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Wayne Hall - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cannabis Use and Cannabis Use disorder.
Nature reviews. Disease primers, 2021Co-Authors: Jason P. Connor, Daniel Stjepanović, Bernard Le Foll, Eva Hoch, Alan J. Budney, Wayne HallAbstract:Cannabis Use disorder (CUD) is an underappreciated risk of using Cannabis that affects ~10% of the 193 million Cannabis Users worldwide. The individual and public health burdens are less than those of other forms of drug Use, but CUD accounts for a substantial proportion of persons seeking treatment for drug Use disorders owing to the high global prevalence of Cannabis Use. Cognitive behavioural therapy, motivational enhancement therapy and contingency management can substantially reduce Cannabis Use and Cannabis-related problems, but enduring abstinence is not a common outcome. No pharmacotherapies have been approved for Cannabis Use or CUD, although a number of drug classes (such as cannabinoid agonists) have shown promise and require more rigorous evaluation. Treatment of Cannabis Use and CUD is often complicated by comorbid mental health and other substance Use disorders. The legalization of non-medical Cannabis Use in some high-income countries may increase the prevalence of CUD by making more potent Cannabis products more readily available at a lower price. States that legalize medical and non-medical Cannabis Use should inform Users about the risks of CUD and provide information on how to obtain assistance if they develop Cannabis-related mental and/or physical health problems. This Primer by Connor and colleagues reviews the epidemiology of Cannabis Use, together with the epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of Cannabis Use disorder. This Primer also discusses Cannabis policy and the risks associated with high-potency Cannabis products.
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Adolescent Cannabis Use disorders
Adolescent Addiction, 2020Co-Authors: Janni Leung, Wayne Hall, Louisa DegenhardtAbstract:Abstract Cannabis is the illicit drug that is most often Used by adolescents and the one that young people are most likely to develop dependence on. Cannabis dependence is more common in males, especially those who display disruptive and antisocial behavior and, to a lesser extent, in those with anxiety and depression. Problem Cannabis Use is strongly associated with alcohol and other forms of drug dependence, early school leaving, antisocial behavior and imprisonment. We describe patterns of Cannabis Use, present evidence on the development of Cannabis Use disorders, associated outcomes and risk factors, and discuss the special challenges in treatment. Broader preventive initiatives involving parents, schools, and communities are required to address the multiple risk factors and high rates of comorbid substance Use and mental disorders associated with problem Cannabis Use in adolescents.
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Has the legalisation of medical and recreational Cannabis Use in the USA affected the prevalence of Cannabis Use and Cannabis Use disorders
Current Addiction Reports, 2018Co-Authors: Janni Leung, Daniel Stjepanović, Chui Ying Vivian Chiu, Wayne HallAbstract:Since California legalised medical Use of Cannabis in 1996, 29 other US states have done so. Eight US states have legalised the retail sale of Cannabis to adults over the age of 21 years since 2012. Critics of these policy changes have suggested that they will increase the prevalence of Cannabis Use and Cannabis Use disorders. This paper (1) briefly describes the types of regulatory regimes for medical and recreational Cannabis Use in the USA, (2) describes possible effects of these policies on Cannabis Use and (3) assesses the impacts to date of the legalisation of medical and recreational Cannabis Use on the prevalence of Cannabis Use and Cannabis Use disorders in the US population. We (1) describe the regulatory regimes for medical and recreational Cannabis Use in the USA, (2) make predictions about their possible effects on the price and availability of Cannabis, (3) conduct a review to summarise studies of the effects of legalising medical Cannabis Use in the USA on rates of Cannabis Use and Cannabis Use disorders and (4) assess early indications of the effects of legalising recreational Cannabis Use on Cannabis Use and Cannabis Use disorders. Liberal forms of medical Cannabis regulation have probably reduced prices and increased the availability of Cannabis. Analyses of survey data suggest that these changes have increased the prevalence and frequency of Cannabis Use among adults over the age of 21 years, but they have not to date increased rates of Cannabis Use among adolescents. Two series of epidemiological studies over a decade following the introduction of medical Cannabis laws have produced inconsistent results on the effects of policy changes on the prevalence of Cannabis Use disorders in adults. One study found that the prevalence had increased; the other did not find an increase. An analysis of data on treatment seeking for Cannabis Use disorders showed an increase in states with medical Cannabis laws in the number of adults seeking treatment who were not under legal coercion. There are major limitations with these studies, many of which have mistakenly assumed that all states with medical Cannabis laws have similarly liberal policies. It may be a decade or more before we can fully assess the effects of liberalisation of Cannabis policies on Cannabis Use and Cannabis Use disorders in the USA. It is critical that the effects of these policy changes are evaluated to ensure that Cannabis is regulated in ways that minimise the harmful effects of its regular Use, especially among young people.
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Prevalence, correlates and comorbidity of DSM-IV Cannabis Use and Cannabis Use Disorders in Australia:
The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 2012Co-Authors: Maree Teesson, Tim Slade, Wendy Swift, Katherine L. Mills, Sonja Memedovic, Louise Mewton, Rachel Grove, Nicola C. Newton, Wayne HallAbstract:Objective:To report nationally representative findings on the prevalence, correlates, psychiatric comorbidity and treatment of DSM-IV Cannabis Use and Cannabis Use Disorders in Australia.Method:The 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing was a nationally representative hoUsehold survey of 8841 Australians (16–85 years) that assessed symptoms of the most prevalent DSM-IV mental disorders.Results:Prevalence of lifetime and 12-month Cannabis Use was 18% and 6%; prevalence of lifetime and 12-month Cannabis Use disorder was 6% and 1%. The conditional prevalence (proportion of ever Users who met criteria for a disorder) of lifetime and 12-month Cannabis Use disorder was 32.2% and 14.3%. Current Cannabis Use disorders were more common in males (OR 2.0) and younger Users (OR 4.6). Strong associations were observed between current Cannabis Use disorders and alcohol Use disorders (OR 3.6) and current affective disorders (OR 3.0). Only 36.2% of those with current Cannabis Use disorders sought any treatme...
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Does Cannabis Use increase the risk of death? Systematic review of epidemiological evidence on adverse effects of Cannabis Use.
Drug and alcohol review, 2010Co-Authors: Bianca Calabria, Wayne Hall, Louisa Degenhardt, Michael T. LynskeyAbstract:Issues. To conduct a comprehensive search of the peer-reviewed literature to assess risk of Cannabis-related mortality. Approach. Systematic peer-reviewed literature searches were conducted in Medline, EMBASE and PsycINFO to identify data on mortality associated with Cannabis Use. Search strings for Cannabis and mortality were Used. Searches were limited to human subjects and the publication timeframe of January 1990 to January 2008. Reference lists of review articles and of specific studies deemed important by colleagues were searched to identify additional studies. A list of the selected articles was emailed to experts in the field asking for comment on completeness. Key Findings. There is insufficient evidence, particularly becaUse of the low number of studies, to assess whether the all-caUse mortality rate is elevated among Cannabis Users in the general population. Case-control studies suggest that some adverse health outcomes may be elevated among heavy Cannabis Users, namely, fatal motor vehicle accidents, and possibly respiratory and brain cancers. The evidence is as yet unclear as to whether regular Cannabis Use increases the risk of suicide. Conclusions. There is a need for long-term cohort studies that follow Cannabis using individuals into old age, when the likelihood of any detrimental effects of Cannabis Use are more likely to emerge among those who persist in using Cannabis into middle age and older. Case-control studies of Cannabis Use and various caUses of mortality are also needed. [Calabria B, Degenhardt L, Hall W, Lynskey M. Does Cannabis Use increase the risk of death? Systematic review of epidemiological evidence on adverse effects of Cannabis Use. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010].
David M. Fergusson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cannabis Use and suicidal ideation
2012Co-Authors: David M. Fergusson, John Horwood, Jan C. Van Ours, Jenny WilliamsAbstract:Globally, suicide has emerged as the second leading caUse of death among youth aged 10-24 years old. In order to better understand the caUses of this phenomenon, we investigate the relationship between suicidal ideation and Cannabis Use. Our empirical analysis is based on a 30 year longitudinal study of a birth cohort. We find that intensive Cannabis Use - at least several times per week - leads to a higher transition rate into suicidal ideation for males. We find no evidence that suicidal ideation leads to Cannabis Use for either males or females.
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Cannabis Use and later life outcomes
Addiction, 2008Co-Authors: David M. Fergusson, Joseph M. BodenAbstract:AIM: To examine the associations between the extent of Cannabis Use during adolescence and young adulthood and later education, economic, employment, relationship satisfaction and life satisfaction outcomes. DESIGN: A longitudinal study of a New Zealand birth cohort studied to age 25 years. MEASUREMENTS: Measures of: Cannabis Use at ages 14-25; university degree attainment to age 25; income at age 25; welfare dependence during the period 21-25 years; unemployment 21-25 years; relationship quality; life satisfaction. Also, measures of childhood socio-economic disadvantage, family adversity, childhood and early adolescent behavioural adjustment and cognitive ability and adolescent and young adult mental health and substance Use. FINDINGS: There were statistically significant bivariate associations between increasing levels of Cannabis Use at ages 14-21 and: lower levels of degree attainment by age 25 (P Language: en
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Cannabis Use and adult ADHD symptoms.
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2008Co-Authors: David M. Fergusson, Joseph M. BodenAbstract:Abstract Background The present study examined the associations between Cannabis Use in adolescence and young adulthood and self-reported adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in adulthood. Methods A 25-year prospective longitudinal study of the health, development, and adjustment of a birth cohort of 1265 New Zealand children. Measures included assessments of adolescent and young adult Cannabis Use and ADHD symptoms at age 25, measures of childhood socioeconomic disadvantage, family adversity, childhood and early adolescent behavioural adjustment and cognitive ability, and adolescent and young adult other drug Use. Results Cannabis Use by age 25 was significantly (p .20). Conclusions The current study suggested that the association between Cannabis Use and adult ADHD symptoms was mediated by other substance Use that was associated with Cannabis Use. The results suggest that Cannabis Use leads to other drug Use, which in turn leads to increased ADHD symptoms. However, it should be noted that the potential influence of such factors as genetic predispositions may still be unaccounted for.
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Cannabis Use and adult ADHD symptoms.
Drug and alcohol dependence, 2008Co-Authors: David M. Fergusson, Joseph M. BodenAbstract:The present study examined the associations between Cannabis Use in adolescence and young adulthood and self-reported adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in adulthood. A 25-year prospective longitudinal study of the health, development, and adjustment of a birth cohort of 1265 New Zealand children. Measures included assessments of adolescent and young adult Cannabis Use and ADHD symptoms at age 25, measures of childhood socioeconomic disadvantage, family adversity, childhood and early adolescent behavioural adjustment and cognitive ability, and adolescent and young adult other drug Use. Cannabis Use by age 25 was significantly (p<.0001) associated with increasing self-reported adult ADHD symptoms at age 25. Adjustment of the association for potentially confounding factors from childhood and early adolescence reduced the magnitude of the association, but it remained statistically significant (p<.0001). However, control for the mediating effects of other drug Use in adolescence and early adulthood reduced the association between Cannabis Use and adult ADHD symptoms to statistical non-significance (p>.20). The current study suggested that the association between Cannabis Use and adult ADHD symptoms was mediated by other substance Use that was associated with Cannabis Use. The results suggest that Cannabis Use leads to other drug Use, which in turn leads to increased ADHD symptoms. However, it should be noted that the potential influence of such factors as genetic predispositions may still be unaccounted for.
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tests of causal linkages between Cannabis Use and psychotic symptoms
Addiction, 2005Co-Authors: David M. Fergusson, John L Horwood, Elizabeth M RidderAbstract:Aim To examine possible causal linkages between Cannabis Use and psychosis using data gathered over the course of a 25-year longitudinal study. Design A 25-year longitudinal study of the health, development and adjustment of a birth cohort of 1265 New Zealand children (635 males, 630 females). Setting The Christchurch Health and Development Study, a general community sample. Participants A total of 1055 participants from the Christchurch Health and Development Study (CHDS) cohort for whom data on Cannabis Use and psychotic symptoms were available on at least one occasion from 18, 21 and 25 years. Measurements As part of this study, data were gathered on frequency of Cannabis Use and psychotic symptoms at ages 18, 21 and 25 years. Findings Regression models adjusting for observed and non-observed confounding suggested that daily Users of Cannabis had rates of psychotic symptoms that were between 1.6 and 1.8 times higher ( P < 0.001) than non-Users of Cannabis. Structural equation modelling suggested that these associations reflected the effects of Cannabis Use on symptom levels rather than the effects of symptom levels on Cannabis Use. Conclusions The results of the present study add to a growing body of evidence suggesting that regular Cannabis Use may increase risks of psychosis. The present study suggests that: (a) the association between Cannabis Use and psychotic symptoms is unlikely to be due to confounding factors; and (b) the direction of causality is from Cannabis Use to psychotic symptoms.
Juliet Richters - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cannabis Use and sexual health
The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2010Co-Authors: Anthony M. A. Smith, Jason Ferris, Judy M. Simpson, Julia Shelley, Marian Pitts, Juliet RichtersAbstract:ABSTRACT Introduction Cannabis is the most commonly Used illicit substance worldwide. Despite this, its impact on sexual health is largely unknown. Aim The aim of this article is to examine the association between Cannabis Use and a range of sexual health outcomes. Main Outcome Measures The main outcome measures include the number of sexual partners in the past year, condom Use at most recent vaginal or anal intercourse, diagnosis with a sexually transmissible infection in the previous year, and the occurrence of sexual problems. Methods Method Used in this article includes a computer-assisted telephone survey of 8,656 Australians aged 16–64 years resident in Australian hoUseholds with a fixed telephone line. Results Of the 8,650 who answered the questions about Cannabis Use, 754 (8.7%) reported Cannabis Use in the previous year with 126 (1.5%) reporting daily Use, 126 reported (1.5%) weekly Use, and 502 (5.8%) reported Use less often than weekly. After adjusting for demographic factors, daily Cannabis Use compared with no Use was associated with an increased likelihood of reporting two or more sexual partners in the previous year in both men (adjusted odds ratio 2.08, 95% confidence interval 1.11–3.89; P = 0.02) and women (2.58, 1.08–6.18; P = 0.03). Daily Cannabis Use was associated with reporting a diagnosis of a sexually transmissible infection in women but not men (7.19, 1.28–40.31; P = 0.02 and 1.45, 0.17–12.42; P = 0.74, respectively). Frequency of Cannabis Use was unrelated to sexual problems in women but daily Use vs. no Use was associated with increased reporting among men of an inability to reach orgasm (3.94, 1.71–9.07; P P P = 0.04). Conclusions Frequent Cannabis Use is associated with higher numbers of sexual partners for both men and women, and difficulties in men's ability to orgasm as desired. Smith AMA, Ferris JA, Simpson JM, Shelley J, Pitts M, and Richters J. Cannabis Use and sexual health.
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Cannabis Use and sexual health.
The journal of sexual medicine, 2009Co-Authors: Anthony M. A. Smith, Judy M. Simpson, Julia Shelley, Jason A Ferris, Marian K Pitts, Juliet RichtersAbstract:Cannabis is the most commonly Used illicit substance worldwide. Despite this, its impact on sexual health is largely unknown. The aim of this article is to examine the association between Cannabis Use and a range of sexual health outcomes. The main outcome measures include the number of sexual partners in the past year, condom Use at most recent vaginal or anal intercourse, diagnosis with a sexually transmissible infection in the previous year, and the occurrence of sexual problems. Method Used in this article includes a computer-assisted telephone survey of 8,656 Australians aged 16-64 years resident in Australian hoUseholds with a fixed telephone line. Of the 8,650 who answered the questions about Cannabis Use, 754 (8.7%) reported Cannabis Use in the previous year with 126 (1.5%) reporting daily Use, 126 reported (1.5%) weekly Use, and 502 (5.8%) reported Use less often than weekly. After adjusting for demographic factors, daily Cannabis Use compared with no Use was associated with an increased likelihood of reporting two or more sexual partners in the previous year in both men (adjusted odds ratio 2.08, 95% confidence interval 1.11-3.89; P = 0.02) and women (2.58, 1.08-6.18; P = 0.03). Daily Cannabis Use was associated with reporting a diagnosis of a sexually transmissible infection in women but not men (7.19, 1.28-40.31; P = 0.02 and 1.45, 0.17-12.42; P = 0.74, respectively). Frequency of Cannabis Use was unrelated to sexual problems in women but daily Use vs. no Use was associated with increased reporting among men of an inability to reach orgasm (3.94, 1.71-9.07; P < 0.01), reaching orgasm too quickly (2.68, 1.41-5.08; P < 0.01), and too slowly (2.05, 1.02-4.12; P = 0.04). Frequent Cannabis Use is associated with higher numbers of sexual partners for both men and women, and difficulties in men's ability to orgasm as desired.
Henri Chabrol - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Dispositional Mindfulness Profiles and Cannabis Use in Young Adults
Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 2020Co-Authors: Jonathan Bronchain, Patrick Raynal, Henri ChabrolAbstract:The relationships between dispositional mindfulness and Cannabis Use remain understudied. The aim of the present study was to link Cannabis Use and problematic Use with different profiles based on dispositional mindfulness facets. A sample of 1572 college students completed self-report questionnaires assessing dispositional mindfulness, Cannabis Use, and internalizing/externalizing symptoms. A cluster analysis based on the facets of dispositional mindfulness ( observing , non-judgment , non-reactivity , acting with awareness , and describing ) yielded three clusters: a High-Traits cluster (HT), a Non-Judgmentally Aware cluster (NJA), and a Judgmentally Observing cluster (JO). The NJA cluster had a significantly lower frequency of Cannabis Use and a lower problematic Use than the two other clusters. JO and HT clusters, which both have the highest scores of observing , had also the highest levels of Cannabis Use and problematic Use. These results may reflect the enhancement of sensations due to Cannabis Use. Methodological issues regarding the evaluation of observing facet are discussed.
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Cannabis Use and Moral Judgment Among College Students
Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 2019Co-Authors: Henri Chabrol, Jonathan Bronchain, Patrick Raynal, John GibbsAbstract:The aim of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of the maturity of moral judgment on Cannabis Use among college students. Participants were 1572 college students who completed self-report questionnaires measuring Cannabis Use, maturity of moral judgment, and emotional and personality variables. Thirty five percent of men and 30% of women reported having Used Cannabis at least once during the last 6 months. Logistic regression analysis found that the maturity of moral judgment was a significant predictor of Cannabis Use versus non-Use. This study suggests the importance of evaluating moral judgment in studies of risk factors of Cannabis Use and to develop effective and nonmoralizing interventions targeting permissive beliefs and other socio-cognitive variables determining Cannabis Use and misUse.
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Association Between Personality Disorders Traits and Problematic Cannabis Use in Adolescents
Substance Use and Misuse, 2015Co-Authors: Henri Chabrol, Tiffany Melioli, Nelly GoutaudierAbstract:Background: There are few studies on the contribution of personality disorder traits to Cannabis Use disorders in adolescents. Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the association of personality disorder traits to problematic Cannabis Use. Methods: Participants were 111 high school students who completed self-report questionnaires, mainly the Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test, assessing problematic Cannabis Use, and the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire using the scales evaluating personality disorders most often linked to adolescent Cannabis Use. Results: A multiple regression analysis showed that personality disorder traits explained a high part of the variance in problematic Cannabis Use symptoms. Schizotypal and borderline personality traits were positively associated to problematic Cannabis Use symptoms after adjustment for anxious and depressive symptoms. Conclusions: This study suggests the importance of evaluating personality disorder traits in studies of risk factors or consequences of problematic Cannabis Use.
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Cannabis Use and suicidal ideations in high-school students
Addictive Behaviors, 2014Co-Authors: Henri Chabrol, Tiffany Melioli, Nelly GoutaudierAbstract:Background The association of Cannabis Use and suicidal ideations in adolescents has been inconsistent. This discrepancy may reflect differences in controlled confounders. In particular, no study has controlled for personality disorder traits linked to both Cannabis Use and suicidality such as borderline and psychopathic personality traits. Method Participants were 972 high-school students who completed questionnaires assessing Cannabis Use, suicidal ideations, depressive symptoms, social anxiety symptoms, and borderline and psychopathic personality traits. Results Cannabis Use was not a significant independent predictor of suicidal ideations after adjustment for confounding personality traits in the total sample and in the subsample of Cannabis Users.
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Relations between Cannabis Use and dependence, motives for Cannabis Use and anxious, depressive and borderline symptomatology
Addictive behaviors, 2005Co-Authors: Henri Chabrol, Emmanuelle Ducongé, Carine Casas, Charlotte Roura, Kate B. CareyAbstract:This study investigated the relations between anxious, depressive and borderline symptomatology, motivations for Cannabis Use, and Cannabis Use and dependence among 212 adolescents and young adults, 114 of whom were Cannabis Users. Motives for Cannabis Use were assessed using the Marijuana Motives Measure (Simons, J., Correia, C. J., Carey, K. B., & Borsari, B. E. (1998). Validating a Five-Factor Motives Measure: Relations with Use, problems and alcohol motives. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 265-273.). In three sets of regression analyses, motives, Cannabis Use frequency, and Cannabis dependence served as criterion variables. First, when motives were regressed on psychopathological measures, borderline symptomatology predicted expansion motives in both boys and girls. Second, when frequency of Use was regressed on motives and psychopathological measures, enhancement motives were the only significant predictor among boys and expansion motives were the only significant predictor among girls. Finally, when Cannabis dependence was regressed on motives and psychopathological measures, borderline symptomatology was the only significant predictor in boys and expansion motives were the only significant predictor in girls. This study suggests the importance of motives and borderline symptomatology in the understanding of Cannabis Use and dependence among adolescents and young adults.
Timothy F. Hartnagel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cannabis Use and the Transition Adulthood
1996Co-Authors: Timothy F. HartnagelAbstract:Despite the significance of role changes during the process of transition from adolescence to young adulthood, there have been few investigations of how transitional problems may result in increased illicit drug Use. Recent structural changes in the economy may have produced a greater likelihood of such transitional difficulties. The present research Uses longitudinal panel data from a sample of graduating high school students in three Canadian cities to test a model that predicts change in Cannabis Use from late adolescence to early adulthood. Young adults with less job stability, weaker occupational and educational commitment should be freer from informal social controls and therefore more at risk for an increased level of Cannabis Use. However, none of the measures of informal social control processes was an important net predictor of change in Cannabis Use. Rather, prior Cannabis Use in high school was of overwhelming importance in predicting Use two years later. There was also evidence that having delinquent friends led to increased Cannabis Use. These results are discussed and suggestions are given for additional research on this topic.
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Cannabis Use and the transition to young adulthood
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1996Co-Authors: Timothy F. HartnagelAbstract:Despite the significance of role changes during the process of transition from adolescence to young adulthood, there have been few investigations of how transitional problems may result in increased illicit drug Use. Recent structural changes in the economy may have produced a greater likelihood of such transitional difficulties. The present research Uses longitudinal panel data from a sample of graduating high school students in three Canadian cities to test a model that predicts change in Cannabis Use from late adolescence to early adulthood. Young adults with less job stability, weaker occupational and educational commitment should be freer from informal social controls and therefore more at risk for an increased level of Cannabis Use. However, none of the measures of informal social control processes was an important net predictor of change in Cannabis Use. Rather, prior Cannabis Use in high school was of overwhelming importance in predicting Use two years later. There was also evidence that having delinquent friends led to increased Cannabis Use. These results are discussed and suggestions are given for additional research on this topic.
