The Experts below are selected from a list of 29178 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Tamotsu Yoshimori - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Autophagy and autophagy-related proteins in the immune system
Nature Immunology, 2015Co-Authors: Shusaku T Shibutani, Christian Münz, Heike Nowag, Tatsuya Saitoh, Tamotsu YoshimoriAbstract:Autophagy is an essential intracellular Degradation process. Yoshimori and colleagues review the broad role of autophagy in immunological function. Autophagy is an intracellular Bulk Degradation system that is highly conserved in eukaryotes. The discovery of autophagy-related ('ATG') proteins in the 1990s greatly advanced the mechanistic understanding of autophagy and clarified the fact that autophagy serves important roles in various biological processes. In addition, studies have revealed other roles for the autophagic machinery beyond autophagy. In this Review, we introduce advances in the knowledge of the roles of autophagy and its components in immunity, including innate immunity, inflammatory responses and adaptive immunity.
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Autophagy and autophagy-related proteins in the immune system
Nature immunology, 2015Co-Authors: Shusaku Shibutani, Christian Münz, Heike Nowag, Tatsuya Saitoh, Tamotsu YoshimoriAbstract:Autophagy is an intracellular Bulk Degradation system that is highly conserved in eukaryotes. The discovery of autophagy-related ('ATG') proteins in the 1990s greatly advanced the mechanistic understanding of autophagy and clarified the fact that autophagy serves important roles in various biological processes. In addition, studies have revealed other roles for the autophagic machinery beyond autophagy. In this Review, we introduce advances in the knowledge of the roles of autophagy and its components in immunity, including innate immunity, inflammatory responses and adaptive immunity.
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Autophagosome formation in response to intracellular bacterial invasion.
Cellular microbiology, 2014Co-Authors: Shusaku Shibutani, Tamotsu YoshimoriAbstract:Autophagy is an intracellular Bulk Degradation system in which double-membrane vesicles, called autophagosomes, engulf cytoplasmic components and later fuse with lysosomes to degrade the autophagosome content. Although autophagy was initially thought a non-selective process, recent studies have clarified that it can selectively target intracellular bacteria and function as an intracellular innate immune system that suppresses bacterial survival. A key mechanism for the recognition of cytosol-invading bacteria is ubiquitination, and the recognition of the ubiquitinated target by the autophagy machinery can be accomplished multiple ways. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding the induction of autophagosome formation in response to intracellular bacterial invasion.
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A current perspective of autophagosome biogenesis
Cell Research, 2014Co-Authors: Shusaku T Shibutani, Tamotsu YoshimoriAbstract:Autophagy is a Bulk Degradation system induced by cellular stresses such as nutrient starvation. Its function relies on the formation of double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes. Unlike other organelles that appear to stably exist in the cell, autophagosomes are formed on demand, and once their formation is initiated, it proceeds surprisingly rapidly. How and where this dynamic autophagosome formation takes place has been a long-standing question, but the discovery of Atg proteins in the 1990's significantly accelerated our understanding of autophagosome biogenesis. In this review, we will briefly introduce each Atg functional unit in relation to autophagosome biogenesis, and then discuss the origin of the autophagosomal membrane with an introduction to selected recent studies addressing this problem.
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Ubiquitination-mediated autophagy against invading bacteria
Current opinion in cell biology, 2011Co-Authors: Naonobu Fujita, Tamotsu YoshimoriAbstract:Autophagy is primarily a non-selective intracellular Bulk Degradation process. However, it was recently shown that ubiquitin-positive substrates, such as protein aggregates, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and invading bacteria, are selectively targeted to lysosomes via autophagy. Thus, ubiquitination seems to function as a general tag for selective autophagy in mammalian cells. This review discusses the present model of how autophagy sequesters invading bacteria through ubiquitination.
Masaaki Komatsu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Physiological Stress Response by Selective Autophagy.
Journal of Molecular Biology, 2020Co-Authors: Pablo Sánchez-martín, Masaaki KomatsuAbstract:Cells are constantly challenged by endogenous and exogenous stress sources. To cope with them, organisms have developed a series of defensive mechanisms to prevent and intercept the threats and to repair the generated damage. Autophagy, once defined as a waste-disposal or non-specific degradative pathway, has arisen as a new organizer of the different physiological stress responses. In the present review, we will discuss how autophagy is capable of orchestrate these pathways by the specific Degradation of individual autophagosomal LC3/GABARAP-binding proteins, rather than the Bulk Degradation of harmful products or organelles.
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Liver autophagy: physiology and pathology
Journal of biochemistry, 2012Co-Authors: Masaaki KomatsuAbstract:Autophagy has long been thought of as a Bulk Degradation system in which cytoplasmic components are sequestered by double-membrane structures called autophagosomes, and the contents are then degraded after autophagosomes fuse with lysosomes. Genetic experiments in yeast identified a set of Autophagy-related (ATG) genes that are essential for autophagy. We have since elucidated many of the molecular underpinnings of autophagy and the physiologic roles of these processes in various systems. This review summarizes the physiologic roles of autophagy with a particular focus on liver autophagy based on analyses of knockout mice lacking Atg genes.
Guoping Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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In vitro evaluation of bioDegradation of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) sponges.
Biomaterials, 2008Co-Authors: Taiyo Yoshioka, Naoki Kawazoe, Tetsuya Tateishi, Guoping ChenAbstract:Evaluation of the degradability of porous scaffolds is very important for tissue engineering. A protocol in which the condition is close to the in vivo pH environment was established for in vitro evaluation of biodegradable porous scaffolds. Degradation of PLGA sponges in phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) was evaluated with the protocol. The PLGA sponges degraded with incubation time. For the first 12 weeks, the weight loss increased gradually and then remarkably after 12 weeks. In contrast, the number-average molecular weight (Mn) decreased dramatically for the first 12 weeks and then less markedly after 12 weeks. Thermal analysis showed that the glass transition temperatures (Tg) decreased rapidly for the first 12 weeks, and the change became less evident after 12 weeks. These results suggest that the Degradation mechanism of PLGA sponges was dominated by autocatalyzed Bulk Degradation for the first 12 weeks and then by surface Degradation after 12 weeks. Physical aging was observed during incubation at 37 degrees C. The heterogeneous structure caused by physical aging might be one of the driving forces that induced autocatalyzed Bulk Degradation. The Degradation mechanism was further supported by the data of pH change and the morphology of the degraded PLGA sponges. The autocatalyzed acidic products flooded out after 8 weeks, the pH dropped, and the walls of the sponges became more porous. The increase of the pore surface area facilitated surface Degradation after 12 weeks. The pH was in the range between 7.43 and 7.24 during the entire incubation time. The protocol suppressed extreme changes of the pH and will be useful in the bioDegradation evaluation of porous scaffolds for tissue engineering.
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In vitro evaluation of bioDegradation of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) sponges.
Biomaterials, 2008Co-Authors: Taiyo Yoshioka, Naoki Kawazoe, Tetsuya Tateishi, Guoping ChenAbstract:Abstract Evaluation of the degradability of porous scaffolds is very important for tissue engineering. A protocol in which the condition is close to the in vivo pH environment was established for in vitro evaluation of biodegradable porous scaffolds. Degradation of PLGA sponges in phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) was evaluated with the protocol. The PLGA sponges degraded with incubation time. For the first 12 weeks, the weight loss increased gradually and then remarkably after 12 weeks. In contrast, the number-average molecular weight ( M n ) decreased dramatically for the first 12 weeks and then less markedly after 12 weeks. Thermal analysis showed that the glass transition temperatures ( T g ) decreased rapidly for the first 12 weeks, and the change became less evident after 12 weeks. These results suggest that the Degradation mechanism of PLGA sponges was dominated by autocatalyzed Bulk Degradation for the first 12 weeks and then by surface Degradation after 12 weeks. Physical aging was observed during incubation at 37 °C. The heterogeneous structure caused by physical aging might be one of the driving forces that induced autocatalyzed Bulk Degradation. The Degradation mechanism was further supported by the data of pH change and the morphology of the degraded PLGA sponges. The autocatalyzed acidic products flooded out after 8 weeks, the pH dropped, and the walls of the sponges became more porous. The increase of the pore surface area facilitated surface Degradation after 12 weeks. The pH was in the range between 7.43 and 7.24 during the entire incubation time. The protocol suppressed extreme changes of the pH and will be useful in the bioDegradation evaluation of porous scaffolds for tissue engineering.
Jan-hendrik S. Hofmeyr - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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on the relevance of precision autophagy flux control in vivo points of departure for clinical translation
Autophagy, 2020Co-Authors: Ben Loos, Daniel J. Klionsky, André Du Toit, Jan-hendrik S. HofmeyrAbstract:Macroautophagy (which we will call autophagy hereafter) is a critical intracellular Bulk Degradation system that is active at basal rates in eukaryotic cells. This process is embedded in the homeos...
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On the relevance of precision autophagy flux control in vivo – Points of departure for clinical translation
Autophagy, 2019Co-Authors: Ben Loos, Daniel J. Klionsky, André Du Toit, Jan-hendrik S. HofmeyrAbstract:Macroautophagy (which we will call autophagy hereafter) is a critical intracellular Bulk Degradation system that is active at basal rates in eukaryotic cells. This process is embedded in the homeos...
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Measuring autophagosome flux.
Autophagy, 2018Co-Authors: André Du Toit, Jan-hendrik S. Hofmeyr, Thomas J. Gniadek, Ben LoosAbstract:Macroautophagy/autophagy is a proteolytic pathway that is involved in both Bulk Degradation of cytoplasmic proteins as well as in selective Degradation of cytoplasmic organelles. Autophagic flux is...
Yule Liu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Plant protein P3IP participates in the regulation of autophagy in Nicotiana benthamiana.
Plant signaling & behavior, 2020Co-Authors: Liangliang Jiang, Yule Liu, Xiying Zheng, Jianping Chen, Fei YanAbstract:Autophagy, a Bulk Degradation system conserved among most eukaryotes, is also involved in responses to viral infection in plant. In our previous study, a new host factor P3IP was identified to interact with RSV (rice stripe virus) p3 and mediate its autophagic Degradation to limit the viral infection. Here, we further discovered that P3IP of Nicotiana benthamiana (NbP3IP) participated in regulation of autophagy. Overexpression of NbP3IP induced autophagy and down-regulation of NbP3IP reduced autophagy. Combined the functions of autophagy-mediated plant defense against plant virus and regulation autophagy, we indicate that P3IP participates in the regulation of autophagy.
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Role of plant autophagy in stress response.
Protein & cell, 2011Co-Authors: Shaojie Han, Yan Wang, Yule LiuAbstract:Autophagy is a conserved pathway for the Bulk Degradation of cytoplasmic components in all eukaryotes. This process plays a critical role in the adaptation of plants to drastic changing environmental stresses such as starvation, oxidative stress, drought, salt, and pathogen invasion. This paper summarizes the current knowledge about the mechanism and roles of plant autophagy in various plant stress responses.
