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Eckhard W. Heymann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Patterns of Infection with Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia sp. in Three Species of Free-Ranging Primates in the Peruvian Amazon
International Journal of Primatology, 2013Co-Authors: Kendall A. West, Eckhard W. Heymann, Britta Mueller, Thomas R. GillespieAbstract:Recent evidence of pathogen transmission to humans from wild primates and a greater recognition of the risk of human pathogen transmission to free-ranging primates have raised awareness of the potential impact of zoonotic pathogen transmission on primate conservation and nonhuman primate and human health. Cryptosporidium and Giardia are zoonotic protozoan parasites transmitted via fecal–oral contamination or water that can cause gastritis or enteritis in human and nonhuman primates. From June 2002 to September 2003, we collected fecal samples noninvasively from two species of tamarins ( Saguinus mystax and S. nigrifrons ) and one species of titi monkeys ( Callicebus cupreus ) at the Estación Biológica Quebrada Blanco in the Peruvian Amazon to determine the distribution and prevalence of these potential pathogens. We screened 140 fecal samples representing known individuals of each species for Cryptosporidium and Giardia using the Merifluor immunoflourescence assay to determine the prevalence and intensity of infection with these organisms. With the exception of two samples we collected during the same week from a juvenile male Saguinus mystax , all samples were negative for Cryptosporidium . None of the fecal samples were positive for Giardia . The low prevalence of infection we observed limited our ability to examine the effects of demographic and environmental variables on patterns of infection; however, the exceptionally low prevalence of Cryptosporidium suggests that it is not a current health threat to these primate populations. Although the origin of infection with Cryptosporidium in the juvenile male Saguinus mystax cannot be determined, its presence alerts us to the potential for cross-species transmission and highlights the need for more detailed research to improve our understanding of the distribution and diversity of potentially pathogenic protozoa in Neotropical primate populations.
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Seed dispersal by sympatric tamarins, Saguinus mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis: diversity and characteristics of plant species.
Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology, 2003Co-Authors: Christoph Knogge, Eckhard W. HeymannAbstract:In a comparative study of Saguinus mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis, we examined the spectrum of plant species whose seeds are dispersed by these two tamarin species. We characterize these plants in terms of life form, fruit colour, pulp consistency and seed dimensions. The tamarins disperse a much broader spectrum of plant species than previously reported (88 of the total of 155 species exploited for fruit). While the distribution over plant life form, fruit colour and pulp consistency is identical between dispersed plant species and the overall spectrum of consumed plant species, clear differences exist in all seed parameters (length, width, height, volume, mass) except specific weight between dispersed and non-dispersed plant species for both tamarin species. Plant and fruit characteristics and seed parameters of dispersed plant species do not differ between S. mystax and S. fuscicollis, suggesting that their ecological and evolutionary interaction with plants is very similar or identical.
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Interspecific Variation of Scent-Marking Behaviour in Wild Tamarins, Saguinus mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis
Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology, 2001Co-Authors: Eckhard W. HeymannAbstract:The scent-marking behaviour of sympatric moustached, Saguinus mystax , and saddle-back tamarins, Saguinus fuscicollis , was compared in order to explore interspecif
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Vertebrate predation by sympatric tamarins, Saguinus mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis.
American journal of primatology, 2000Co-Authors: Eckhard W. Heymann, Christoph Knogge, Emérita R. Tirado HerreraAbstract:Vertebrate predation was examined in sympatric moustached tamarins (Saguinus mystax) and saddle-back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis) in the Amazon rainforest of northeastern Peru. Both species prey on frogs and lizards, and very rarely on nestling birds. As a result of divergent foraging strategies, S. mystax primarily exploited frogs at higher strata of the forest, while S. fuscicollis predominantly preyed on reptiles in the lower strata and on the ground. This difference may strengthen the niche differentiation between these two tamarin species that exists with regard to other prey.
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Field Observations of the Golden-Mantled Tamarin, Saguinus tripartitus, on theRío Curaray, Peruvian Amazonia
Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology, 2000Co-Authors: Eckhard W. HeymannAbstract:During a primatological survey on the Rio Curaray in north-eastern Peruvian Amazonia, observations on the ecology and behaviour of the golden-mantled tamarin, Saguinus tripartitus, were made. Two groups consisting of 6 and 9 individuals were observed. The diet of one group that was observed in some detail consisted of fruit, insects (tettigoniid orthopterans) and gums. Patterns of height use were very similar to those observed in saddle-back tamarins, Saguinus fuscicollis. This similarity and the lack of evidence for sympatry with either S. fuscicollis or S. nigricollis lead to the suggestion that S. tripartitus should be reconsidered as a subspecies of S. fuscicollis rather than a species on its own; alternatively, other subspecies of S. fuscicollis should be raised in taxonomic rank.
Hannah M. Buchanan-smith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The effect of colour vision status on the detection and selection of fruits by tamarins (Saguinus spp.).
Journal of Experimental Biology, 2003Co-Authors: Andrew C. Smith, Hannah M. Buchanan-smith, Alison K. Surridge, Daniel Osorio, Nicholas I. MundyAbstract:The evolution of trichromatic colour vision by the majority of anthropoid primates has been linked to the efficient detection and selection of food, particularly ripe fruits among leaves in dappled light. Modelling of visual signals has shown that trichromats should be more efficient than dichromats at distinguishing both fruits from leaves and ripe from unripe fruits. This prediction is tested in a controlled captive setting using stimuli recreated from those actually encountered by wild tamarins (Saguinus spp.). Dietary data and reflectance spectra of Abuta fluminum fruits eaten by wild saddleback (Saguinus fuscicollis) and moustached (Saguinus mystax) tamarins and their associated leaves were collected in Peru. A. fluminum leaves, and fruits in three stages of ripeness, were reproduced and presented to captive saddleback and red-bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus). Trichromats were quicker to learn the task and were more efficient at selecting ripe fruits than were dichromats. This is the first time that a trichromatic foraging advantage has been demonstrated for monkeys using naturalistic stimuli with the same chromatic properties as those encountered by wild animals.
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Responses of Captive Single- and Mixed-Species Groups of Saguinus to Novel Nonthreatening Objects
International Journal of Primatology, 2000Co-Authors: Scott M. Hardie, Hannah M. Buchanan-smithAbstract:The provision of novel objects allows one to probe for behavioural differences among species. This is particularly relevant when studying species that form mixed-species groups, as divergent responses may provide clues to the advantages that individuals gain from associating. We compared the responsiveness to novel objects in captive single- and mixed-species groups of saddleback (Saguinus fuscicollis) and red-bellied (Saguinus labiatus) tamarins to determine the influence of a congener. We tested groups with novel objects placed near the top, the middle, and on the floor of their enclosures and measured latency to approach and touch them. We tested predictions related to differences in lifestyle patterns under natural conditions. As we predicted, S.labiatus, which usually occur at a higher mean height in the forest than their congeners, responded to objects placed near the top of the enclosure significantly quicker in both single- and mixed-species groups. S. fuscicollis responded to objects placed on the floor quicker, and in mixed-species groups S. fuscicollis approached them before S. labiatus did. There were specific differences in median touch–approach time (T-A): Saguinus fuscicollis had a shorter T-A time than that of S. labiatus , which can be related to their manipulative foraging style. Reaction times decreased in mixed-species trials for both species, suggesting that the reaction of one species may effect the congener. Both species may benefit through association, though the dominance of Saguinus labiatus over S. fuscicollis may limit the advantages to S. fuscicollis . Over all our study supports the idea that cross-specific social facilitation is an important consequence of mixed-species groups of Saguinus .
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Distribution and Forest Utilization of Saguinus and Other Primates of the Pando Department, Northern Bolivia
International Journal of Primatology, 2000Co-Authors: Hannah M. Buchanan-smith, Scott M. Hardie, Carolina Caceres, Mark J PrescottAbstract:We carried out a 4-month census of primates in the Pando Department of northern Bolivia with special emphasis on Saguinus species. Contrary to a previous report by Izawa and Bejarano (1981), there was no evidence for the presence of the two populations of Saguinus mystax that they reported, or that Lagothrix occurs in the Pando. In addition, we found the distribution of Saguinus imperator to be more restricted than they suggested. We confirm the presence of Cebuella south of the Río Tahuamanu (cf. Brown and Rumiz, 1986) and report two new locations for Callimico goeldii . We present data on group sizes, habitat utilization, and locomotor behavior of the primates and compare them with previous studies in the Pando. Differences in body size, diet, foraging techniques, and vertical use of the forest appear to be key factors in both sympatry and in the formation of polyspecific associations.
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Vigilance in Single- and Mixed-Species Groups of Tamarins (Saguinus labiatus and Saguinus fuscicollis)
International Journal of Primatology, 1997Co-Authors: Scott M. Hardie, Hannah M. Buchanan-smithAbstract:By forming larger sizes of groups, individuals benefit from a decrease in vigilance, but the collective vigilance of the group as a whole is not compromised. We examined whether this group size effect is apparent in mixed-species groups of red-bellied tamarins ( S. labiatus ) and saddleback tamarins ( S. fuscicollis ) which form stable and permanent associations in the wild. We studied general vigilance and responses to hidden threatening stimuli in five captive groups of each species, while they were housed in single- and mixed-species groups. For vigilance, the individual rate was lower in the larger mixed-species groups than in the smaller single-species groups. In addition, the amount of time when at least one individual was vigilant was higher in mixed-species groups. This suggests that the tamarins alter their vigilance behavior in the presence of the other species. In response to hidden threats, both species performed brief vigilance checks and frequencies of checking did not differ in single- and mixed-species groups. However, both species had a significant reduction in the mean duration per check, and there was a reduced total amount of time spent vigilance checking in the mixed-species groups compared to the single-species groups, demonstrating the group size effect. Overall the mixed-species groups had a higher number and mean duration of checking than the smaller single-species groups. Given that the two species share a common set of predators, and respond to each other's alarm calls, these findings provide strong evidence that individuals of both tamarin species may be able to benefit from forming mixed-species groups via improved vigilance and monitoring of threats.
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A field study on the red-bellied tamarin,Saguinus l. labiatus, in Bolivia
International Journal of Primatology, 1991Co-Authors: Hannah M. Buchanan-smithAbstract:A 5-month field study was conducted on red-bellied tamarins, Saguinus labiatus labiatus , in the Pando Department of northern Bolivia. Group sizes ranged from 5 to 10 animals, and each group associated with a group of saddle-backed tamarins, Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli . Members of three groups were trapped and marked and data were collected by radiolocation. The average range size used over 10 days was 19 ha. On average the groups entered about 29% of their range each day and had a mean daily path length of about 1487 m. The groups used a number of different sleeping sites within their ranges. They fed on a variety of different fruits and also on nectar from flowers, resin, and insects. Areas within the home range which were used significantly more than expected were generally those in which one or more of the following existed: a sleeping site, an intergroup encounter site, or a site where the group took shelter during an extended period of heavy rain.
Edward E Morrison - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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olfactory marker protein expression in the vomeronasal neuroepithelium of tamarins Saguinus spp
Brain Research, 2011Co-Authors: Timothy D Smith, John C Dennis, Kunwar P Bhatnagar, Eva C Garrett, Christopher J Bonar, Edward E MorrisonAbstract:Abstract Knowledge of the vomeronasal neuroepithelium (VNNE) microanatomy is disproportionately based on rodents. To broaden our knowledge, we examined olfactory marker protein (OMP) expression in a sample of twenty-three non-human primates. The density of OMP (+) vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) in the VNNE was measured. Here we compared OMP (+) VSN density in five species of Saguinus (a genus of New World monkey) of different ages to a comparative primate sample that included representatives of every superfamily in which a VNO is postnatally present. In Saguinus spp., the VNNE at birth is thin, usually comprising one or two nuclear rows. At all ages studied, few VNNE cells are OMP reactive as view in coronal sections. In the comparative sample, the OMP (+) VSNs appear to be far more numerous in the spider monkey (another New World monkey) and the bushbaby (a distant relative). Other species (e.g., owl monkey) had a similar low density of OMP (+) VSNs as in Saguinus. These results expand our earlier finding that few VSNs are OMP (+) in Saguinus geoffroyi to other species of the genus. Our sample indicates that the number of OMP (+) VSNs in primates varies from ubiquitous to few with New World monkeys varying the most. The scarcity of OMP (+) cells in some primate VNOs reflects a lower number of terminally differentiated VSNs compared to a diverse range of mammals. If primates with relatively few OMP (+) VSNs have a functional vomeronasal system, OMP is not critical for stimulus detection.
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Olfactory marker protein expression in the vomeronasal neuroepithelium of tamarins (Saguinus spp).
Brain research, 2010Co-Authors: Timothy D Smith, John C Dennis, Kunwar P Bhatnagar, Eva C Garrett, Christopher J Bonar, Edward E MorrisonAbstract:Knowledge of the vomeronasal neuroepithelium (VNNE) microanatomy is disproportionately based on rodents. To broaden our knowledge, we examined olfactory marker protein (OMP) expression in a sample of twenty-three non-human primates. The density of OMP (+) vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) in the VNNE was measured. Here we compared OMP (+) VSN density in five species of Saguinus (a genus of New World monkey) of different ages to a comparative primate sample that included representatives of every superfamily in which a VNO is postnatally present. In Saguinus spp., the VNNE at birth is thin, usually comprising one or two nuclear rows. At all ages studied, few VNNE cells are OMP reactive as view in coronal sections. In the comparative sample, the OMP (+) VSNs appear to be far more numerous in the spider monkey (another New World monkey) and the bushbaby (a distant relative). Other species (e.g., owl monkey) had a similar low density of OMP (+) VSNs as in Saguinus. These results expand our earlier finding that few VSNs are OMP (+) in Saguinus geoffroyi to other species of the genus. Our sample indicates that the number of OMP (+) VSNs in primates varies from ubiquitous to few with New World monkeys varying the most. The scarcity of OMP (+) cells in some primate VNOs reflects a lower number of terminally differentiated VSNs compared to a diverse range of mammals. If primates with relatively few OMP (+) VSNs have a functional vomeronasal system, OMP is not critical for stimulus detection.
Scott M. Hardie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Responses of Captive Single- and Mixed-Species Groups of Saguinus to Novel Nonthreatening Objects
International Journal of Primatology, 2000Co-Authors: Scott M. Hardie, Hannah M. Buchanan-smithAbstract:The provision of novel objects allows one to probe for behavioural differences among species. This is particularly relevant when studying species that form mixed-species groups, as divergent responses may provide clues to the advantages that individuals gain from associating. We compared the responsiveness to novel objects in captive single- and mixed-species groups of saddleback (Saguinus fuscicollis) and red-bellied (Saguinus labiatus) tamarins to determine the influence of a congener. We tested groups with novel objects placed near the top, the middle, and on the floor of their enclosures and measured latency to approach and touch them. We tested predictions related to differences in lifestyle patterns under natural conditions. As we predicted, S.labiatus, which usually occur at a higher mean height in the forest than their congeners, responded to objects placed near the top of the enclosure significantly quicker in both single- and mixed-species groups. S. fuscicollis responded to objects placed on the floor quicker, and in mixed-species groups S. fuscicollis approached them before S. labiatus did. There were specific differences in median touch–approach time (T-A): Saguinus fuscicollis had a shorter T-A time than that of S. labiatus , which can be related to their manipulative foraging style. Reaction times decreased in mixed-species trials for both species, suggesting that the reaction of one species may effect the congener. Both species may benefit through association, though the dominance of Saguinus labiatus over S. fuscicollis may limit the advantages to S. fuscicollis . Over all our study supports the idea that cross-specific social facilitation is an important consequence of mixed-species groups of Saguinus .
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Distribution and Forest Utilization of Saguinus and Other Primates of the Pando Department, Northern Bolivia
International Journal of Primatology, 2000Co-Authors: Hannah M. Buchanan-smith, Scott M. Hardie, Carolina Caceres, Mark J PrescottAbstract:We carried out a 4-month census of primates in the Pando Department of northern Bolivia with special emphasis on Saguinus species. Contrary to a previous report by Izawa and Bejarano (1981), there was no evidence for the presence of the two populations of Saguinus mystax that they reported, or that Lagothrix occurs in the Pando. In addition, we found the distribution of Saguinus imperator to be more restricted than they suggested. We confirm the presence of Cebuella south of the Río Tahuamanu (cf. Brown and Rumiz, 1986) and report two new locations for Callimico goeldii . We present data on group sizes, habitat utilization, and locomotor behavior of the primates and compare them with previous studies in the Pando. Differences in body size, diet, foraging techniques, and vertical use of the forest appear to be key factors in both sympatry and in the formation of polyspecific associations.
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Vigilance in Single- and Mixed-Species Groups of Tamarins (Saguinus labiatus and Saguinus fuscicollis)
International Journal of Primatology, 1997Co-Authors: Scott M. Hardie, Hannah M. Buchanan-smithAbstract:By forming larger sizes of groups, individuals benefit from a decrease in vigilance, but the collective vigilance of the group as a whole is not compromised. We examined whether this group size effect is apparent in mixed-species groups of red-bellied tamarins ( S. labiatus ) and saddleback tamarins ( S. fuscicollis ) which form stable and permanent associations in the wild. We studied general vigilance and responses to hidden threatening stimuli in five captive groups of each species, while they were housed in single- and mixed-species groups. For vigilance, the individual rate was lower in the larger mixed-species groups than in the smaller single-species groups. In addition, the amount of time when at least one individual was vigilant was higher in mixed-species groups. This suggests that the tamarins alter their vigilance behavior in the presence of the other species. In response to hidden threats, both species performed brief vigilance checks and frequencies of checking did not differ in single- and mixed-species groups. However, both species had a significant reduction in the mean duration per check, and there was a reduced total amount of time spent vigilance checking in the mixed-species groups compared to the single-species groups, demonstrating the group size effect. Overall the mixed-species groups had a higher number and mean duration of checking than the smaller single-species groups. Given that the two species share a common set of predators, and respond to each other's alarm calls, these findings provide strong evidence that individuals of both tamarin species may be able to benefit from forming mixed-species groups via improved vigilance and monitoring of threats.
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Exhibiting mixed‐species groups of sympatric tamarins Saguinus spp at Belfast Zoo
International Zoo Yearbook, 1997Co-Authors: Scott M. HardieAbstract:In the wild sympatric tamarin species show a high degree of spatial co-ordination. Stable associations between Saddleback tamarins Saguinus fuscicollis and members of the Saguinus mystax group (Red-bellied tamarin Saguinus labiatus, Emperor tamarin Saguinus imperator and Moustached tamarin S. mystax) have been observed at all sites where the species co-occur and are related to the stratification of ecological niches within the forest. Since 1992 a study of mixed-species tamarin groups has been carried out at Belfast Zoo. Stable associations were established between groups of S. labiatus and S. fuscicollis, and few agonistic interactions were observed. Most aggression involved disputes over food and typically consisted of S. labiatus displacing S. fuscicollis, merely by approaching. Other interactions included some inter-specific grooming and huddling. This paper describes the introduction procedure and the social and reproductive behaviour of each species within the group, and suggests that mixed-species exhibits may be a beneficial way of exhibiting tamarins.
James M. Cheverud - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Historical biogeography of tamarins, genus Saguinus: the molecular phylogenetic evidence.
American journal of physical anthropology, 1999Co-Authors: Susan Jacobs Cropp, Allan Larson, James M. CheverudAbstract:Hypotheses of the historical biogeography of tamarins (genus Saguinus) based on variation in coat colors and body size are tested using phylogenetic relationships inferred from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) se- quence data. Samples from all 12 species of Saguinus and several subspecies are included in the analysis. Approximately 1,200 bases of mtDNA sequence from the cytochrome b and D-loop regions are reported for the tamarins and several outgroup taxa. Parsimony analysis of the mtDNA sequence data reveals Saguinus to be a monophyletic taxon composed of two major clades: one, the Small-bodied clade, contains S. nigricollis, S. tripartitus, and S. fuscicollis, and the other, the Large-bodied clade, contains the other nine species. The phylogenetic relationships among tamarins inferred from the mtDNA sequence data reject previous hypotheses for the historical biogeogra- phy of tamarins and suggest different dispersal routes for this group of New World monkeys. The molecular data suggest that tamarins dispersed across South America in two major waves from an origin somewhere south of the Amazon. One wave moved in a westerly direction, whereas the other moved in a northeastern direction toward the Amazon delta and then west along the northern portion of the continent into northern Colombia and Panama. Am J Phys Anthropol 108:65-89, 1999. r 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AND ORTHOGENETIC EVOLUTION OF COAT COLOR AMONG TAMARINS (GENUS Saguinus)
Systematic Biology, 1995Co-Authors: Susan C. Jacobs, Allan Larson, James M. CheverudAbstract:Orthogenetic evolutionary patterns may appear within taxa as a result of developmental constraints on the expression of genetic variation. Metachromism is a theory of variation in mam? malian coat color that predicts an orthogenetic evolutionary pattern. This theory was based in part on studies of interspecific and geographic variation in the coat colors of New World monkeys. We tested the theory of metachromism in tamarins (Saguinus) using phylogenetic information derived from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Parsimony analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences from the D-loop and cytochrome b genes supports recognition of Saguinus as a monophyletic genus composed of two major clades. Coat colors for 16 chromogenetic regions of the tamarin coat were examined using the molecular phylogeny to test predictions of the metachromatic the? ory. Our results support the hypothesis of an orthogenetic evolutionary pattern for coat color in tamarins. (Orthogenesis; phylogeny; coat colors; Saguinus', tamarins, mitochondrial DNA.) Orthogenesis denotes a linear pattern of evolution. Historically, orthogenesis was conceived as an internal momentum of variation that propelled evolution along a particular morphological pathway without regard to natural selection (Bowler, 1983). Orthogenesis was invoked as the driving force behind the evolution of seemingly nonadaptive characters and as an expla? nation for the appearance of structures considered useless in their incipient stages (Jepsen, 1949). Although early theories of orthogenesis were discredited during the evolutionary synthesis (Bowler, 1983), de? velopmental constraints on the phenotypic expression of genetic variation may lead to orthogenetic evolutionary patterns (Riedl,
