Brooding

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Dale F Denardo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • postural shifts during egg Brooding and their impact on egg water balance in children s pythons antaresia childreni
    Ethology, 2008
    Co-Authors: Zachary R Stahlschmidt, Ty C M Hoffman, Dale F Denardo
    Abstract:

    Parental care typically consists of distinct behavioral components that are balanced to address the multiple needs of offspring. Female pythons exhibit post-oviposition parental care in which they coil around their parchment-shelled eggs throughout incubation (40‐80 d). Subtle postural shifts during egg-Brooding facilitate embryonic gas exchange but may entail hydric costs to the clutch. This study used a simple behavioral model to (1) further quantify the costs and benefits of specific parental behaviors to developing offspring and (2) determine the influence that developmental stage and relative clutch mass have on parental behavior. Although previous research has demonstrated that egg-Brooding as a whole reduces clutch water loss, we hypothesized that eggBrooding female pythons specifically adopt a tightly coiled posture to conserve embryonic water, but must make postural adjustments to enhance gas exchange between the clutch and nest environments at the cost of increased clutch water loss. We measured rates of water loss in Brooding Children’s pythons (Antaresia childreni) and their respective clutches (i.e., Brooding units) and monitored changes in Brooding posture. We conducted serial trials to elucidate the effect of developmental stage on postural adjustments and water loss. Results demonstrated that the proportion of time females spent in a tightly coiled posture was inversely related to mean water loss from the Brooding unit. Analyses indicated that slight adjustments in posture led to bursts in Brooding unit water loss. Indeed, Brooding unit water loss during postural adjustments was significantly higher than during tight coiling. These findings imply that python egg-Brooding provides an adjustable diffusive barrier that leads to discontinuous gas exchange, which minimizes clutch water loss. Because females with larger relative clutch masses spent more time tightly coiled, egg-Brooding female pythons may use a ‘water first’ strategy in which they intentionally conserve clutch water at the cost of reduced embryonic respiratory gas exchange.

  • alternating egg Brooding behaviors create and modulate a hypoxic developmental micro environment in children s pythons antaresia childreni
    The Journal of Experimental Biology, 2008
    Co-Authors: Zachary R Stahlschmidt, Dale F Denardo
    Abstract:

    SUMMARY Parental care is a widespread and ecologically relevant adaptation known to enhance the developmental environment of offspring. Parental behaviors, however, may entail both costs and benefits for developing offspring. In Children9s pythons ( Antaresia childreni ), we monitored both maternal egg-Brooding behavior and intra-clutch oxygen partial pressure ( P O 2 ) in real-time to assess the effects of various Brooding behaviors on P O 2 in the clutch micro-environment at three stages of development. Furthermore, at the same developmental stages, we measured O 2 consumption rates ( V O 2 ) of eggs at varying P O 2 to determine their critical oxygen tension (i.e. the minimal P O 2 that supports normal respiratory gas exchange) and to predict the impact that naturally brooded intra-clutch P O 2 has on embryonic metabolism. At all three stages of development, a tightly coiled Brooding posture created an intra-clutch P O 2 that was significantly lower than the surrounding nest environment. Maternal postural adjustments alleviated this hypoxia, and the magnitude of such corrections increased with developmental stage. Mean intra-clutch P O 2 decreased with stage of development, probably because of increasing egg V O 2 . Additionally, embryo critical oxygen tension increased with developmental stage. Together, these results suggest that python embryos are unable to maintain normal metabolism under brooded conditions during the final 10% of incubation. These results demonstrate that specific parental behaviors can impose obligatory costs to developing offspring and that balancing these behaviors can mediate deleterious consequences.

  • maternal Brooding in the children s python antaresia childreni promotes egg water balance
    Journal of Comparative Physiology B-biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology, 2007
    Co-Authors: Ty C M Hoffman, Olivier Lourdais, Dale F Denardo
    Abstract:

    Parental care provides considerable benefits to offspring and is widespread among animals, yet it is relatively uncommon among squamate reptiles (e.g., lizards and snakes). However, all pythonine snakes show extended maternal egg Brooding with some species being facultatively endothermic. While facultative endothermy provides thermal benefits, the presence of Brooding in non-endothermic species suggests other potential benefits of Brooding. In this study we experimentally tested the functional significance of maternal Brooding relative to water balance in the children’s python, Antaresia childreni, a small species that does not exhibit facultative endothermy. Clutch evaporative water loss (EWL) was positively correlated with clutch mass and was much lower than expected values based on individual eggs. The conglomerate clutch behaved as a single unit with a decreasing surface area to volume ratio as clutch size increased. Maternal Brooding had a dramatic impact on evaporation from eggs, reducing and possibly eliminating clutch EWL. In a separate experiment, we found that viability of unattended eggs is highly affected by humidity level, even in the narrow range from 75 to 100% relative humidity at 30.5°C (20–33 mg m−3 absolute humidity). However, the presence of the Brooding female ameliorated this sensitivity, as viability of brooded clutches at 75% relative humidity was higher than that of non-brooded eggs at either the same absolute humidity or at near-saturated conditions. Overall, these results demonstrate that Brooding behavior strongly promotes egg water balance (and thus egg viability) in children’s pythons.

Regina Miranda - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • cognitive inflexibility and suicidal ideation mediating role of Brooding and hopelessness
    Psychiatry Research-neuroimaging, 2013
    Co-Authors: Regina Miranda, Jorge Valderrama, Aliona Tsypes, Erin Gadol, Michelle Gallagher
    Abstract:

    Previous research suggests that cognitive inflexibility prospectively increases vulnerability to suicidal ideation, but the specific cognitive factors that may explain the relation have not been examined empirically. The present study examined the Brooding subtype of rumination and hopelessness as potential mediators of the prospective relation between cognitive inflexibility and suicidal ideation. Fifty-six young adults who completed a measure of cognitive inflexibility and suicidal ideation at baseline were followed up 2–3 years later and completed measures of Brooding, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation. Cognitive inflexibility at baseline predicted suicidal ideation at follow up, adjusting for baseline ideation. This relation was mediated by Brooding but not by hopelessness. However, there was an indirect relation between perseverative errors and suicidal ideation through Brooding, followed by hopelessness, such that Brooding was associated with greater hopelessness and hopelessness, in turn, was associated with greater suicidal ideation. Cognitive inflexibility may increase vulnerability to suicidal thinking because it is associated with greater Brooding rumination, while Brooding, in turn, is associated with hopelessness.

  • Brooding and reflective rumination among suicide attempters cognitive vulnerability to suicidal ideation
    Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2009
    Co-Authors: Katherine Surrence, Regina Miranda, Brett Marroquin, Shirley Chan
    Abstract:

    Previous research suggests that the Brooding subtype of rumination is associated with increased suicidal ideation, but findings are inconsistent with respect to reflection, considered to be the more adaptive form of rumination. This study investigated the circumstances under which reflective rumination might be associated with increased suicidal ideation by examining whether a suicide attempt history moderated the relationship between the ruminative subtypes and current suicidal ideation. Thirty-seven young adults who reported a past suicide attempt and fifty-nine young adults without a suicide attempt history completed measures of rumination and depression symptoms in an initial study session. They then completed a measure of suicidal ideation and hopelessness during a second study session. Overall, Brooding was associated with higher self-reported suicidal ideation, whereas reflection was not significantly associated with ideation. However, reflection – but not Brooding – interacted with suicide attempt history to statistically predict suicidal ideation, even after adjusting for symptoms of depression and hopelessness, whereas Brooding no longer predicted ideation after adjusting for these symptoms. These findings qualify earlier suggestions that reflection is a more adaptive form of rumination by indicating that among vulnerable individuals – in particular those with a history of a suicide attempt – a higher degree of reflective rumination is associated with increased suicidal ideation.

  • Brooding and reflection rumination predicts suicidal ideation at 1 year follow up in a community sample
    Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2007
    Co-Authors: Regina Miranda, Susan Nolenhoeksema
    Abstract:

    The cognitive processes underlying suicidal thinking and behavior are not well understood. The present study examined Brooding and reflection, two dimensions of rumination, as predictors of suicidal ideation among a community sample of 1134 adults. Participants completed self-report measures of rumination and depression, and a semi-structured clinical interview that included an assessment of suicidal ideation, at baseline and 1-year follow-up. Brooding was more strongly related to degree of ideation at baseline than was reflection. However, both Brooding and reflection predicted whether an individual thought about suicide at 1-year follow-up, even after adjusting for baseline suicidal ideation. Symptoms of depression mediated the relationship between Brooding and ideation but not that between reflection and ideation. Implications for the nature of thought processes that result in suicidal thinking are discussed.

Filip Raes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • moderating effects of Brooding and co rumination on the relationship between stress and depressive symptoms in early adolescence a multi wave study
    Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Margot Bastin, Filip Raes, Amy H. Mezulis, Josh Ahles, Patricia Bijttebier
    Abstract:

    The current study investigated Brooding and co-rumination as moderators of the relationship between interpersonal and noninterpersonal stress and depressive symptom trajectories. The sample consisted of 368 early adolescents ages 9 to 15 (M = 11.72, 63 % female) who completed self-report measures of Brooding, co-rumination, stress, and depressive symptoms at baseline with follow-up assessments of stress and depressive symptoms at 3, 8, and 12 months post-baseline. Data were analyzed using multi-level modeling. Results showed that the association between interpersonal stress and depressive symptoms was stronger for adolescents high on Brooding, compared to adolescents low on Brooding. Sex moderated a co-rumination × stress interaction, with girls high on co-rumination and boys low on co-rumination reporting the highest levels of depressive symptoms when faced with interpersonal stress across the 1-year study period. These findings shed light on pathways to depressive symptoms in early adolescence and suggest that adolescent boys and girls may differ in these pathways.

  • Brooding and reflecting in an interpersonal context
    Personality and Individual Differences, 2014
    Co-Authors: Margot Bastin, Patricia Bijttebier, Filip Raes, Michael W. Vasey
    Abstract:

    Abstract Rumination consists of two components: Brooding, which increases depressive feelings, and reflection, which appears to be unrelated to or protective against depression. The present study is the first to extend the intrapersonal constructs of Brooding and reflection to the interpersonal context, thereby relying on previous work in the domain of co-rumination. In this two-wave longitudinal study, a community sample of 371 pupils (63.1% girls) aged 9–15 years was followed up over a three-month interval. Using items drawn from the Co-Rumination Questionnaire (Rose, 2002), a two-factor model distinguishing between co-Brooding and co-reflection was validated using confirmatory factor analysis. Both co-Brooding and co-reflection emerged as significant unique predictors of depressive symptoms over a three-month interval, above and beyond sex and baseline depressive symptoms. Co-Brooding had a positive association with prospective depressive symptoms, whereas co-reflection was inversely related to prospective symptom levels. This pattern of results was unchanged when controlling for intrapersonal Brooding and reflection. Post-hoc analyses revealed that co-Brooding and co-reflection could be framed as higher order factors, each encompassing two lower-order factors and that the effects are carried by specific aspects of co-Brooding and co-reflection, i.e., co-Brooding on consequences and co-reflecting on causes of problems.

  • Brooding and reflection as subtypes of rumination evidence from confirmatory factor analysis in nonclinical samples using the dutch ruminative response scale
    Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 2010
    Co-Authors: Hanne Schoofs, Dirk Hermans, Filip Raes
    Abstract:

    Previous research has shown that depressive rumination is an important vulnerability factor for experiencing depressive symptoms. The most widely used measure to assess depressive rumination is the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS). According to Treynor et al. (Cognitive Therapy and Research 27:247–259, 2003), the RRS contains two subscales, reflecting two different rumination subcomponents: Brooding and reflection. The present study examined the psychometric properties of the RRS in two samples (N = 432 and N = 407). Based on a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), results confirmed that a two-dimensional model with Brooding and reflection factors provided an adequate fit to the data. Reliability, convergent and discriminant validity of the rumination subcomponents were appropriate. Furthermore, Brooding but not reflection predicted depressive symptoms prospectively, even when accounting for concurrent depressive feelings. The results provide the first confirmatory factor-analytical support for the widely assumed two-factor model of the RRS and add to the accumulating body of evidence supporting the multidimensional nature of depressive rumination.

  • Brooding and reflection as components of rumination in late childhood
    Personality and Individual Differences, 2010
    Co-Authors: Katrien Verstraeten, Michael W. Vasey, Filip Raes, Patricia Bijttebier
    Abstract:

    Abstract Rumination is an important vulnerability factor for depressive symptoms. Recent work in adults, adolescents and children has proposed a two-factor model, with Brooding and reflection as distinct components of rumination. The present study investigates the validity of this model in children. Using a three-wave (baseline, 6- and 12-months) prospective design, associations between rumination subtypes and depressive symptoms were examined in a community sample of 138 children ages 9–13 years. Factor analysis on an extended version of the Children Response Style Questionnaire revealed Brooding and reflection as distinct factors. As expected, Brooding but not reflection predicted depressive symptoms concurrently. However, Brooding did not predict depression prospectively after controlling for baseline symptoms. Reflection was unrelated to depressive symptoms concurrently but in separate interactions with age and sex reflection did predict depression at 1-year. Higher levels of reflection were protective among older but not younger children. Lower levels of reflection were associated with heightened depressive symptoms at 1-year among boys. These results suggest that the protective effects of reflection warrant additional study.

  • on the mediating role of subtypes of rumination in the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and depressed mood Brooding versus reflection
    Depression and Anxiety, 2008
    Co-Authors: Filip Raes, Dirk Hermans
    Abstract:

    Background: We examined the mediating role of rumination in the relationship between emotional abuse and depression, focusing on two subtypes of rumination: reflection versus Brooding. Methods: Students (n=101) completed the Emotional Abuse subscale of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; the Ruminative Response Scale; and the Beck Depression Inventory. Results: Rumination was found to mediate the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and depressive symptoms. Further analyses showed that this was only the case for the Brooding but not the reflective subtype of rumination. Conclusions: Results further evidence the role of rumination as a mediator of the relationship between childhood maltreatment and depression, and are consistent with the recently proposed distinction between different subtypes or forms of rumination. Depression and Anxiety, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Ian H Gotlib - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Associations Among Early Life Stress, Rumination, Symptoms of Psychopathology, and Sex in Youth in the Early Stages of Puberty: a Moderated Mediation Analysis
    Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2019
    Co-Authors: Joelle Lemoult, Kathryn L. Humphreys, Lucy S. King, Natalie L. Colich, Alexandria N. Price, Sarah J. Ordaz, Ian H Gotlib
    Abstract:

    Despite the high prevalence and substantial costs of early life stress (ELS), the mechanisms through which ELS confers risk for psychopathology are poorly understood, particularly among youth who are in an earlier stage of the transition through puberty. We sought to advance our understanding of the link between ELS and psychopathology by testing whether rumination mediates the relation between ELS and symptoms of psychopathology in youth in the early stages of puberty, and whether sex moderates this mediation. We assessed levels of ELS, both Brooding and reflection subtypes of rumination, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms in 170 youth in the early stages of puberty (56% girls) ages 9–13 years. Brooding, but not reflection, mediated the relation between ELS and both internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Importantly, however, sex moderated the relation among ELS, Brooding, and symptoms. Specifically, Brooding mediated the relation between ELS and both internalizing and externalizing symptoms for girls, but not for boys. Findings support the formulation that Brooding is a mechanism linking ELS to multiple forms of behavioral and emotional problems exclusively in girls in the early stages of puberty.

  • ruminative Brooding is associated with salience network coherence in early pubertal youth
    Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2017
    Co-Authors: Sarah J. Ordaz, Joelle Lemoult, Natalie L. Colich, Gautam Prasad, Madeline Pollak, Morgan Popolizio, Alexandra Price, Michael D Greicius, Ian H Gotlib
    Abstract:

    Abstract Rumination, and particularly ruminative Brooding, perpetuates dysphoric mood states and contributes to the emergence of depression. Studies of adults and older adolescents have characterized the association between rumination and intrinsic functional connectivity within default mode (DMN), salience (SN) and executive control (ECN) networks; we know little, however, about the brain network basis of rumination during early puberty, a sensitive period for network reorganization. 112 early puberty boys and girls completed resting-state scans, the Ruminative Response Scale, and the Youth Self-Report questionnaire. Using independent components analysis and dual regression, we quantified coherence for each individual in networks of interest (SN, ECN, DMN) and in non-relevant networks (motor, visual) in which we predicted no correlations with behavioral measures. Boys and girls did not differ in levels of rumination or internalizing symptoms, or in coherence for any network. The relation between SN network coherence and rumination; however, and specifically ruminative Brooding, was moderated by sex: greater SN coherence was associated with higher levels of Brooding in girls but not in boys. Further, in girls, Brooding mediated the relation between SN coherence and internalizing symptoms. These results point to coherence within the SN as a potential neurodevelopmental marker of risk for depression in early pubertal girls.

  • Brooding and Reflection Reconsidered: A Factor Analytic Examination of Rumination in Currently Depressed, Formerly Depressed, and Never Depressed Individuals
    Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2011
    Co-Authors: Anson Whitmer, Ian H Gotlib
    Abstract:

    The tendency to engage in depressive rumination is typically measured with the Ruminative Response Styles (RRS) scale. Treynor et al. ( 2003 ) reported that this scale is composed of two 5-item factors, reflection and Brooding, and that the Brooding but not the reflection factor is associated with more severe depression over time. These two factors were derived using data from a randomly selected community sample, and it is not clear if these factors would be obtained in samples of currently depressed, formerly depressed, and never depressed individuals. We conducted factor analyses on scores on the RRS scale from three such samples. We found support for the distinction between reflection and Brooding in never depressed and formerly depressed individuals; we did not obtain this distinct factor structure in the currently depressed sample. We did, however, find evidence of a second factor in the depressed sample that we labeled ‘intentional rumination.’ The results of this study also suggested that an item from the reflection factor should be replaced with another item from the RRS scale. These findings indicate that the distinction between Brooding and reflection is blurred in currently depressed individuals.

Olivier Lourdais - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • maternal Brooding in the children s python antaresia childreni promotes egg water balance
    Journal of Comparative Physiology B-biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology, 2007
    Co-Authors: Ty C M Hoffman, Olivier Lourdais, Dale F Denardo
    Abstract:

    Parental care provides considerable benefits to offspring and is widespread among animals, yet it is relatively uncommon among squamate reptiles (e.g., lizards and snakes). However, all pythonine snakes show extended maternal egg Brooding with some species being facultatively endothermic. While facultative endothermy provides thermal benefits, the presence of Brooding in non-endothermic species suggests other potential benefits of Brooding. In this study we experimentally tested the functional significance of maternal Brooding relative to water balance in the children’s python, Antaresia childreni, a small species that does not exhibit facultative endothermy. Clutch evaporative water loss (EWL) was positively correlated with clutch mass and was much lower than expected values based on individual eggs. The conglomerate clutch behaved as a single unit with a decreasing surface area to volume ratio as clutch size increased. Maternal Brooding had a dramatic impact on evaporation from eggs, reducing and possibly eliminating clutch EWL. In a separate experiment, we found that viability of unattended eggs is highly affected by humidity level, even in the narrow range from 75 to 100% relative humidity at 30.5°C (20–33 mg m−3 absolute humidity). However, the presence of the Brooding female ameliorated this sensitivity, as viability of brooded clutches at 75% relative humidity was higher than that of non-brooded eggs at either the same absolute humidity or at near-saturated conditions. Overall, these results demonstrate that Brooding behavior strongly promotes egg water balance (and thus egg viability) in children’s pythons.