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Anthony B. Rylands - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Taxonomic review of the New World tamarins (Primates: Callitrichidae)
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2016Co-Authors: Anthony B. Rylands, Ricardo Sampaio, Janet C. Buckner, Jessica Lynch Alfaro, Eckhard W. Heymann, Christian Roos, Christian Matauschek, Jean P. Boubli, Russell A. MittermeierAbstract:Twelve generic names have been ascribed to the New World tamarins but all are currently placed in just one: Saguinus Hoffmannsegg, 1807. Based on geographical distributions, morphology, and pelage patterns and coloration, they have been divided into six species groups: (1) nigricollis, (2) mystax, (3) midas, (4) inustus, (5) bicolor and (6) oedipus. Molecular phylogenetic studies have validated five of these groups; each are distinct clades. Saguinus inustus is embedded in the mystax group. Genetic studies show that tamarins are sister to all other callitrichids, diverging 15−13 Ma. The small-bodied nigricollis group diverged from the remaining, larger tamarins 11−8 Ma, and the mystax group diverged 7−6 Ma; these radiations are older than those of the marmosets (Callithrix, Cebuella, Mico), which began to diversify 6−5 Ma. The oedipus group diverged from the midas and bicolor groups 5−4 Ma. We review recent taxonomic changes and summarize the history of the generic names. Taking into account the Late Miocene divergence time (11−8 Ma) between the large- and small-bodied tamarin lineages, the small size of the nigricollis group species when compared with other tamarins, and the sympatry of the nigricollis group species with the larger mystax group species, we argue that the nigricollis group be recognized as a distinct genus: Leontocebus Wagner, 1839.
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Biogeography of the marmosets and tamarins (Callitrichidae).
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2015Co-Authors: Janet C. Buckner, Anthony B. Rylands, Jessica Lynch Alfaro, Michael E. AlfaroAbstract:The marmosets and tamarins, Family Callitrichidae, are Neotropical primates with over 60 species and subspecies that inhabit much of South America. Although callitrichids exhibit a remarkable widespread distribution, attempts to unravel their biogeographic history have been limited by taxonomic confusion and the lack of an appropriate statistical biogeographic framework. Here, we construct a time-calibrated multi-locus phylogeny from GenBank data and the callitrichid literature for 38 taxa. We use this framework to conduct statistical biogeographic analyses of callitrichids using BioGeoBEARS. The DIVAj model is the best supported reconstruction of biogeographic history among our analyses and suggests that the most recent common ancestor to the callitrichids was widespread across forested regions c. 14 Ma. There is also support for multiple colonizations of the Atlantic forest region from the Amazon basin, first by Leontopithecus c. 11 Ma and later by Callithrix c. 5 Ma. Our results show support for a 9 million year old split between a small-bodied group and large-bodied group of tamarins. These phylogenetic data, in concert with the consistent difference in body size between the two groups and geographical patterns (small-bodied tamarins and large-bodied tamarins have an unusually high degree of geographic overlap for congeners) lend support to our suggestion to split Saguinus into two genera, and we propose the use of distinct generic names; Leontocebus and Saguinus, respectively.
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The Systematics and Distributions of the Marmosets (Callithrix, Callibella, Cebuella, and Mico) and Callimico (Callimico) (Callitrichidae, Primates)
The Smallest Anthropoids, 2009Co-Authors: Anthony B. Rylands, Adelmar F. Coimbra-filho, Russell A. MittermeierAbstract:The New World primate family Callitrichidae includes seven genera of marmosets, tamarins, lion tamarins and callimico. They are small, arboreal, diurnal, insectivore/frugivores of the forests, chaco, and scrub of tropical Central and South America. Some 60 species and subspecies of the family Callitrichidae are now recognized, 22 of which are considered to be marmosets, the “short-tusked” genera with dental and behavioral adaptations for tree-gouging and exudate-feeding. The marmosets are divided into four taxonomic groups, which we recognize as genera: Callithrix (eastern Brazilian marmosets of the Jacchus-group), Cebuella (the Amazonian pygmy marmosets), Callibella (the Amazonian dwarf marmoset), and Mico (the Amazonian marmosets of the Argentata-group). Studies over the last decade have demonstrated that Goeldi’s monkey or callimico is a sister species to these marmosets. Here we review the most recent information concerning the taxonomy of these 23 species and what is known of their geographic distributions in the wild.
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A New Subspecies of Saguinus fuscicollis (Primates, Callitrichidae)
International Journal of Primatology, 2009Co-Authors: Fabio Röhe, José De Sousa Silva, Ricardo Sampaio, Anthony B. RylandsAbstract:Saddleback tamarins ( Saguinus fuscicollis , S. melanoleucus , and S. tripartitus ) occur in the upper Amazon, west of the rios Madeira and Mamoré–Guaporé to the Andes. They currently comprise 13 species and subspecies in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Here we report on a previously undescribed subspecies of Saguinus fuscicollis from the interfluvium of the lower rios Madeira and Purus in the central Amazon of Brazil. It is a distinct form with a very pronounced mottling on the back giving the appearance of a saddle, a characteristic shared by the 3 species, and the reason for their collective common name. The lack of a white superciliary chevron and its highly mottled ochraceous-dark brown to black saddle that extends from the scapular region to the base of the tail distinguish the new taxon from Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli. The latter characteristic also distinguishes it from another saddleback tamarin ( Saguinus fuscicollis ssp.) that has been reported immediately to the south of its range in the same interfluvium. We compare pelage coloration, external characters and craniometric measurements with its geographically closest relatives, Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli and S. f. avilapiresi , and indicate its probable geographic distribution in a small area between the rios Madeira and Purus, just south of the Rio Amazonas.
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A New Subspecies of Saguinus fuscicollis (Primates, Callitrichidae)
International Journal of Primatology, 2009Co-Authors: Fabio Röhe, Ricardo Sampaio, José De Sousa E Silva, Anthony B. RylandsAbstract:Saddleback tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis, S. melanoleucus, and S. tripartitus) occur in the upper Amazon, west of the rios Madeira and Mamore–Guapore to the Andes. They currently comprise 13 species and subspecies in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Here we report on a previously undescribed subspecies of Saguinus fuscicollis from the interfluvium of the lower rios Madeira and Purus in the central Amazon of Brazil. It is a distinct form with a very pronounced mottling on the back giving the appearance of a saddle, a characteristic shared by the 3 species, and the reason for their collective common name. The lack of a white superciliary chevron and its highly mottled ochraceous-dark brown to black saddle that extends from the scapular region to the base of the tail distinguish the new taxon from Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli. The latter characteristic also distinguishes it from another saddleback tamarin (Saguinus fuscicollis ssp.) that has been reported immediately to the south of its range in the same interfluvium. We compare pelage coloration, external characters and craniometric measurements with its geographically closest relatives, Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli and S. f. avilapiresi, and indicate its probable geographic distribution in a small area between the rios Madeira and Purus, just south of the Rio Amazonas.
Ricardo Sampaio - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Taxonomic review of the New World tamarins (Primates: Callitrichidae)
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2016Co-Authors: Anthony B. Rylands, Ricardo Sampaio, Janet C. Buckner, Jessica Lynch Alfaro, Eckhard W. Heymann, Christian Roos, Christian Matauschek, Jean P. Boubli, Russell A. MittermeierAbstract:Twelve generic names have been ascribed to the New World tamarins but all are currently placed in just one: Saguinus Hoffmannsegg, 1807. Based on geographical distributions, morphology, and pelage patterns and coloration, they have been divided into six species groups: (1) nigricollis, (2) mystax, (3) midas, (4) inustus, (5) bicolor and (6) oedipus. Molecular phylogenetic studies have validated five of these groups; each are distinct clades. Saguinus inustus is embedded in the mystax group. Genetic studies show that tamarins are sister to all other callitrichids, diverging 15−13 Ma. The small-bodied nigricollis group diverged from the remaining, larger tamarins 11−8 Ma, and the mystax group diverged 7−6 Ma; these radiations are older than those of the marmosets (Callithrix, Cebuella, Mico), which began to diversify 6−5 Ma. The oedipus group diverged from the midas and bicolor groups 5−4 Ma. We review recent taxonomic changes and summarize the history of the generic names. Taking into account the Late Miocene divergence time (11−8 Ma) between the large- and small-bodied tamarin lineages, the small size of the nigricollis group species when compared with other tamarins, and the sympatry of the nigricollis group species with the larger mystax group species, we argue that the nigricollis group be recognized as a distinct genus: Leontocebus Wagner, 1839.
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A New Subspecies of Saguinus fuscicollis (Primates, Callitrichidae)
International Journal of Primatology, 2009Co-Authors: Fabio Röhe, José De Sousa Silva, Ricardo Sampaio, Anthony B. RylandsAbstract:Saddleback tamarins ( Saguinus fuscicollis , S. melanoleucus , and S. tripartitus ) occur in the upper Amazon, west of the rios Madeira and Mamoré–Guaporé to the Andes. They currently comprise 13 species and subspecies in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Here we report on a previously undescribed subspecies of Saguinus fuscicollis from the interfluvium of the lower rios Madeira and Purus in the central Amazon of Brazil. It is a distinct form with a very pronounced mottling on the back giving the appearance of a saddle, a characteristic shared by the 3 species, and the reason for their collective common name. The lack of a white superciliary chevron and its highly mottled ochraceous-dark brown to black saddle that extends from the scapular region to the base of the tail distinguish the new taxon from Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli. The latter characteristic also distinguishes it from another saddleback tamarin ( Saguinus fuscicollis ssp.) that has been reported immediately to the south of its range in the same interfluvium. We compare pelage coloration, external characters and craniometric measurements with its geographically closest relatives, Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli and S. f. avilapiresi , and indicate its probable geographic distribution in a small area between the rios Madeira and Purus, just south of the Rio Amazonas.
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A New Subspecies of Saguinus fuscicollis (Primates, Callitrichidae)
International Journal of Primatology, 2009Co-Authors: Fabio Röhe, Ricardo Sampaio, José De Sousa E Silva, Anthony B. RylandsAbstract:Saddleback tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis, S. melanoleucus, and S. tripartitus) occur in the upper Amazon, west of the rios Madeira and Mamore–Guapore to the Andes. They currently comprise 13 species and subspecies in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Here we report on a previously undescribed subspecies of Saguinus fuscicollis from the interfluvium of the lower rios Madeira and Purus in the central Amazon of Brazil. It is a distinct form with a very pronounced mottling on the back giving the appearance of a saddle, a characteristic shared by the 3 species, and the reason for their collective common name. The lack of a white superciliary chevron and its highly mottled ochraceous-dark brown to black saddle that extends from the scapular region to the base of the tail distinguish the new taxon from Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli. The latter characteristic also distinguishes it from another saddleback tamarin (Saguinus fuscicollis ssp.) that has been reported immediately to the south of its range in the same interfluvium. We compare pelage coloration, external characters and craniometric measurements with its geographically closest relatives, Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli and S. f. avilapiresi, and indicate its probable geographic distribution in a small area between the rios Madeira and Purus, just south of the Rio Amazonas.
Fabio Röhe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A New Subspecies of Saguinus fuscicollis (Primates, Callitrichidae)
International Journal of Primatology, 2009Co-Authors: Fabio Röhe, José De Sousa Silva, Ricardo Sampaio, Anthony B. RylandsAbstract:Saddleback tamarins ( Saguinus fuscicollis , S. melanoleucus , and S. tripartitus ) occur in the upper Amazon, west of the rios Madeira and Mamoré–Guaporé to the Andes. They currently comprise 13 species and subspecies in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Here we report on a previously undescribed subspecies of Saguinus fuscicollis from the interfluvium of the lower rios Madeira and Purus in the central Amazon of Brazil. It is a distinct form with a very pronounced mottling on the back giving the appearance of a saddle, a characteristic shared by the 3 species, and the reason for their collective common name. The lack of a white superciliary chevron and its highly mottled ochraceous-dark brown to black saddle that extends from the scapular region to the base of the tail distinguish the new taxon from Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli. The latter characteristic also distinguishes it from another saddleback tamarin ( Saguinus fuscicollis ssp.) that has been reported immediately to the south of its range in the same interfluvium. We compare pelage coloration, external characters and craniometric measurements with its geographically closest relatives, Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli and S. f. avilapiresi , and indicate its probable geographic distribution in a small area between the rios Madeira and Purus, just south of the Rio Amazonas.
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A New Subspecies of Saguinus fuscicollis (Primates, Callitrichidae)
International Journal of Primatology, 2009Co-Authors: Fabio Röhe, Ricardo Sampaio, José De Sousa E Silva, Anthony B. RylandsAbstract:Saddleback tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis, S. melanoleucus, and S. tripartitus) occur in the upper Amazon, west of the rios Madeira and Mamore–Guapore to the Andes. They currently comprise 13 species and subspecies in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Here we report on a previously undescribed subspecies of Saguinus fuscicollis from the interfluvium of the lower rios Madeira and Purus in the central Amazon of Brazil. It is a distinct form with a very pronounced mottling on the back giving the appearance of a saddle, a characteristic shared by the 3 species, and the reason for their collective common name. The lack of a white superciliary chevron and its highly mottled ochraceous-dark brown to black saddle that extends from the scapular region to the base of the tail distinguish the new taxon from Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli. The latter characteristic also distinguishes it from another saddleback tamarin (Saguinus fuscicollis ssp.) that has been reported immediately to the south of its range in the same interfluvium. We compare pelage coloration, external characters and craniometric measurements with its geographically closest relatives, Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli and S. f. avilapiresi, and indicate its probable geographic distribution in a small area between the rios Madeira and Purus, just south of the Rio Amazonas.
Alcides Pissinatti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Next-Generation Sequencing of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Endangered Species Black Lion Tamarin Leontopithecus chrysopygus (Primates) and Mitogenomic Phylogeny Focusing on the Callitrichidae Family
G3 (Bethesda Md.), 2018Co-Authors: Patrícia Domingues De Freitas, Alcides Pissinatti, Fernando L. Mendez, Karla Chávez-congrains, Pedro M. Galetti, Luiz Lehmann Coutinho, Carlos BustamanteAbstract:We describe the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Black Lion Tamarin, an endangered primate species endemic to the Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil. We assembled the Leontopithecus chrysopygus mitogenome, through analysis of 523M base pairs (bp) of short reads produced by next-generation sequencing (NGS) on the Illumina Platform, and investigated the presence of nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes and heteroplasmic sites. Additionally, we conducted phylogenetic analyses using all complete mitogenomes available for primates until June 2017. The single circular mitogenome of BLT showed organization and arrangement that are typical for other vertebrate species, with a total of 16618 bp, containing 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 1 non-coding region (D-loop region). Our full phylogenetic tree is based on the most comprehensive mitogenomic dataset for Callitrichidae species to date, adding new data for the Leontopithecus genus, and discussing previous studies performed on primates. Moreover, the mitochondrial genome reported here consists of a robust mitogenome with 3000X coverage, which certainly will be useful for further phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses of Callitrichidae and higher taxa.
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New potential Plasmodium brasilianum hosts: tamarin and marmoset monkeys (family Callitrichidae)
Malaria Journal, 2017Co-Authors: Denise A. M. Alvarenga, Alcides Pissinatti, Anielle Pina-costa, Cesare Bianco, Patricia Brasil, Claudio Daniel-ribeiro, Silvia B. Moreira, Cristiana F. A. BritoAbstract:Background Non-human primates (NHPs) as a source for Plasmodium infections in humans are a challenge for malaria elimination. In Brazil, two species of Plasmodium have been described infecting NHPs, Plasmodium brasilianum and Plasmodium simium . Both species are infective to man. Plasmodium brasilianum resembles morphologically, genetically and immunologically the human quartan Plasmodium malariae . Plasmodium brasilianum naturally infects species of non-human primates from all New World monkey families from a large geographic area. In the family Callitrichidae only the genus Saguinus has been described infected so far. The present study describes the natural infection of P. brasilianum in tamarins and marmosets of the genera Callithrix , Mico and Leontopithecus in the Atlantic forest. Methods One hundred and twenty-two NHPs of the family Callitrichidae housed in the Primate Centre of Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ) were sampled in June 2015, and January and July 2016. The CPRJ is located in the Atlantic forest in the Guapimirim municipality, in the Rio de Janeiro state, where human autochthonous cases of malaria have been reported. The samples were screened for the presence of Plasmodium using optical microscopy and nested PCR for detection of 18S small subunit rRNA gene. The amplicon was sequenced to confirm the molecular diagnosis. Results The frequency of Plasmodium infections detected by nested PCR in New World monkeys of the family Callitrichidae was 6.6%. For the first time, Callitrichidae primates of genera Callithrix , Mico and Leontopithecus were found naturally infected with P. brasilianum . Infection was confirmed by sequencing a small fragment of 18S rRNA gene, although no parasites were detected in blood smears. Conclusions The reported P. brasilianum infection in NHP species maintained in captivity suggests that infection can be favoured by the presence of vectors and the proximity between known (and unknown) hosts of malaria. Thus, the list of potential malaria reservoirs needs to be further explored.
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New potential Plasmodium brasilianum hosts: tamarin and marmoset monkeys (family Callitrichidae)
Malaria journal, 2017Co-Authors: Denise A. M. Alvarenga, Alcides Pissinatti, Anielle Pina-costa, Cesare Bianco, Patricia Brasil, Claudio Daniel-ribeiro, Silvia B. Moreira, Cristiana F. A. BritoAbstract:Non-human primates (NHPs) as a source for Plasmodium infections in humans are a challenge for malaria elimination. In Brazil, two species of Plasmodium have been described infecting NHPs, Plasmodium brasilianum and Plasmodium simium. Both species are infective to man. Plasmodium brasilianum resembles morphologically, genetically and immunologically the human quartan Plasmodium malariae. Plasmodium brasilianum naturally infects species of non-human primates from all New World monkey families from a large geographic area. In the family Callitrichidae only the genus Saguinus has been described infected so far. The present study describes the natural infection of P. brasilianum in tamarins and marmosets of the genera Callithrix, Mico and Leontopithecus in the Atlantic forest. One hundred and twenty-two NHPs of the family Callitrichidae housed in the Primate Centre of Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ) were sampled in June 2015, and January and July 2016. The CPRJ is located in the Atlantic forest in the Guapimirim municipality, in the Rio de Janeiro state, where human autochthonous cases of malaria have been reported. The samples were screened for the presence of Plasmodium using optical microscopy and nested PCR for detection of 18S small subunit rRNA gene. The amplicon was sequenced to confirm the molecular diagnosis. The frequency of Plasmodium infections detected by nested PCR in New World monkeys of the family Callitrichidae was 6.6%. For the first time, Callitrichidae primates of genera Callithrix, Mico and Leontopithecus were found naturally infected with P. brasilianum. Infection was confirmed by sequencing a small fragment of 18S rRNA gene, although no parasites were detected in blood smears. The reported P. brasilianum infection in NHP species maintained in captivity suggests that infection can be favoured by the presence of vectors and the proximity between known (and unknown) hosts of malaria. Thus, the list of potential malaria reservoirs needs to be further explored.
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MOESM2 of New potential Plasmodium brasilianum hosts: tamarin and marmoset monkeys (family Callitrichidae)
2017Co-Authors: Denise Alvarenga, Alcides Pissinatti, Anielle Pina-costa, Cesare Bianco, Silvia Moreira, Patricia Brasil, Claudio Daniel-ribeiro, Cristiana BritoAbstract:Additional file 2: Table S2. Review of description of natural infection by Plasmodium brasilianum in family Callitrichidae
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Stereology of the myocardium in Leontopithecus (Lesson, 1840) Callitrichidae - primates.
Journal of medical primatology, 2003Co-Authors: Alcides Pissinatti, Carlos Henrique Freitas Burity, Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-lacerdaAbstract:Rare morphological features of the Leontopithecus cardiovascular system have been reported in the literature. The samples analyzed in this study came from 33 specimens of Leontopithecus from the collection of the Center of Primatology of Rio de Janeiro-FEEMA (CPRJ-FEEMA). Morphometry and stereological data were obtained from all animals. Adult body weights of L. rosalia were the lowest, the greatest being those of L. chrysopygus caissara; body weights of L. chrysomelas and L. c. chrysopygus were similar and in between those of the two former species. Cardiomyocytes (left ventricular myocardium) were bigger in adults than in infants. The myocardium of L. rosalia showed focal fibrosis, fatty vacuoles, and hyalinization. In L. chrysomelas the myocardium showed areas of fibrosis and presence of mononuclear cells. Fibrosis and areas of congestion were observed in L. c. chrysopygus; areas of disorganization and vascular congestion were found in L. c. caissara. In L. rosalia infants, a greater density of vessels per myocardial area and a greater length density of vessels were observed as compared with those of L. chrysomelas. In adults, L. chrysomelas showed greater density of connective tissue in the myocardium than L. c. chrysopygus and L. c. caissara did. In L. rosalia, cardiomyocyte nuclei had a greater area density than those of the other forms of Leontopithecus. These characteristics may explain the faster development of L. rosalia infants as compared with that of L. chrysomelas and L. c. chrysopygus kept under the same handling conditions at the CPRJ-FEEMA.
C. Nofre - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Taste Preference in Nonhuman Primates to Compounds Sweet in Mana
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1998Co-Authors: D. Glaser, J. M. Tinti, C. NofreAbstract:: Primates have stimulated more interest than any other group as humans are ranked in this same mammalian order. Gustatory responses of human and nonhuman primates have already been compared for compounds such as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polyols, amino acids, dipeptides, proteins, dihydrochalcones, sulfamates, saccharin, acesulfame, diterpenes or urea derivatives, all known to be sweet in man. But no rational comparison in primates has been attempted. Using a structure-activity relationship study in primates, it is now possible to classify the primate sweetness receptors into four types according to the behavioral responses observed from various selected compounds sweet in humans. The four types are represented by (1) the Callitrichidae and (2) the Cebidae, both from the infraorder Platyrrhini (New World monkeys), (3) the Lemuridae and Lorisidae, from the suborder Prosimii (prosimians), and (4) the Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys), Hylobatidae (lesser apes), Pongidae (great apes), and Hominidae (humans) from the infraorder Catarrhini (Old World simians). By a comparative study of the putative receptor recognition sites postulated for each type of receptor, it is inferred that the Callitrichidae (marmosets and tamarins) have retained the most primitive sweetness receptor among primates. As we believe that the evolution of the sweetness receptor is a key factor involved in the raising of nonhuman primates from a ‘primitive grade’ towards a more ‘advanced’ or ‘simian grade,’ the possible phylogenetic implications of these findings will be discussed.
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Evolution of the sweetness receptor in primates. II. Gustatory responses of non-human primates to nine compounds known to be sweet in man.
Chemical senses, 1996Co-Authors: C. Nofre, J. M. Tinti, D. GlaserAbstract:The gustatory responses of nine compounds, namely glycine, D-phenylalanine, D-tryptophan, cyanosuosan, magapame, sucrononate, campame, cyclamate and superaspartame, all known as sweet in man, were studied in 41 species or subspecies of non-human primates, selected among Prosimii (Lemuridae and Lorisidae), Platyrrhini (Callitrichidae and Cebidae) and Catarrhini (Cercopithecidae, Hylobatidae and Pongidae). The first six compounds are generally sweet to all primates, which implies that they interact with the primate sweetness receptors essentially through constant recognition sites. Campame is sweet only to Cebidae and Catarrhini, cyclamate only to Catarrhini, superaspartame principally to Callitrichidae and Catarrhini, which implies that all these compounds interact with the receptors partly through variable recognition sites. From the present work, from other previous results (where notably it was observed that alitame is sweet to all primates, ampame only to Prosimii and Catarrhini, and aspartame only to Catarrhini), and from the multipoint attachment (MPA) theory of sweetness reception (as elaborated by Nofre and Tinti from a detailed study of structure-activity relationships of various sweeteners in man), it is inferred that the primate sweetness receptors are very likely made up of eight recognition sites, of which the first, second, third, fourth, seventh and eighth are constant, and the fifth and sixth variable. From these results and from the MPA theory, it is also inferred that the recognition sites of the primate sweetness receptors could be: Asp-1 or Glu-1, Lys-2, Asp-3 or Glu-3, Thr-4, X-5, X-6, Thr-7, Ser-8, where the variable recognition sites X-5 and X-6 would be: Ala-5 and Ala-6 for Callitrichidae, Ser-5 and Ala-6 for Cebidae, Ala-5 and Thr-6 for Prosimii, and Thr-5 and Thr-6 for Catarrhini. By using Tupaiidae (tree shrews) as a reference outgroup and by means of other structural and functional molecular considerations, it appears that Callitrichidae have retained the most primitive receptor among the four types of primate receptors. The possible taxonomic and phylogenetic implications of these findings are discussed.
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Evolution of the sweetness receptor in primates. II. Gustatory responses of non-human primates to nine compounds known to be sweet in man. Chem. Senses 21:747–762
1996Co-Authors: C. Nofre, J. M. Tinti, D. GlaserAbstract:The gustatory responses of nine compounds, namely glycine, D-phenylalanine, r>tryptophan, cyanosuosan, magapame, sucrononate, campame, cyclamate and superaspartame, all known as sweet in man, were studied in 41 species or subspecies of non-human primates, selected among Prosimii (Lemuridae and Lorisidae), Platyrrhini (Callitrichidae and Cebidae) and Catarrhini (Cercopithecidae, Hylobatidae and Pongidae). The first six compounds are generally sweet to all primates, which implies that they interact with the primate sweetness receptors essentially through constant recognition sites. Campame is sweet only to Cebidae and Catarrhini, cyclamate only to Catarrhini, superaspartame principally to Callitrichidae and Catarrhini, which implies that all these compounds interact with the receptors partly through variable recognition sites. From the present work, from other previous results (where notably it was observed that alitame is sweet to all primates, ampame only to Prosimii and Catarrhini, and aspartame only to Catarrhini), and from the multipoint attachment (MPA) theory of sweetness reception (as elaborated by Nofre and Tinti from a detailed study of structure-activity relationships of various sweeteners in man), it is inferred that the primate sweetness receptors are very likely made up of eight recognition sites, of which the first, second, third
