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Jufang Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of benzyl viologen on increasing nadh availability acetate assimilation and Butyric Acid production by clostridium tyroButyricum
Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2020Co-Authors: Meng Lin, Jufang Wang, Iching Tang, Shang-tian YangAbstract:Clostridium tyroButyricum produces Butyric and acetic Acids from glucose. The Butyric Acid yield and selectivity in the fermentation depend on NADH available for acetate reassimilation to Butyric Acid. In this study, benzyl viologen (BV), an artificial electron carrier that inhibits hydrogen production, was used to increase NADH availability and Butyric Acid production while eliminating acetic Acid accumulation by facilitating its reassimilation. To better understand the mechanism of and find the optimum condition for BV effect on enhancing acetate assimilation and Butyric Acid production, BV at various concentrations and addition times during the fermentation were studied. Compared with the control without BV, the addition of 1 μM BV increased Butyric Acid production from glucose by ∼50% in yield and ∼29% in productivity while acetate production was completely inhibited. Furthermore, BV also increased the coutilization of glucose and exogenous acetate for Butyric Acid production. At a concentration ratio of acetate (g/L) to BV (mM) of 4, both acetate assimilation and butyrate biosynthesis increased with increasing the concentrations of BV (0-6.25 μM) and exogenous acetate (0-25 g/L). In a fed-batch fermentation with glucose and ∼15 g/L acetate and 3.75 μM BV, butyrate production reached 55.9 g/L with productivity 0.93 g/L/h, yield 0.48 g/g, and 97.4% purity, which would facilitate product purification and reduce production cost. Manipulating metabolic flux and redox balance via BV and acetate addition provided a simple to implement metabolic process engineering approach for Butyric Acid production from sugars and biomass hydrolysates.
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high selectivity Butyric Acid production from saccharina japonica hydrolysate by clostridium tyroButyricum
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2020Co-Authors: Xiaolong Guo, Jun Feng, Yanan Zhang, Jufang WangAbstract:Clostridium tyroButyricum ATCC 25755 is a promising Butyric Acid-producing strain. However, the existence of acetic Acid as a byproduct decreases Butyric Acid yield and increases downstream process...
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direct conversion of untreated cane molasses into Butyric Acid by engineered clostridium tyroButyricum
Bioresource Technology, 2020Co-Authors: Xiaolong Guo, Jun Feng, Jufang WangAbstract:Abstract The sucrose metabolic genes (scrA, scrB and scrK) from C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 were successfully overexpressed in C. tyroButyricum ATCC 25755, endowing it with the ability to co-utilize sucrose, fructose and glucose in the cane molasses. As a result, the engineering strain C. tyroButyricum ATCC 25755/scrBAK produced 18.07 g/L and 18.98 g/L Butyric Acid when sucrose and cane molasses were used as the carbon source, respectively. Furthermore, the medium composition and initial cane molasses concentration were optimized to make full use of the untreated cane molasses. Based on these results, 45.71 g/L Butyric Acid with a yield of 0.39 g/g was obtained in fed-batch fermentation, and the feedstock cost of using untreated cane molasses was decreased by ~47% when compared with the conventional glucose fermentation. This study demonstrated the potential application of C. tyroButyricum ATCC 25755/scrBAK for economic Butyric Acid production from untreated cane molasses.
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Butyric Acid applications and recent advances in its bioproduction
Biotechnology Advances, 2018Co-Authors: Ling Jiang, Jufang Wang, Hopen K Yang, Shang-tian YangAbstract:Butyric Acid is an important C4 organic Acid with broad applications. It is currently produced by chemosynthesis from petroleum-based feedstocks. However, the fermentative production of Butyric Acid from renewable feedstocks has received growing attention because of consumer demand for green products and natural ingredients in foods, pharmaceuticals, animal feed supplements, and cosmetics. In this review, strategies for improving microbial Butyric Acid production, including strain engineering and novel fermentation process development are discussed and compared regarding product yield, titer, purity and productivity. Future perspectives on strain and process improvements for Butyric Acid production are also discussed.
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metabolic engineering of clostridium tyroButyricum for enhanced Butyric Acid production with high butyrate acetate ratio
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2018Co-Authors: Yukai Suo, Zhengping Liao, Mengmeng Ren, Xitong Yang, Jufang WangAbstract:Butyric Acid fermentation by Clostridium couples with the synthesis of acetic Acid. But the presence of acetic Acid reduces Butyric Acid yield and increases separation and purification costs of Butyric Acid. Hence, enhancing the butyrate/acetate ratio is important for economical Butyric Acid production. This study indicated that enhancing the acetyl-CoA to butyrate flux by overexpression of both the butyryl-CoA/acetate CoA transferase (cat1) and crotonase (crt) genes in C. tyroButyricum could significantly reduce acetic Acid concentration. Fed-batch fermentation of ATCC 25755/cat1 + crt resulted in increased butyrate/acetate ratio of 15.76 g/g, which was 2.24-fold higher than that of the wild-type strain. Furthermore, in order to simultaneously increase the butyrate/acetate ratio, Butyric Acid concentration and productivity, the recombinant strain ATCC 25755/ppcc (co-expression of 6-phosphofructokinase (pfkA) gene, pyruvate kinase (pykA) gene, cat1, and crt) was constructed. Consequently, ATCC 25755/ppcc produced more Butyric Acid (46.8 vs. 35.0 g/L) with a higher productivity (0.83 vs. 0.49 g/L·h) and butyrate/acetate ratio (13.22 vs. 7.22 g/g) as compared with the wild-type strain in batch fermentation using high glucose concentration (120 g/L). This study demonstrates that enhancing the acetyl-CoA to butyrate flux is an effective way to reduce acetic Acid production and increase butyrate/acetate ratio.
Shang-tian Yang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of benzyl viologen on increasing nadh availability acetate assimilation and Butyric Acid production by clostridium tyroButyricum
Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2020Co-Authors: Meng Lin, Jufang Wang, Iching Tang, Shang-tian YangAbstract:Clostridium tyroButyricum produces Butyric and acetic Acids from glucose. The Butyric Acid yield and selectivity in the fermentation depend on NADH available for acetate reassimilation to Butyric Acid. In this study, benzyl viologen (BV), an artificial electron carrier that inhibits hydrogen production, was used to increase NADH availability and Butyric Acid production while eliminating acetic Acid accumulation by facilitating its reassimilation. To better understand the mechanism of and find the optimum condition for BV effect on enhancing acetate assimilation and Butyric Acid production, BV at various concentrations and addition times during the fermentation were studied. Compared with the control without BV, the addition of 1 μM BV increased Butyric Acid production from glucose by ∼50% in yield and ∼29% in productivity while acetate production was completely inhibited. Furthermore, BV also increased the coutilization of glucose and exogenous acetate for Butyric Acid production. At a concentration ratio of acetate (g/L) to BV (mM) of 4, both acetate assimilation and butyrate biosynthesis increased with increasing the concentrations of BV (0-6.25 μM) and exogenous acetate (0-25 g/L). In a fed-batch fermentation with glucose and ∼15 g/L acetate and 3.75 μM BV, butyrate production reached 55.9 g/L with productivity 0.93 g/L/h, yield 0.48 g/g, and 97.4% purity, which would facilitate product purification and reduce production cost. Manipulating metabolic flux and redox balance via BV and acetate addition provided a simple to implement metabolic process engineering approach for Butyric Acid production from sugars and biomass hydrolysates.
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Butyric Acid applications and recent advances in its bioproduction
Biotechnology Advances, 2018Co-Authors: Ling Jiang, Jufang Wang, Hopen K Yang, Shang-tian YangAbstract:Butyric Acid is an important C4 organic Acid with broad applications. It is currently produced by chemosynthesis from petroleum-based feedstocks. However, the fermentative production of Butyric Acid from renewable feedstocks has received growing attention because of consumer demand for green products and natural ingredients in foods, pharmaceuticals, animal feed supplements, and cosmetics. In this review, strategies for improving microbial Butyric Acid production, including strain engineering and novel fermentation process development are discussed and compared regarding product yield, titer, purity and productivity. Future perspectives on strain and process improvements for Butyric Acid production are also discussed.
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production of Butyric Acid from Acid hydrolysate of corn husk in fermentation by clostridium tyroButyricum kinetics and process economic analysis
Biotechnology for Biofuels, 2018Co-Authors: Zhiping Xiao, Shang-tian Yang, Chu Cheng, Teng Bao, Lujie Liu, Bin Wang, Wenjing Tao, Xun Pei, Minqi WangAbstract:Butyric Acid is an important chemical currently produced from petrochemical feedstocks. Its production from renewable, low-cost biomass in fermentation has attracted large attention in recent years. In this study, the feasibility of corn husk, an abundant agricultural residue, for Butyric Acid production by using Clostridium tyroButyricum immobilized in a fibrous bed bioreactor (FBB) was evaluated. Hydrolysis of corn husk (10% solid loading) with 0.4 M H2SO4 at 110 °C for 6 h resulted in a hydrolysate containing ~ 50 g/L total reducing sugars (glucose:xylose = 1.3:1.0). The hydrolysate was used for Butyric Acid fermentation by C. tyroButyricum in a FBB, which gave 42.6 and 53.0% higher Butyric Acid production from glucose and xylose, respectively, compared to free-cell fermentations. Fermentation with glucose and xylose mixture (1:1) produced 50.37 ± 0.04 g L−1 Butyric Acid with a yield of 0.38 ± 0.02 g g−1 and productivity of 0.34 ± 0.03 g L−1 h−1. Batch fermentation with corn husk hydrolysate produced 21.80 g L−1 Butyric Acid with a yield of 0.39 g g−1, comparable to those from glucose. Repeated-batch fermentations consistently produced 20.75 ± 0.65 g L−1 Butyric Acid with an average yield of 0.39 ± 0.02 g g−1 in three consecutive batches. An extractive fermentation process can be used to produce, separate, and concentrate Butyric Acid to > 30% (w/v) sodium butyrate at an economically attractive cost for application as an animal feed supplement. A high concentration of total reducing sugars at ~ 50% (w/w) yield was obtained from corn husk after Acid hydrolysis. Stable Butyric Acid production from corn husk hydrolysate was achieved in repeated-batch fermentation with C. tyroButyricum immobilized in a FBB, demonstrating that corn husk can be used as an economical substrate for Butyric Acid production.
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Production of Butyric Acid from Acid hydrolysate of corn husk in fermentation by Clostridium tyroButyricum: kinetics and process economic analysis
BMC, 2018Co-Authors: Zhiping Xiao, Shang-tian Yang, Chu Cheng, Teng Bao, Lujie Liu, Bin Wang, Wenjing Tao, Xun Pei, Minqi WangAbstract:Abstract Background Butyric Acid is an important chemical currently produced from petrochemical feedstocks. Its production from renewable, low-cost biomass in fermentation has attracted large attention in recent years. In this study, the feasibility of corn husk, an abundant agricultural residue, for Butyric Acid production by using Clostridium tyroButyricum immobilized in a fibrous bed bioreactor (FBB) was evaluated. Results Hydrolysis of corn husk (10% solid loading) with 0.4 M H2SO4 at 110 °C for 6 h resulted in a hydrolysate containing ~ 50 g/L total reducing sugars (glucose:xylose = 1.3:1.0). The hydrolysate was used for Butyric Acid fermentation by C. tyroButyricum in a FBB, which gave 42.6 and 53.0% higher Butyric Acid production from glucose and xylose, respectively, compared to free-cell fermentations. Fermentation with glucose and xylose mixture (1:1) produced 50.37 ± 0.04 g L−1 Butyric Acid with a yield of 0.38 ± 0.02 g g−1 and productivity of 0.34 ± 0.03 g L−1 h−1. Batch fermentation with corn husk hydrolysate produced 21.80 g L−1 Butyric Acid with a yield of 0.39 g g−1, comparable to those from glucose. Repeated-batch fermentations consistently produced 20.75 ± 0.65 g L−1 Butyric Acid with an average yield of 0.39 ± 0.02 g g−1 in three consecutive batches. An extractive fermentation process can be used to produce, separate, and concentrate Butyric Acid to > 30% (w/v) sodium butyrate at an economically attractive cost for application as an animal feed supplement. Conclusion A high concentration of total reducing sugars at ~ 50% (w/w) yield was obtained from corn husk after Acid hydrolysis. Stable Butyric Acid production from corn husk hydrolysate was achieved in repeated-batch fermentation with C. tyroButyricum immobilized in a FBB, demonstrating that corn husk can be used as an economical substrate for Butyric Acid production
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Butyric Acid production from lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates by engineered clostridium tyroButyricum overexpressing xylose catabolism genes for glucose and xylose co utilization
Bioresource Technology, 2017Co-Authors: Hongxin Fu, Shang-tian Yang, Jufang Wang, Minqi Wang, Iching TangAbstract:Abstract Clostridium tyroButyricum can utilize glucose and xylose as carbon source for Butyric Acid production. However, xylose catabolism is inhibited by glucose, hampering Butyric Acid production from lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates containing both glucose and xylose. In this study, an engineered strain of C. tyroButyricum Ct-pTBA overexpressing heterologous xylose catabolism genes (xylT, xylA, and xylB) was investigated for co-utilizing glucose and xylose present in hydrolysates of plant biomass, including soybean hull, corn fiber, wheat straw, rice straw, and sugarcane bagasse. Compared to the wild-type strain, Ct-pTBA showed higher xylose utilization without significant glucose catabolite repression, achieving near 100% utilization of glucose and xylose present in lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates in bioreactor at pH 6. About 42.6 g/L butyrate at a productivity of 0.56 g/L·h and yield of 0.36 g/g was obtained in batch fermentation, demonstrating the potential of C. tyroButyricum Ct-pTBA for Butyric Acid production from lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates.
Hongxin Fu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of salting out and salting out extraction on the separation of Butyric Acid
Separation and Purification Technology, 2017Co-Authors: Hongxin Fu, Juntao Shen, Xudong Wang, Jufang WangAbstract:Abstract The effects of salting-out and salting-out extraction on the separation of Butyric Acid from the simulated solution were investigated. Ammonium sulfate, monosodium phosphate and calcium chloride were screened out and showed outstanding salting-out ability under Acidic conditions, resulting in a Butyric Acid-rich top phase with a concentration multiple of 6.5–18.7 and an increased selectivity of Butyric Acid to acetic Acid from 4 to 13.8–50.0. However, the salting-out effect of inorganic salt decreased with the Acid concentration, indicating that this method was not effective for separation of Butyric Acid at low concentration. In contrast, salting-out extraction system composed of monosodium phosphate and ethanol exhibited excellent extraction efficiency for both Butyric Acid (∼99%) and acetic Acid (∼90%). The partition coefficient and recovery yield of Butyric Acid increased with the Acid concentration and system composition, while decreased with the hydrophobicity of extractant. Finally, two-step salting-out and salting-out extraction was employed, as a result, the total recovery yield of Butyric Acid and acetic Acid were 99.4–99.5% and 88.5–88.9%, respectively.
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Butyric Acid production from lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates by engineered clostridium tyroButyricum overexpressing xylose catabolism genes for glucose and xylose co utilization
Bioresource Technology, 2017Co-Authors: Hongxin Fu, Shang-tian Yang, Jufang Wang, Minqi Wang, Iching TangAbstract:Abstract Clostridium tyroButyricum can utilize glucose and xylose as carbon source for Butyric Acid production. However, xylose catabolism is inhibited by glucose, hampering Butyric Acid production from lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates containing both glucose and xylose. In this study, an engineered strain of C. tyroButyricum Ct-pTBA overexpressing heterologous xylose catabolism genes (xylT, xylA, and xylB) was investigated for co-utilizing glucose and xylose present in hydrolysates of plant biomass, including soybean hull, corn fiber, wheat straw, rice straw, and sugarcane bagasse. Compared to the wild-type strain, Ct-pTBA showed higher xylose utilization without significant glucose catabolite repression, achieving near 100% utilization of glucose and xylose present in lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates in bioreactor at pH 6. About 42.6 g/L butyrate at a productivity of 0.56 g/L·h and yield of 0.36 g/g was obtained in batch fermentation, demonstrating the potential of C. tyroButyricum Ct-pTBA for Butyric Acid production from lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates.
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Metabolic engineering of Clostridium tyroButyricum for enhanced Butyric Acid production from glucose and xylose
Metabolic Engineering, 2016Co-Authors: Hongxin Fu, Zhilong Xiu, Jufang Wang, Le Yu, Meng Lin, Shang-tian YangAbstract:Clostridium tyroButyricum is a promising microorganism for Butyric Acid production. However, its ability to utilize xylose, the second most abundant sugar found in lignocellulosic biomass, is severely impaired by glucose-mediated carbon catabolite repression (CCR). In this study, CCR in C. tyroButyricum was eliminated by overexpressing three heterologous xylose catabolism genes (xylT, xylA and xlyB) cloned from C. acetobutylicum. Compared to the parental strain, the engineered strain Ct-pTBA produced more Butyric Acid (37.8g/L vs. 19.4g/L) from glucose and xylose simultaneously, at a higher xylose utilization rate (1.28g/L·h vs. 0.16g/L·h) and efficiency (94.3% vs. 13.8%), resulting in a higher butyrate productivity (0.53g/L·h vs. 0.26g/L·h) and yield (0.32g/g vs. 0.28g/g). When the initial total sugar concentration was ~120g/L, both glucose and xylose utilization rates increased with increasing their respective concentration or ratio in the co-substrates but the total sugar utilization rate remained almost unchanged in the fermentation at pH 6.0. Decreasing the pH to 5.0 significantly decreased sugar utilization rates and butyrate productivity, but the effect was more pronounced for xylose than glucose. The addition of benzyl viologen (BV) as an artificial electron carrier facilitated the re-assimilation of acetate and increased butyrate production to a final titer of 46.4g/L, yield of 0.43g/g sugar consumed, productivity of 0.87g/L·h, and Acid purity of 98.3% in free-cell batch fermentation, which were the highest ever reported for Butyric Acid fermentation. The engineered strain with BV addition thus can provide an economical process for Butyric Acid production from lignocellulosic biomass.
Mehmet Bilgin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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phase equilibria of liquid water Butyric Acid oleyl alcohol ternary system
The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 2006Co-Authors: Mehmet BilginAbstract:Abstract (Liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data for the ternary system of (water + Butyric Acid + oleyl alcohol) at T = (298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K are reported. Complete phase diagrams were obtained by determining solubility and the tie-line data. The reliability of the experimental tie lines was confirmed by using Othmer–Tobias correlation. The UNIFAC method was used to predict the phase equilibrium data. The phase diagrams for the ternary mixtures including both the experimental and correlated tie lines are presented. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region. A comparison of the solvent extracting capability was made with respect to distribution coefficients, separation factors, and solvent-free selectivity bases for T = (298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K. It is concluded that oleyl alcohol may serve as an adequate solvent to extract Butyric Acid from its dilute aqueous solutions.
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liquid liquid equilibria of water Butyric Acid isoamyl alcohol ternary system
The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 2005Co-Authors: Mehmet Bilgin, Ş. İsmail Kırbaşlar, Önder Özcan, Umur DramurAbstract:Abstract (Liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data for the ternary system (water + Butyric Acid + isoamyl alcohol) have been determined experimentally at T = (298.15, 308.15 and 318.15) K. Complete phase diagrams were obtained by determining solubility and the tie-line data. Tie-line compositions were correlated by Othmer–Tobias method. The UNIFAC method was used to predict the phase equilibrium in the system using the interaction parameters determined from experimental data between groups CH3, CH2, CH, COOH, OH and H2O. It is found that UNIFAC group interaction parameters used for LLE could not provide a good prediction. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region.
Chun-ming Huang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Leuconostoc mesenteroides fermentation produces Butyric Acid and mediates Ffar2 to regulate blood glucose and insulin in type 1 diabetic mice
Scientific Reports, 2020Co-Authors: Supitchaya Traisaeng, Anir Batsukh, Tsung-hsien Chuang, Deron Raymond Herr, Yu-fen Huang, Battogtokh Chimeddorj, Chun-ming HuangAbstract:Type 1 diabetic patients have lower counts of Butyric Acid-producing bacteria in the dysbiotic gut microbiome. In this study, we demonstrate that a Butyric Acid-producing Leuconostoc mesenteroides ( L. mesenteroides ) EH-1 strain isolated from Mongolian curd cheese can reduce blood glucose and IL-6 in the type 1 diabetic mouse model. L. mesenteroides EH-1 fermentation yielded high concentrations of Butyric Acid both in vitro and in vivo . Butyric Acid or L. mesenteroides EH-1 increased the amounts of insulin in Min6 cell culture and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Inhibition or siRNA knockdown of free fatty Acid receptor 2 (Ffar2) considerably reduced the anti-diabetic effect of probiotic L. mesenteroides EH-1 or Butyric Acid by lowering the level of blood glucose. We here demonstrate that Ffar2 mediated the effects of L. mesenteroides EH-1 and butryic Acid on regulation of blood glucose and insulin in type 1 diabetic mice.
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a derivative of Butyric Acid the fermentation metabolite of staphylococcus epidermidis inhibits the growth of a staphylococcus aureus strain isolated from atopic dermatitis patients
Toxins, 2019Co-Authors: Supitchaya Traisaeng, Tsung-hsien Chuang, Chun-ming Huang, Deron R Herr, Hsinjou KaoAbstract:The microbiome is a rich source of metabolites for the development of novel drugs. Butyric Acid, for example, is a short-chain fatty Acid fermentation metabolite of the skin probiotic bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis). Glycerol fermentation of S. epidermidis resulted in the production of Butyric Acid and effectively hindered the growth of a Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strain isolated from skin lesions of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) in vitro and in vivo. This approach, however, is unlikely to be therapeutically useful since Butyric Acid is malodorous and requires a high concentration in the mM range for growth suppression of AD S. aureus. A derivative of Butyric Acid, BA-NH-NH-BA, was synthesized by conjugation of two Butyric Acids to both ends of an -NH-O-NH- linker. BA-NH-NH-BA significantly lowered the concentration of Butyric Acid required to inhibit the growth of AD S. aureus. Like Butyric Acid, BA-NH-NH-BA functioned as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor by inducing the acetylation of Histone H3 lysine 9 (AcH3K9) in human keratinocytes. Furthermore, BA-NH-NH-BA ameliorated AD S. aureus-induced production of pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-6 and remarkably reduced the colonization of AD S. aureus in mouse skin. These results describe a novel derivative of a skin microbiome fermentation metabolite that exhibits anti-inflammatory and S. aureus bactericidal activity.
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a co drug of Butyric Acid derived from fermentation metabolites of the human skin microbiome stimulates adipogenic differentiation of adipose derived stem cells implications in tissue augmentation
Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 2017Co-Authors: Yanhan Wang, Lingjuan Zhang, Jinghua Yu, Stephen Huang, Zhenping Wang, K A Chun, Yingtung Chen, Richard L Gallo, Chun-ming HuangAbstract:We show that Staphylococcus epidermidis , a commensal bacterium in the human skin microbiome, produces short-chain fatty Acids by glycerol fermentation that can induce adipogenesis. Although the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of short-chain fatty Acids have been previously well characterized, little is known about the contribution of short-chain fatty Acids to the adipogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). We show that ADSCs differentiated into adipocytes and accumulated lipids in the cytoplasm when cultured with Butyric Acid, a principal short-chain fatty Acid in the fermentation metabolites of S. epidermidis. Additionally, a co-drug, Butyric Acid 2-(2-butyryloxyethoxy) ethyl ester (BA-DEG-BA), released active Butyric Acid when it was intradermally injected into mouse ears and induced ADSC differentiation, characterized by an increased expression of cytoplasmic lipids and perilipin A. The BA-DEG-BA–induced adipogenic differentiation was mediated via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Furthermore, intradermal injection of ADSCs along with BA-DEG-BA into mouse ears markedly enhanced the adipogenic differentiation of ADSCs, leading to dermal augmentation. Our study introduces BA-DEG-BA as an enhancer of ADSC adipogenesis and suggests an integral interaction between the human skin microbiome and ADSCs.
