stimulation has shown its potential to modulate Brain plasticity in humans. Endeavour has been made to utilize Brain Stimulation in neurological diseases to enhance adaptive processes and prevent potential maladaptive ones. In stroke for instance both sensorimotor and higher cognitive impairment, such as aphasia and neglect, has been addressed to facilitate functional recovery. In Parkinson's disease, Brain Stimulation has been evaluated to improve motor and non-motor symptoms. In the present review we provide an update of the field of transcranial magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current Stimulation (tDCS) as non-invasive Brain Stimulation techniques to improve motor and higher cognitive functions in patients suffering from stroke and Parkinson's disease. Rather than attempting to be comprehensive in regard of the reviewed scientific field, this article may be considered as a present day's framework of the application of non-invasive Brain Stimulation on selected examples of common neurological diseases. At the end we will briefly discuss open controversies and future directions of the field which has to be addressed in upcoming studies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Cognitive Enhancers'.