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Paul G. Mahlberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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accumulation of cannabinoids in glandular trichomes of cannabis Cannabaceae
Journal of Industrial Hemp, 2004Co-Authors: Paul G. Mahlberg, Eun Soo KimAbstract:Abstract Sessile- and capitate-stalked secretory glands are sites of cannabinoid accumulation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae). Analyses show cannabinoids to be abundant in glands isolated from bracts or leaves of pistillate plants. Cannabinoids are concentrated in the secretory cavity formed as an intrawall cavity in the outer wall of the disc cells. Specialized plastids, lipoplasts, in the disc cells synthesize lipophilic substances, such as terpenes, that migrate through the plasma membrane and into the cell wall adjacent to the secretory cavity. These substances enter the cavity as secretory vesicles. An antibody probe for THC shows it to be most abundant along the surface of vesicles, associated with fibrillar material in the cavity, in the cell wall and in the cuticle; little THC was detected in the cytoplasm of disc or other cells. The phenol, phloroglucinol, is abundant in both gland types. A working hypothesis for the site of cannabinoid synthesis is proposed, and must be examined further. Knowledge of ...
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A chemotaxonomic analysis of cannabinoid variation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae).
American Journal of Botany, 2004Co-Authors: Karl W. Hillig, Paul G. MahlbergAbstract:Cannabinoids are important chemotaxonomic markers unique to Cannabis. Previous studies show that a plant’s dry-weight ratio of D9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to cannabidiol (CBD) can be assigned to one of three chemotypes and that alleles BD and BT encode alloenzymes that catalyze the conversion of cannabigerol to CBD and THC, respectively. In the present study, the frequencies of BD and BT in sample populations of 157 Cannabis accessions were determined from CBD and THC banding patterns, visualized by starch gel electrophoresis. Gas chromatography was used to quantify cannabinoid levels in 96 of the same accessions. The data were interpreted with respect to previous analyses of genetic and morphological variation in the same germplasm collection. Two biotypes (infraspecific taxa of unassigned rank) of C. sativa and four biotypes of C. indica were recognized. Mean THC levels and the frequency of BT were significantly higher in C. indica than C. sativa. The proportion of high THC/CBD chemotype plants in most accessions assigned to C. sativa was ,25% and in most accessions assigned to C. indica was .25%. Plants with relatively high levels of tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) and/or cannabidivarin (CBDV) were common only in C. indica. This study supports a two-species concept of Cannabis.
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immunochemical localization of tetrahydrocannabinol thc in chemically fixed glandular thrichomes of cannabis Cannabaceae
Animal Cells and Systems, 1999Co-Authors: Eun Soo Kim, Paul G. MahlbergAbstract:Monoclonal antibody for delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabiol (THC Ab), conjugated with protein A‐gold, was employed as a probe to detect THC localization in the gland and subjacent cells of chemically fixed bracts of Cannabis. THC was detected in the outer wall of the disc cells, fibrillar matrix, the surface feature of secretory vesicles, and sheath throughout development of the secretory cavity. The probe was absent from vesicles. Label was also present in anticlinal walls of disc cells and walls of dermal and mesophyll cells. Little or no THC Ab was present in disc cells and none were detected in control tissues. This distribution pattern of THC Ab was similar to that in tissues prepared by high pressure cryofixation‐cryosubstitution. Consistent association of THC with wall and wall‐derived materials suggests that cannnabinoids are synthesized outside the plasma membrane and bound to a wall component, where‐upon they are transported to the cavity with wall materials released from the disc cell wall during devel...
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plastid development in disc cells of glandular trichomes of cannabis Cannabaceae
Molecules and Cells, 1997Co-Authors: Eun Soo Kim, Paul G. MahlbergAbstract:Plastids in lipophilic glandular trichomes of chemically fixed (CF) and high pressure cryofixed-cryosubstituted (HPC-CS) bracteal tissues of Cannabis were examined by transmission electron microscopy. In CF preparations, plastids in disc cells prior to secretory cavity formation possessed several lobed and dilated thylakoid-like features. In glands with secretory cavities, thylakoid-like features aggregated to form reticulate bodies that distended regions of the elongated plastids. Electron-gray inclusions evident on the plastid surface appeared continuous with the reticulate body. Inclusions of similar electron density also appeared in the cell cytoplasm, along the plasma membrane, between the plasma membrane and cell wall facing the cavity, and in the secretory cavity in both CF and HPC-CS preparations. The bilayer structure of membranes of the plastid envelope was evident in HPC-CS but not in CF preparations. In HPC-CS preparations, secretions were evident on the plastid surface and were continuous with those in the plastid through pores in the envelope. This study supports an interpretation that these specialized plastids, lipoplasts, synthesize secretions that are transported through the plasma membrane and cell wall to subsequently accumulate in the secretory cavity.
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cytochemical localization of cellulase in glandular trichomes of cannabis Cannabaceae
Journal of Plant Biology, 1997Co-Authors: Eun Soo Kim, Paul G. MahlbergAbstract:Cellulase reaction product was localized cytochemically at the ultrastructural level in the cell wall of disc cells, the secretory cavity and in the subcuticular wall of glands inCannabis. Cellulase reaction product was evident in the less dense region of the disc cell wall prior to secretory cavity formation. Reactivity in this region was associated with separation of an outer zone, forming the subcuticular wall, from the inner wall zone adjacent to the plasma membrane of the disc cells. Reaction product was associated with the disc cell wall and fibrillar matrix extending from it into the secretory cavity. Reactivity remained evident over the subcuticular wall throughout enlargement of the secretory cavity. Reaction product also was present over fibrillar matrix in the secretory cavity associated with both the inner wall and the subcuticular wall. The distribution of cellulase reaction product supports an interpretation that cellulase is involved in formation of the secretory cavity and subsequent redistribution of wall products to form the subcuticular wall during development of the secretory cavity.
Eun Soo Kim - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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accumulation of cannabinoids in glandular trichomes of cannabis Cannabaceae
Journal of Industrial Hemp, 2004Co-Authors: Paul G. Mahlberg, Eun Soo KimAbstract:Abstract Sessile- and capitate-stalked secretory glands are sites of cannabinoid accumulation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae). Analyses show cannabinoids to be abundant in glands isolated from bracts or leaves of pistillate plants. Cannabinoids are concentrated in the secretory cavity formed as an intrawall cavity in the outer wall of the disc cells. Specialized plastids, lipoplasts, in the disc cells synthesize lipophilic substances, such as terpenes, that migrate through the plasma membrane and into the cell wall adjacent to the secretory cavity. These substances enter the cavity as secretory vesicles. An antibody probe for THC shows it to be most abundant along the surface of vesicles, associated with fibrillar material in the cavity, in the cell wall and in the cuticle; little THC was detected in the cytoplasm of disc or other cells. The phenol, phloroglucinol, is abundant in both gland types. A working hypothesis for the site of cannabinoid synthesis is proposed, and must be examined further. Knowledge of ...
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immunochemical localization of tetrahydrocannabinol thc in chemically fixed glandular thrichomes of cannabis Cannabaceae
Animal Cells and Systems, 1999Co-Authors: Eun Soo Kim, Paul G. MahlbergAbstract:Monoclonal antibody for delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabiol (THC Ab), conjugated with protein A‐gold, was employed as a probe to detect THC localization in the gland and subjacent cells of chemically fixed bracts of Cannabis. THC was detected in the outer wall of the disc cells, fibrillar matrix, the surface feature of secretory vesicles, and sheath throughout development of the secretory cavity. The probe was absent from vesicles. Label was also present in anticlinal walls of disc cells and walls of dermal and mesophyll cells. Little or no THC Ab was present in disc cells and none were detected in control tissues. This distribution pattern of THC Ab was similar to that in tissues prepared by high pressure cryofixation‐cryosubstitution. Consistent association of THC with wall and wall‐derived materials suggests that cannnabinoids are synthesized outside the plasma membrane and bound to a wall component, where‐upon they are transported to the cavity with wall materials released from the disc cell wall during devel...
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plastid development in disc cells of glandular trichomes of cannabis Cannabaceae
Molecules and Cells, 1997Co-Authors: Eun Soo Kim, Paul G. MahlbergAbstract:Plastids in lipophilic glandular trichomes of chemically fixed (CF) and high pressure cryofixed-cryosubstituted (HPC-CS) bracteal tissues of Cannabis were examined by transmission electron microscopy. In CF preparations, plastids in disc cells prior to secretory cavity formation possessed several lobed and dilated thylakoid-like features. In glands with secretory cavities, thylakoid-like features aggregated to form reticulate bodies that distended regions of the elongated plastids. Electron-gray inclusions evident on the plastid surface appeared continuous with the reticulate body. Inclusions of similar electron density also appeared in the cell cytoplasm, along the plasma membrane, between the plasma membrane and cell wall facing the cavity, and in the secretory cavity in both CF and HPC-CS preparations. The bilayer structure of membranes of the plastid envelope was evident in HPC-CS but not in CF preparations. In HPC-CS preparations, secretions were evident on the plastid surface and were continuous with those in the plastid through pores in the envelope. This study supports an interpretation that these specialized plastids, lipoplasts, synthesize secretions that are transported through the plasma membrane and cell wall to subsequently accumulate in the secretory cavity.
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cytochemical localization of cellulase in glandular trichomes of cannabis Cannabaceae
Journal of Plant Biology, 1997Co-Authors: Eun Soo Kim, Paul G. MahlbergAbstract:Cellulase reaction product was localized cytochemically at the ultrastructural level in the cell wall of disc cells, the secretory cavity and in the subcuticular wall of glands inCannabis. Cellulase reaction product was evident in the less dense region of the disc cell wall prior to secretory cavity formation. Reactivity in this region was associated with separation of an outer zone, forming the subcuticular wall, from the inner wall zone adjacent to the plasma membrane of the disc cells. Reaction product was associated with the disc cell wall and fibrillar matrix extending from it into the secretory cavity. Reactivity remained evident over the subcuticular wall throughout enlargement of the secretory cavity. Reaction product also was present over fibrillar matrix in the secretory cavity associated with both the inner wall and the subcuticular wall. The distribution of cellulase reaction product supports an interpretation that cellulase is involved in formation of the secretory cavity and subsequent redistribution of wall products to form the subcuticular wall during development of the secretory cavity.
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Immunochemical localization of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in cryofixed glandular trichomes of Cannabis (Cannabaceae)
American Journal of Botany, 1997Co-Authors: Eun Soo Kim, Paul G. MahlbergAbstract:Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) localization in glandular trichomes and bracteal tissues of Cannabis, prepared by high pressure cryofixation-cryosubstitution, was examined with a monoclonal antibody-colloidal gold probe by electron microscopy (EM). The antibody detected THC in the outer wall of disc cells during the presecretory cavity phase of gland development. Upon formation of the secretory cavity, the immunolabel detected THC in the disc cell wall facing the cavity as well as the subcuticular wall and cuticle throughout development of the secretory cavity. THC was detected in the fibrillar matrix associated with the disc cell and with this matrix in the secretory cavity. The antibody identified THC on the surface of secretory vesicles, but not in the secretory vesicles. Gold label also was localized in the anticlinal walls between adjacent disc cells and in the wall of dermal and mesophyll cells of the bract. Grains were absent or detected only occasionally in the cytoplasm of disc or other cells of the bract. No THC was detected in controls. These results indicate THC to be a natural product secreted particularly from disc cells and accumulated in the cell wall, the fibrillar matrix and surface feature of vesicles in the secretory cavity, the subcuticular wall, and the cuticle of glandular trichomes. THC, among other chemicals, accumulated in the cuticle may serve as a plant recognition signal to other organisms in the environment.
David Driemeier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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novos aspectos sobre a intoxicacao por trema micrantha Cannabaceae em equideos
Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira, 2013Co-Authors: Saulo Petinatti Pavarini, Paulo Mota Bandarra, David Driemeier, Gabriel Laizola Frainer Correa, Marcele Bettim Bandinelli, Daniele Mariath Bassuino, Raquel Von Hohendorff, Maria Do Carmo BothAbstract:Trema micrantha e uma planta arborea distribuida amplamente no Brasil. Descrevem-se nesse trabalho novos aspectos epidemiologicos e patologicos relacionados com a intoxicacao por essa planta em equideos. Dois equinos adultos da raca Crioula e dois asininos, de localidades distintas, foram intoxicados naturalmente por Trema micrantha, apos consumirem grande quantidade da planta que ficou disponivel a eles apos uma poda. Alem disso, um cavalo adulto, de outra propriedade, que estava passando por restricao alimentar, se intoxicou apos consumir as partes baixas de um grande numero de arvores jovens de T. micrantha. Clinicamente, em todos os equideos a doenca se caracterizou por alteracoes neurologicas, que apareceram tres a quatro dias apos o consumo da planta, com curso clinico de dois a quatro dias (abreviadas por eutanasia). Os principais achados de necropsia foram observados no figado, que estavam levemente aumentados e com padrao lobular evidente e no sistema nervoso central (SNC), com multiplas areas amareladas, focos de malacia e hemorragia, principalmente, no tronco cerebral e cerebelo. Histologicamente, havia necrose hepatica aguda, edema acentuado no SNC com degeneracao fibrinoide da parede de vasos associada a hemorragia e trombose e, frequentemente, com infiltrado de neutrofilos. Outras alteracoes observadas nos encefalos foram: grande quantidade de astrocitos de Alzheimer tipo II na substância cinzenta, acumulos de celulas Gitter e degeneracao Walleriana proxima a focos de lesoes vasculares.
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intoxicacao experimental por trema micrantha Cannabaceae em equinos
Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira, 2011Co-Authors: Paulo Mota Bandarra, Claudio Estevao Farias Da Cruz, Pedro Soares Bezerra, Luiz Gustavo Schneider De Oliveira, Gabriel Laizola Frainer Correa, Mauro Riegert Borba, Jose Reck, David DriemeierAbstract:The aim of this study was to confirm the toxicity and characterize the clinical and pathological aspects of poisoning by Trema micrantha in horses. The green leaves of the plant were spontaneously consumed by three ponies at single doses of 20, 25, and 30g/kg. The three ponies developed clinical disease characterized by apathy, equilibrium deficit, deglutition difficulty, sternal or lateral recumbency, paddling, coma and death. Affected ponies had also enhanced seric activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase, seric ammonia apart of diminished glycemia. An additional pony, that received 15 and 25g/kg of T. micrantha with a 30 day interval between the two doses, showed no clinical disease. The three ponies were necropsied and fragments from organs were collected for histology and immunostaining (IS) procedures. The main pathological findings were in the liver and encephalon. There were enhanced lobular pattern of the liver and yellowish areas in the cut surface of the encephalon, especially visualized in the cerebellar white matter. Microscopically, there was hepatocellular swelling and coagulative hepatic necrosis predominantly centrilobular with hemorrhages. Generalized perivascular edema and Alzheimer type II astrocytes were observed in the encephalon. The Alzheimer type II astrocytes showed weak or absent anti-glial fibrillar acid protein IS associated with positive IS for S-100 protein. The minimal lethal dose of Trema micrantha leaves was established at 20g/kg. The sensibility of horses to this plant, its wide distribution and high palatability reinforces the importance of Trema micrantha in accidental poisoning of horses.
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intoxicacao experimental por trema micrantha Cannabaceae em equinos 1
2011Co-Authors: Paulo Mota Bandarra, Pedro Soares Bezerra, Mauro Riegert Borba, Jose Reck, Luiz Gustavo, Claudio Estevao, Farias Da Cruz, David DriemeierAbstract:ABSTRACT.- Bandarra P.M., Bezerra Junior P.S., Oliveira L.G.S., Correa G.L.F., Borba M.R., Reck Junior J., Cruz C.E.F. & Driemeier D. 2011. [ Experimental Trema micrantha (Can-nabaceae) poisoning in horses. ] Intoxicacao experimental por Trema micrantha (Can-nabaceae) em equinos . Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira 31(11):991-996 . Setor de Patologia Veterinaria, Faculdade de Veterinaria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Goncalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. E-mail: davetpat@ufrgs.brThe aim of this study was to conirm the toxicity and characterize the clinical and pathologi-cal aspects of poisoning by Trema micrantha in horses. The green leaves of the plant were spon-taneously consumed by three ponies at single doses of 20, 25, and 30g/kg. The three ponies developed clinical disease characterized by apathy, equilibrium deicit, deglutition dificulty, sternal or lateral recumbency, paddling, coma and death. Affected ponies had also enhanced seric activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase, seric ammonia apart of diminished glycemia. An additional pony, that received 15 and 25g/kg of
Paulo Mota Bandarra - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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novos aspectos sobre a intoxicacao por trema micrantha Cannabaceae em equideos
Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira, 2013Co-Authors: Saulo Petinatti Pavarini, Paulo Mota Bandarra, David Driemeier, Gabriel Laizola Frainer Correa, Marcele Bettim Bandinelli, Daniele Mariath Bassuino, Raquel Von Hohendorff, Maria Do Carmo BothAbstract:Trema micrantha e uma planta arborea distribuida amplamente no Brasil. Descrevem-se nesse trabalho novos aspectos epidemiologicos e patologicos relacionados com a intoxicacao por essa planta em equideos. Dois equinos adultos da raca Crioula e dois asininos, de localidades distintas, foram intoxicados naturalmente por Trema micrantha, apos consumirem grande quantidade da planta que ficou disponivel a eles apos uma poda. Alem disso, um cavalo adulto, de outra propriedade, que estava passando por restricao alimentar, se intoxicou apos consumir as partes baixas de um grande numero de arvores jovens de T. micrantha. Clinicamente, em todos os equideos a doenca se caracterizou por alteracoes neurologicas, que apareceram tres a quatro dias apos o consumo da planta, com curso clinico de dois a quatro dias (abreviadas por eutanasia). Os principais achados de necropsia foram observados no figado, que estavam levemente aumentados e com padrao lobular evidente e no sistema nervoso central (SNC), com multiplas areas amareladas, focos de malacia e hemorragia, principalmente, no tronco cerebral e cerebelo. Histologicamente, havia necrose hepatica aguda, edema acentuado no SNC com degeneracao fibrinoide da parede de vasos associada a hemorragia e trombose e, frequentemente, com infiltrado de neutrofilos. Outras alteracoes observadas nos encefalos foram: grande quantidade de astrocitos de Alzheimer tipo II na substância cinzenta, acumulos de celulas Gitter e degeneracao Walleriana proxima a focos de lesoes vasculares.
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intoxicacao experimental por trema micrantha Cannabaceae em equinos
Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira, 2011Co-Authors: Paulo Mota Bandarra, Claudio Estevao Farias Da Cruz, Pedro Soares Bezerra, Luiz Gustavo Schneider De Oliveira, Gabriel Laizola Frainer Correa, Mauro Riegert Borba, Jose Reck, David DriemeierAbstract:The aim of this study was to confirm the toxicity and characterize the clinical and pathological aspects of poisoning by Trema micrantha in horses. The green leaves of the plant were spontaneously consumed by three ponies at single doses of 20, 25, and 30g/kg. The three ponies developed clinical disease characterized by apathy, equilibrium deficit, deglutition difficulty, sternal or lateral recumbency, paddling, coma and death. Affected ponies had also enhanced seric activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase, seric ammonia apart of diminished glycemia. An additional pony, that received 15 and 25g/kg of T. micrantha with a 30 day interval between the two doses, showed no clinical disease. The three ponies were necropsied and fragments from organs were collected for histology and immunostaining (IS) procedures. The main pathological findings were in the liver and encephalon. There were enhanced lobular pattern of the liver and yellowish areas in the cut surface of the encephalon, especially visualized in the cerebellar white matter. Microscopically, there was hepatocellular swelling and coagulative hepatic necrosis predominantly centrilobular with hemorrhages. Generalized perivascular edema and Alzheimer type II astrocytes were observed in the encephalon. The Alzheimer type II astrocytes showed weak or absent anti-glial fibrillar acid protein IS associated with positive IS for S-100 protein. The minimal lethal dose of Trema micrantha leaves was established at 20g/kg. The sensibility of horses to this plant, its wide distribution and high palatability reinforces the importance of Trema micrantha in accidental poisoning of horses.
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intoxicacao experimental por trema micrantha Cannabaceae em equinos 1
2011Co-Authors: Paulo Mota Bandarra, Pedro Soares Bezerra, Mauro Riegert Borba, Jose Reck, Luiz Gustavo, Claudio Estevao, Farias Da Cruz, David DriemeierAbstract:ABSTRACT.- Bandarra P.M., Bezerra Junior P.S., Oliveira L.G.S., Correa G.L.F., Borba M.R., Reck Junior J., Cruz C.E.F. & Driemeier D. 2011. [ Experimental Trema micrantha (Can-nabaceae) poisoning in horses. ] Intoxicacao experimental por Trema micrantha (Can-nabaceae) em equinos . Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira 31(11):991-996 . Setor de Patologia Veterinaria, Faculdade de Veterinaria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Goncalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. E-mail: davetpat@ufrgs.brThe aim of this study was to conirm the toxicity and characterize the clinical and pathologi-cal aspects of poisoning by Trema micrantha in horses. The green leaves of the plant were spon-taneously consumed by three ponies at single doses of 20, 25, and 30g/kg. The three ponies developed clinical disease characterized by apathy, equilibrium deicit, deglutition dificulty, sternal or lateral recumbency, paddling, coma and death. Affected ponies had also enhanced seric activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase, seric ammonia apart of diminished glycemia. An additional pony, that received 15 and 25g/kg of
Chad Morphy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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onion thrips thrips tabaci thysanoptera thripidae reduces yields in indoor grown cannabis
bioRxiv, 2020Co-Authors: James Eaves, Valerie Fournier, Frederic Mccune, Chad MorphyAbstract:Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L. (Rosales: Cannabaceae)) is a newly legalized crop and requires deeper insights on its pest communities. Here we identified the thrips species affecting indoor grown cannabis in Canada and tested its impact on plant yield. We used three levels of initial infestation (0, 1, and 5 thrips) on individual plants grown in two mediums: normal substrate or substrate containing the biostimulant Bacillus pumilus, Meyer and Gottheil (Bacillales: Bacillaceae). We found that the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci (Lindeman) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is proliferating in indoor grown cannabis. Furthermore, our results showed fresh yields were higher for the plants that initially received zero thrips compared to those who initially received five thrips. Moreover, the biostimulant had only a marginal effect on the reduction of the thrips9 impacts. We highlight the importance for growers to carefully monitor thrips infestations in indoor grown cannabis. Finally, we emphasize the need for more research regarding the impact of pests on cannabis yields and safe means of pest control for this strictly regulated crop.
