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Ai-sheng Xiong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of auxin (indole-3-butyric acid) on growth characteristics, lignification, and expression profiles of genes involved in lignin biosynthesis in Carrot taproot.
PeerJ, 2020Co-Authors: Ahmed Khadr, Guanglong Wang, Yahui Wang, Rong-rong Zhang, Xin-rui Wang, Tian Yongsheng, Ai-sheng XiongAbstract:Carrot is an important root vegetable crop abundant in bioactive compounds including carotenoids, vitamins, and dietary fibers. Carrot intake and its products are gradually growing owing to its high antioxidant activity. Auxins are a class of plant hormones that control many processes of plant growth and development. Yet, the effects of exogenous application of auxin on lignin biosynthesis and gene expression profiles of lignin-related genes in Carrot taproot are still unclear. In order to investigate the effect of exogenous indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on lignin-related gene profiles, lignin accumulation, anatomical structures and morphological characteristics in Carrot taproots, Carrots were treated with different concentrations of IBA (0, 50, 100, and 150 µM). The results showed that IBA application significantly improved the growth parameters of Carrot. The 100 or 150 µM IBA treatment increased the number and area of xylem vessels, whereas transcript levels of lignin-related genes were restricted, resulting in a decline in lignin content in Carrot taproots. The results indicate that taproot development and lignin accumulation may be influenced by the auxin levels within Carrot plants.
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advances in research on the Carrot an important root vegetable in the apiaceae family
Horticulture research, 2019Co-Authors: Guanglong Wang, Ahmed Khadr, Yahui Wang, Zhisheng Xu, Tong Li, Ai-sheng XiongAbstract:Carrots (Daucus carota L.), among the most important root vegetables in the Apiaceae family, are cultivated worldwide. The storage root is widely utilized due to its richness in carotenoids, anthocyanins, dietary fiber, vitamins and other nutrients. Carrot extracts, which serve as sources of antioxidants, have important functions in preventing many diseases. The biosynthesis, metabolism, and medicinal properties of carotenoids in Carrots have been widely studied. Research on hormone regulation in the growth and development of Carrots has also been widely performed. Recently, with the development of high-throughput sequencing technology, many efficient tools have been adopted in Carrot research. A large amount of sequence data has been produced and applied to improve Carrot breeding. A genome editing system based on CRISPR/Cas9 was also constructed for Carrot research. In this review, we will briefly summarize the origins, genetic breeding, resistance breeding, genome editing, omics research, hormone regulation, and nutritional composition of Carrots. Perspectives about future research work on Carrots are also briefly provided. China accounts for nearly half of the total global production of Carrots and advances in genetic technologies are contributing to improve both crop quality and yield. Cultivated Carrot is the second most popular vegetable in the world after potato; this can be largely attributed to their taste and their nutritional benefits. Ai-Sheng Xiong and colleagues at Nanjing Agricultural University, China, review the latest studies on the origin and breeding of Carrots. Understanding the genetic sequence and gene expression patterns in Carrot plants provides valuable insights into their evolution as well as into the mechanisms underlying their resistance to disease, production of healthy carotenoids and environmental stress tolerance. Future application of gene editing technologies will help to further improve crop production and the nutritional value of Carrots.
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advances in research on the Carrot an important root vegetable in the apiaceae family
Horticulture research, 2019Co-Authors: Feng Que, Ahmed Khadr, Guanglong Wang, Yahui Wang, Xilin Hou, Guofei Tan, Ai-sheng XiongAbstract:Carrots (Daucus carota L.), among the most important root vegetables in the Apiaceae family, are cultivated worldwide. The storage root is widely utilized due to its richness in carotenoids, anthocyanins, dietary fiber, vitamins and other nutrients. Carrot extracts, which serve as sources of antioxidants, have important functions in preventing many diseases. The biosynthesis, metabolism, and medicinal properties of carotenoids in Carrots have been widely studied. Research on hormone regulation in the growth and development of Carrots has also been widely performed. Recently, with the development of high-throughput sequencing technology, many efficient tools have been adopted in Carrot research. A large amount of sequence data has been produced and applied to improve Carrot breeding. A genome editing system based on CRISPR/Cas9 was also constructed for Carrot research. In this review, we will briefly summarize the origins, genetic breeding, resistance breeding, genome editing, omics research, hormone regulation, and nutritional composition of Carrots. Perspectives about future research work on Carrots are also briefly provided.
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iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomics and Transcriptomics Provide Insights Into the Importance of Expansins During Root Development in Carrot
Frontiers Media S.A., 2019Co-Authors: Yahui Wang, Guanglong Wang, Feng Que, Jian-nan Hao, Ai-sheng XiongAbstract:Carrot is an important root vegetable crop with a variety of nutrients. As the main product of Carrots, the growth and development of fleshy roots directly determine the yield and quality of Carrots. However, molecular mechanism underlying the Carrot root formation and expansion is still limited. In our study, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) was utilized to explore the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) during different developmental stages of Carrot roots. Overall, 2,845 proteins were detected, of which 118 were significantly expressed in all three stages. DEPs that participated in several growth metabolisms were identified, including energy metabolism, defense metabolism, cell growth and shape regulation. Among them, two expansin proteins were obtained. A total of 30 expansin genes were identified based on the Carrot genome database. Structure analysis showed that Carrot expansin gene family was relatively conserved. Based on the expression analysis, we found that the expression profile of expansins genes was up-regulated during the vigorous growing period of Carrot root. Furthermore, there was a consistent relationship between the expression patterns of mRNA and protein. The results indicated that expansin proteins might play important roles during root development in Carrot. Our work provided useful information for understanding molecular mechanism of Carrot root development
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Table_1_iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomics and Transcriptomics Provide Insights Into the Importance of Expansins During Root Development in Carrot.XLSX
2019Co-Authors: Yahui Wang, Guanglong Wang, Feng Que, Jian-nan Hao, Ai-sheng XiongAbstract:Carrot is an important root vegetable crop with a variety of nutrients. As the main product of Carrots, the growth and development of fleshy roots directly determine the yield and quality of Carrots. However, molecular mechanism underlying the Carrot root formation and expansion is still limited. In our study, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) was utilized to explore the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) during different developmental stages of Carrot roots. Overall, 2,845 proteins were detected, of which 118 were significantly expressed in all three stages. DEPs that participated in several growth metabolisms were identified, including energy metabolism, defense metabolism, cell growth and shape regulation. Among them, two expansin proteins were obtained. A total of 30 expansin genes were identified based on the Carrot genome database. Structure analysis showed that Carrot expansin gene family was relatively conserved. Based on the expression analysis, we found that the expression profile of expansins genes was up-regulated during the vigorous growing period of Carrot root. Furthermore, there was a consistent relationship between the expression patterns of mRNA and protein. The results indicated that expansin proteins might play important roles during root development in Carrot. Our work provided useful information for understanding molecular mechanism of Carrot root development.
Philipp W Simon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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overlapping vitamin a interventions with provitamin a carotenoids and preformed vitamin a cause excessive liver retinol stores in male mongolian gerbils
Journal of Nutrition, 2020Co-Authors: Margaret Sowa, Philipp W Simon, Luciana Mourao, Jesse Sheftel, Mikayla Kaeppler, Gabrielle Simons, Michael Grahn, Christopher R Davis, Johannes Von Lintig, Kevin V. PixleyAbstract:Background: Vitamin A (VA) deficiency is a public health problem in some countries. Fortification, supplementation, and increased provitamin A consumption through biofortification are efficacious, but monitoring is needed due to risk of excessive VA intake when interventions overlap. Objectives: Two studies in 28-36-d-old male Mongolian gerbils simulated exposure to multiple VA interventions to determine the effects of provitamin A carotenoid consumption from biofortified maize and Carrots and preformed VA fortificant on status. Methods: Study 1 was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design (n = 85) with high-β-carotene maize, orange Carrots, and VA fortification at 50% estimated gerbil needs, compared with white maize and white Carrot controls. Study 2 was a 2 × 3 factorial design (n = 66) evaluating orange Carrot and VA consumption through fortification at 100% and 200% estimated needs. Both studies utilized 2-wk VA depletion, baseline evaluation, 9-wk treatments, and liver VA stores by HPLC. Intestinal scavenger receptor class B member 1 (Scarb1), β-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase (Bco1), β-carotene 9',10'-oxygenase (Bco2), intestine-specific homeobox (Isx), and cytochrome P450 26A1 isoform α1 (Cyp26a1) expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR in study 2. Results: In study 1, liver VA concentrations were significantly higher in orange Carrot (0.69 ± 0.12 μmol/g) and orange maize groups (0.52 ± 0.21 μmol/g) compared with baseline (0.23 ± 0.069 μmol/g) and controls. Liver VA concentrations from VA fortificant alone (0.11 ± 0.053 μmol/g) did not differ from negative control. In study 2, orange Carrot significantly enhanced liver VA concentrations (0.85 ± 0.24 μmol/g) relative to baseline (0.43 ± 0.14 μmol/g), but VA fortificant alone (0.42 ± 0.21 μmol/g) did not. Intestinal Scarb1 and Bco1 were negatively correlated with increasing liver VA concentrations (P < 0.01, r2 = 0.25-0.27). Serum retinol concentrations did not differ. Conclusions: Biofortified Carrots and maize without fortification prevented VA deficiency in gerbils. During adequate provitamin A dietary intake, preformed VA intake resulted in excessive liver stores in gerbils, despite downregulation of carotenoid absorption and cleavage gene expression.
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Carrot leaves maintain liver vitamin a concentrations in male mongolian gerbils regardless of the ratio of α to β carotene when β carotene equivalents are equalized
Journal of Nutrition, 2019Co-Authors: Tyler J Titcomb, Philipp W Simon, Mikayla Kaeppler, Sofia Beatriz Sandoval Cates, Jamie M Shannon, Sherry A. TanumihardjoAbstract:BACKGROUND Carrots are an important horticultural crop that contain provitamin A carotenoids (PACs). Orange Carrots have high concentrations of α-carotene, which upon central cleavage yields 1 retinal and 1 α-retinal molecule. The leaves of Carrot plants are a source of PACs when consumed. OBJECTIVE Male Mongolian gerbils aged 27-30 d were used to assess the bioefficacy of Carrot leaves to maintain vitamin A (VA) status and investigate whether the ratio of α- to β-carotene (α:β-carotene) affected bioefficacy. METHODS After 3 wk depletion, baseline gerbils were killed (n = 6) and the remaining gerbils (n = 60) were divided into 6 groups to receive 4 VA-deficient, Carrot leaf-fortified feeds (1:1.4, 1:2.5, 1:5.0, and 1:80 α:β-carotene ratio) equalized to 4.8 nmol/g β-carotene equivalents (βCEs), or VA-deficient feed with (VA+) or without (VA-) retinyl acetate supplements. Carrot-leaf powder from 4 Carrot plants with differing α:β-carotene ratios was used. After 4 wk, gerbils were killed and tissues were collected and analyzed for retinoids by HPLC. RESULTS VA+ had higher total liver VA (means ± SD 0.91 ± 0.29 μmol) than all other groups (range: 0.40-0.62) (P ≤ 0.03), and the Carrot leaf treatments did not differ from baseline (0.55 ± 0.09 μmol). VA- (0.40 ± 0.23 μmol VA/liver) did not differ from the leaf-fed groups, but 30% became VA deficient (defined as <0.1 μmol VA/g liver). α-Retinol accumulated in livers and lungs and was correlated to total α-carotene consumption (R2 = 0.83 and 0.88, respectively; P < 0.0001). Bioefficacy factors ranged from 4.2 to 6.2 μg βCE to 1 μg retinol. CONCLUSIONS Carrot leaves maintain VA status and prevent deficiency in gerbils regardless of the α:β-carotene ratio. The bioconversion of PACs from Carrot leaves to retinol is similar to what has been reported for other green leafy vegetables, making the consumption of Carrot leaves a viable method to improve dietary PAC intake.
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identification and characterization of terpene synthases potentially involved in the formation of volatile terpenes in Carrot daucus carota l roots
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2015Co-Authors: Mosaab Yahyaa, Philipp W Simon, Dorothea Tholl, Guy Cormier, Roderick V Jensen, Mwafaq IbdahAbstract:Plants produce an excess of volatile organic compounds, which are important in determining the quality and nutraceutical properties of fruit and root crops, including the taste and aroma of Carrots (Daucus carota L.). A combined chemical, biochemical, and molecular study was conducted to evaluate the differential accumulation of volatile terpenes in a diverse collection of fresh Carrots (D. carota L.). Here, we report on a transcriptome-based identification and functional characterization of two Carrot terpene synthases, the sesquiterpene synthase, DcTPS1, and the monoterpene synthase, DcTPS2. Recombinant DcTPS1 protein produces mainly (E)-β-caryophyllene, the predominant sesquiterpene in Carrot roots, and α-humulene, while recombinant DcTPS2 functions as a monoterpene synthase with geraniol as the main product. Both genes are differentially transcribed in different cultivars and during Carrot root development. Our results suggest a role for DcTPS genes in Carrot aroma biosynthesis.
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inheritance and mapping of mj 2 a new source of root knot nematode meloidogyne javanica resistance in Carrot
Journal of Heredity, 2014Co-Authors: Aamir Ali, Massimo Iorizzo, W C Matthews, Pablo Federico Cavagnaro, Philip A Roberts, Philipp W SimonAbstract:Root-knot nematodes limit Carrot production around the world by inducing taproot forking and galling deformities that render Carrots unmarketable. In warmer climates, Meloidogyne javanica and Meloidogyne incognita are most prevalent. In F2 and F3 progeny from the cross between an Asian Carrot resistant to M. javanica, PI 652188, and a susceptible Carrot, resistance response was incompletely dominant with a relatively high heritability (H (2) = 0.78) and provided evidence for a single gene, designated Mj-2, contributing to resistance. Molecular markers linked to the previously described root-knot nematode resistance gene, Mj-1 on chromosome 8 derived from "Brasilia," demonstrated that Mj-2 does not map to that same locus but is on the same chromosome.
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expression and mapping of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in Carrot
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2013Co-Authors: Kazim Abak, Pablo F Cavagnaro, David K. Willis, Mehtap Yıldız, Massimo Iorizzo, Philipp W SimonAbstract:Anthocyanin gene expression has been extensively studied in leaves, fruits and flowers of numerous plants. Little, however, is known about anthocyanin accumulation in roots of Carrots or other species. We quantified expression of six anthocyanin biosynthetic genes [phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL3), chalcone synthase (CHS1), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR1), leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX2), and UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT)] in three Carrot inbreds with contrasting root color: solid purple (phloem and xylem); purple outer phloem/orange xylem; and orange phloem and xylem. Transcripts for five of these genes (CHS1, DFR1, F3H, LDOX2, PAL3) accumulated at high levels in solid purple Carrots, less in purple-orange Carrot, and low or no transcript in orange Carrots. Gene expression coincided with anthocyanin accumulation. In contrast, UFGT expression was comparable in purple and orange Carrots and relatively unchanged during root development. In addition, five anthocyanin biosynthesis genes [FLS1 (flavonol synthase), F3H, LDOX2, PAL3, and UFGT] and three anthocyanin transcription factors (DcEFR1, DcMYB3 and DcMYB5) were mapped in a population segregating for the P 1 locus that conditions purple root color. P 1 mapped to chromosome 3 and of the eight anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, only F3H and FLS1 were linked to P 1. The gene expression and mapping data suggest a coordinated regulatory control of anthocyanin expression in Carrot root and establish a framework for studying the anthocyanin pathway in Carrots, and they also suggest that none of the genes evaluated is a candidate for P 1.
Fereidoon Shahidi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparison of volatiles phenolics sugars antioxidant vitamins and sensory quality of different colored Carrot varieties
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2001Co-Authors: Cesarettin Alasalvar, John M. Grigor, Peter C. Quantick, Donglin Zhang, Fereidoon ShahidiAbstract:Four different colored Carrots, orange, purple with orange core, yellow, and white, were examined for their content of phenolics, antioxidant vitamins, and sugars as well as their volatiles and sensory responses. A total of 35 volatiles were identified in all Carrots, 27 positively. White Carrot contained the highest content of volatiles, followed by orange, purple, and yellow. In total, 11, 16, 10, and 9 phenolic compounds were determined for the first time in orange, purple, yellow, and white Carrots, respectively. Of these, chlorogenic acid was the most predominant phenolic compound in all Carrot varieties. Differences (p < 0.05) in relative sweetness, the contents of vitamin C and α- and β-carotenes, and certain flavor characteristics were observed among the colored Carrot varieties examined. Purple Carrots contained 2.2 and 2.3 times more α- and β-carotenes (trace in yellow; not detected in white) than orange Carrots, respectively. Purple Carrot may be used in place of other Carrot varieties to take ...
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comparison of volatiles phenolics sugars antioxidant vitamins and sensory quality of different colored Carrot varieties
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2001Co-Authors: Cesarettin Alasalvar, John M. Grigor, Peter C. Quantick, Donglin Zhang, Fereidoon ShahidiAbstract:Four different colored Carrots, orange, purple with orange core, yellow, and white, were examined for their content of phenolics, antioxidant vitamins, and sugars as well as their volatiles and sensory responses. A total of 35 volatiles were identified in all Carrots, 27 positively. White Carrot contained the highest content of volatiles, followed by orange, purple, and yellow. In total, 11, 16, 10, and 9 phenolic compounds were determined for the first time in orange, purple, yellow, and white Carrots, respectively. Of these, chlorogenic acid was the most predominant phenolic compound in all Carrot varieties. Differences (p < 0.05) in relative sweetness, the contents of vitamin C and alpha- and beta-carotenes, and certain flavor characteristics were observed among the colored Carrot varieties examined. Purple Carrots contained 2.2 and 2.3 times more alpha- and beta-carotenes (trace in yellow; not detected in white) than orange Carrots, respectively. Purple Carrot may be used in place of other Carrot varieties to take advantage of its nutraceutical components.
Sherry A. Tanumihardjo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Carrot leaves maintain liver vitamin a concentrations in male mongolian gerbils regardless of the ratio of α to β carotene when β carotene equivalents are equalized
Journal of Nutrition, 2019Co-Authors: Tyler J Titcomb, Philipp W Simon, Mikayla Kaeppler, Sofia Beatriz Sandoval Cates, Jamie M Shannon, Sherry A. TanumihardjoAbstract:BACKGROUND Carrots are an important horticultural crop that contain provitamin A carotenoids (PACs). Orange Carrots have high concentrations of α-carotene, which upon central cleavage yields 1 retinal and 1 α-retinal molecule. The leaves of Carrot plants are a source of PACs when consumed. OBJECTIVE Male Mongolian gerbils aged 27-30 d were used to assess the bioefficacy of Carrot leaves to maintain vitamin A (VA) status and investigate whether the ratio of α- to β-carotene (α:β-carotene) affected bioefficacy. METHODS After 3 wk depletion, baseline gerbils were killed (n = 6) and the remaining gerbils (n = 60) were divided into 6 groups to receive 4 VA-deficient, Carrot leaf-fortified feeds (1:1.4, 1:2.5, 1:5.0, and 1:80 α:β-carotene ratio) equalized to 4.8 nmol/g β-carotene equivalents (βCEs), or VA-deficient feed with (VA+) or without (VA-) retinyl acetate supplements. Carrot-leaf powder from 4 Carrot plants with differing α:β-carotene ratios was used. After 4 wk, gerbils were killed and tissues were collected and analyzed for retinoids by HPLC. RESULTS VA+ had higher total liver VA (means ± SD 0.91 ± 0.29 μmol) than all other groups (range: 0.40-0.62) (P ≤ 0.03), and the Carrot leaf treatments did not differ from baseline (0.55 ± 0.09 μmol). VA- (0.40 ± 0.23 μmol VA/liver) did not differ from the leaf-fed groups, but 30% became VA deficient (defined as <0.1 μmol VA/g liver). α-Retinol accumulated in livers and lungs and was correlated to total α-carotene consumption (R2 = 0.83 and 0.88, respectively; P < 0.0001). Bioefficacy factors ranged from 4.2 to 6.2 μg βCE to 1 μg retinol. CONCLUSIONS Carrot leaves maintain VA status and prevent deficiency in gerbils regardless of the α:β-carotene ratio. The bioconversion of PACs from Carrot leaves to retinol is similar to what has been reported for other green leafy vegetables, making the consumption of Carrot leaves a viable method to improve dietary PAC intake.
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Carrots of many colors provide basic nutrition and bioavailable phytochemicals acting as a functional food
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 2010Co-Authors: Sara A Arscott, Sherry A. TanumihardjoAbstract:ABSTRACT: Hippocrates, a philosopher who lived from 460 to 359 BC is often quoted as saying, “Let your food be thy medicine and your medicine be thy food.” Having lived just shy of a century at a time when life expectancies were much less, he must have understood the importance of a healthy diet. A diet high in fruit and vegetables has been linked to optimal health in a variety of studies. One vegetable that has gained popularity is the Carrot due in part to the introduction of “cut & peel” convenience packages. Although most people in the United States know Carrots as an orange vegetable that can be eaten raw or in a variety of cooked dishes, original Carrots were yellow and purple. These Carrot varieties are currently undergoing phenotypic recurrent selection to improve the profile of compounds considered to be beneficial. This process is called biofortification, which has increased provitamin A content by >40% since 1970. The most novel Carrot produced to date is an orange–purple–red variety that not only contains provitamin A activity as α- and β-carotene, but also contains anthocyanins and the nonprovitamin A carotenoid lycopene, of which both are potent antioxidants. A functional food is one that provides benefit beyond basic nutrition. Biofortified Carrots of many colors not only provide vitamin A, but may contribute to optimal health. Because supplements have not been shown to be overly beneficial, except for correcting deficiencies, whole food-based approaches to enhance health by utilizing functional foods such as biofortified Carrots should be considered.
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bioavailability of β carotene βc from purple Carrots is the same as typical orange Carrots while high βc Carrots increase βc stores in mongolian gerbils meriones unguiculatus
British Journal of Nutrition, 2006Co-Authors: Mandy Porter Dosti, Philipp W Simon, Jordan P. Mills, Sherry A. TanumihardjoAbstract:Vitamin A (VA) deficiency is a worldwide public health problem. Biofortifying existing sources of beta-carotene (betaC) and increasing dietary betaC could help combat the issue. Two studies were performed to investigate the relative betaC bioavailability of a betaC supplement to purple, high-betaC orange, and typical orange Carrots using Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). In study 1, which used a traditional bioavailability design, gerbils (n 32) received a diet containing orange, purple, or white Carrot powder, or white Carrot powder +a betaC supplement. In study 2, which included betaC-biofortified Carrots, gerbils (n 39) received orange, high-betaC orange, purple, or white Carrot powder in their diet. Both studies lasted 21 d and the gerbils were killed to determine the effect of Carrot type or supplement on serum and liver betaC, alpha-carotene, and VA concentrations. Liver stores of betaC or VA in the gerbils did not differ between orange and purple Carrot diets when equal amounts of betaC from each of the diets were consumed (P>0.05). Both the orange and purple Carrot diet resulted in higher liver VA compared with the supplement (P<0.05). High-betaC Carrots resulted in more than 2-fold higher betaC and 1.1 times greater VA liver stores compared with typical orange Carrots (P<0.05). These results suggest that high-betaC Carrots may be an alternative source of VA to typical Carrots in areas of VA deficiency. Second, phenolics including anthocyanins and phenolic acids in purple Carrot do not interfere with the bioavailability of betaC from purple Carrots.
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carotenoid profiles and consumer sensory evaluation of specialty Carrots daucus carota l of various colors
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2004Co-Authors: Rebecca L Surles, Ning Weng, Philipp W Simon, Sherry A. TanumihardjoAbstract:Five different colored Carrots were analyzed for their carotenoid profile and underwent sensory evaluation to determine consumer acceptance (n = 96). Four major carotenoids were identified and quantified by use of HPLC methods. High β-carotene orange Carrots were found to contain the greatest concentration of total carotenoids. Except for the white, all the Carrots are a significant source of bioavailable carotenoids. Sensory evaluation showed the high β-carotene orange and white Carrots to be favored over the yellow, red, and purple Carrots in both blind and nonblind treatments (P < 0.01). However, all the Carrots were well accepted by the consumer panel. With this information, Carrot growers should be encouraged to cultivate specialty Carrots to provide sources of both vitamin A precursors and phytochemicals. Keywords: Carrot; carotenoid extraction; carotenoid profile; sensory evaluation; Daucus carota
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carotenoid profiles and consumer sensory evaluation of specialty Carrots daucus carota l of various colors
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2004Co-Authors: Rebecca L Surles, Ning Weng, Philipp W Simon, Sherry A. TanumihardjoAbstract:Five different colored Carrots were analyzed for their carotenoid profile and underwent sensory evaluation to determine consumer acceptance (n = 96). Four major carotenoids were identified and quantified by use of HPLC methods. High β-carotene orange Carrots were found to contain the greatest concentration of total carotenoids. Except for the white, all the Carrots are a significant source of bioavailable carotenoids. Sensory evaluation showed the high β-carotene orange and white Carrots to be favored over the yellow, red, and purple Carrots in both blind and nonblind treatments (P < 0.01). However, all the Carrots were well accepted by the consumer panel. With this information, Carrot growers should be encouraged to cultivate specialty Carrots to provide sources of both vitamin A precursors and phytochemicals. Keywords: Carrot; carotenoid extraction; carotenoid profile; sensory evaluation; Daucus carota
Yiyun Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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identification and characterization of dcusagt1 a udp glucose sinapic acid glucosyltransferase from purple Carrot taproots
PLOS ONE, 2016Co-Authors: Yiyun Chen, Zhisheng Xu, Ai-sheng XiongAbstract:Purple Carrots accumulate abundant cyanidin-based anthocyanins in taproots. UDP-glucose: sinapic acid glucosyltransferase (USAGT) can transfer the glucose moiety to the carboxyl group of sinapic acid thereby forming the ester bond between the carboxyl-C and the C1 of glucose (1-O-sinapoylglucose). 1-O-sinapoylglucose can serve as an acyl donor in acylation of anthocyanins and generate cyanidin 3-xylosyl (sinapoylglucosyl) galactoside in purple Carrots. This final product helps stabilize the accumulation of anthocyanins. In this study, a gene named DcUSAGT1 encoding USAGT was cloned from ‘Deep purple’ Carrot taproots. Enzymatic activity was determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The optimal temperature and pH value were 30°C and 7.0, respectively. Kinetic analysis suggested a Km (sinapic acid) of 0.59 mM. Expression profiles of DcUSAGT1 showed high expression levels in the taproots of all the three purple Carrot cultivars but low expression levels in those of non-purple Carrot cultivars. The USAGT activity of different Carrots in vitro indicated that crude enzyme extracted from the purple Carrot taproots rather than non-purple Carrot taproots exhibited USAGT activity. These results indicated that DcUSAGT1 may influence anthocyanin biosynthesis of purple Carrot taproots.
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identification and characterization of dcusagt1 a udp glucose sinapic acid glucosyltransferase from purple Carrot taproots
PLOS ONE, 2016Co-Authors: Yiyun Chen, Zhisheng Xu, Ai-sheng XiongAbstract:Purple Carrots accumulate abundant cyanidin-based anthocyanins in taproots. UDP-glucose: sinapic acid glucosyltransferase (USAGT) can transfer the glucose moiety to the carboxyl group of sinapic acid thereby forming the ester bond between the carboxyl-C and the C1 of glucose (1-O-sinapoylglucose). 1-O-sinapoylglucose can serve as an acyl donor in acylation of anthocyanins and generate cyanidin 3-xylosyl (sinapoylglucosyl) galactoside in purple Carrots. This final product helps stabilize the accumulation of anthocyanins. In this study, a gene named DcUSAGT1 encoding USAGT was cloned from ‘Deep purple’ Carrot taproots. Enzymatic activity was determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The optimal temperature and pH value were 30°C and 7.0, respectively. Kinetic analysis suggested a Km (sinapic acid) of 0.59 mM. Expression profiles of DcUSAGT1 showed high expression levels in the taproots of all the three purple Carrot cultivars but low expression levels in those of non-purple Carrot cultivars. The USAGT activity of different Carrots in vitro indicated that crude enzyme extracted from the purple Carrot taproots rather than non-purple Carrot taproots exhibited USAGT activity. These results indicated that DcUSAGT1 may influence anthocyanin biosynthesis of purple Carrot taproots.