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Premi NicolÒ - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Il trovatore Pons de la Guardia. Edizione critica con commento e glossario.
2020Co-Authors: Premi NicolÒAbstract:La tesi consiste in una nuova edizione critica delle otto canzoni del trovatore Catalano Pons de la Guardia. Innanzitutto, l'edizione si apre con un breve status quaestionis che sintetizza la bibliografia precedente sul trovatore. In secondo luogo, in uno studio introduttivo, ho presentato le caratteristiche della tradizione manoscritta del poeta illustrando gli otto manoscritti (CEJNRSVa) che raccolgono le sue poesie e commentando i dati materiali. \uc8 emerso che la recensio del trovatore \ue8 interamente situata nella cosiddetta tradizione y, definita da Avalle, e documenta i suoi rapporti con fonti Catalane. Ho quindi affrontato i problemi di attribuzione, distinguendo i testi con attribuzione inequivocabile da quelli controversi. Ho dedicato poi un capitolo alla biografia del poeta e alla ricostruzione del contesto storico e letterario in cui si muoveva. Una ricerca approfondita in archivio ha consentito il rinvenimento di un nuovo documento che attesta il trovatore. Il profilo del cavaliere-poeta che emerge dalla mia ricostruzione illumina una fitta rete di contesti socio-culturali. Per quanto riguarda la cultura poetica, Pons si colloca completamente nella linea del trobar leu e, a seguito dell'analisi puntuale delle canzoni in cui compaiono numerosi echi di Bernart de Ventadorn, possiamo dire che quest'ultimo \ue8 stato assunto dal Catalano Pons come paradigma stilistico per rivolgersi a un pubblico occitano. Per quanto riguarda la lingua, Pons, sebbene fosse di madrelingua Catalana, dimostra di padroneggiare correttamente la lingua letteraria. Si notano solo pochi casi di Catalanismi in rima in cui i diversi risultati del vocalismo tonico causano errori di versificazione che rivelano la patria linguistica Catalana del poeta. Un glossario completo chiude l'edizione con l'indicazione delle categorie grammaticali a cui appartiene ciascun termine.The thesis consists of a new critical edition of the eight songs of the Catalan troubadour Pons de la Guardia. First, the edition opens with a brief status quaestionis that summarizes the previous bibliography on the troubadour. Secondly, in an introductory study, I presented the characteristics of the poet\u2019s manuscript tradition illustrating the eight manuscripts (CEJNRSVa) who collect his poems and commenting on material data. It emerged that the tradition of the troubadour is entirely situated in the so-called tradition y, defined by Avalle, and documents its relations with Catalan sources. I then dealt with the attribution\u2019s problems, distinguishing the texts with unambiguous attribution from those controversial. I dedicated a chapter to the biography of the poet and to the reconstruction of the historical and literary context in which he moved. An in-depth archive research enabled me to find a new document attesting the troubadour. The profile of the poet-knight that emerges from my reconstruction illuminates a dense network of different socio-cultural problems. As for Pons\u2019s poetic culture, he places himself fully in the line of the trobar leu and, as a result of the punctual analysis of the songs in which numerous echoes of Bernart de Ventadorn appear, we can say that the latter was assumed by the Catalan Pons as a stylistic paradigm in order to address an Occitan public. As for the language, Pons, although he was a Catalan native speaker, proves to master the literary language properly. Only a few cases of rhyming Catalanisms are noted where the different results of tonic vocalism cause errors of versification that reveal the poet\u2019s Catalan linguistic homeland. A complete glossary closes the edition with indication of the grammatical categories to which each term belong
Premi Nicolò - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Il trovatore Pons de la Guardia : edizione critica con commento e glossario
HAL CCSD, 2020Co-Authors: Premi NicolòAbstract:The thesis consists of a new critical edition of the eight songs of the Catalan troubadour Pons de la Guardia. First, the edition opens with a brief status quaestionis that summarizes the previous bibliography on the troubadour. Secondly, in an introductory study, I presented the characteristics of the poet’s manuscript tradition illustrating the eight manuscripts (CEJNRSVa) which collect his poems and commenting on material data. It emerged that the tradition of the troubadour is entirely situated in the so-called tradition y, defined by Avalle, and that it proves its relations with Catalan sources. I then dealt with attribution’s problems, distinguishing the texts with unambiguous authorship from those controversial. I dedicated a chapter to the biography of the poet and to the reconstruction of the historical and literary context in which he operated. An in-depth archive research enabled me to find a new document attesting the troubadour. The profile of the poet-knight that emerges from my reconstruction illuminates a dense network of different socio-cultural problems. As for Pons’s poetic culture, he places himself fully in the line of the trobar leu and, as a result of the punctual analysis of the songs in which numerous echoes of Bernart de Ventadorn appear, we can say that the latter was assumed by the Catalan Pons as a stylistic paradigm in order to address an Occitan public. As for the language, Pons, although he was a Catalan native speaker, proves to master the literary language properly. Only a few cases of rhyming Catalanisms are noted where the different results of tonic vocalism cause errors of versification that reveal the poet’s Catalan linguistic homeland. A complete glossary closes the edition with indication of the grammatical categories to which each term belongs.La thèse consiste en une nouvelle édition critique des huit chansons du troubadour Catalan Pons de la Guardia. Tout d'abord, l'édition s'ouvre sur un bref statut quaestionis qui résume la bibliographie précédente sur le troubadour. Deuxièmement, dans une étude introductive, j'ai présenté les caractéristiques de la tradition manuscrite du poète illustrant les huit manuscrits (CEJNRSVa) qui rassemblent ses poèmes et commentant les données matérielles. Il est apparu que la tradition du troubadour se situe entièrement dans la soi-disant tradition y, définie par Avalle, et qu'elle prouve ses relations avec les sources Catalanes. J’ai ensuite abordé les problèmes d’attribution, en distinguant les textes dont la paternité est sans ambiguïté de ceux controversés. J'ai consacré un chapitre à la biographie du poète et à la reconstitution du contexte historique et littéraire dans lequel il opérait. Une recherche approfondie sur les archives m'a permis de trouver un nouveau document attestant le troubadour. Le profil du poète-chevalier qui se dégage de ma reconstruction illumine un réseau dense de différents problèmes socioculturels. Quant à la culture poétique de Pons, il se place tout à fait dans la lignée du trobar leu et, à la suite de l'analyse ponctuelle des chansons dans lesquelles apparaissent de nombreux échos de Bernart de Ventadorn, on peut dire que ce dernier a été assumé par le Catalan Pons comme paradigme stylistique pour s'adresser à un public occitan. Quant à la langue, Pons, bien qu'il soit de langue maternelle Catalane, s'avère maîtriser correctement la langue littéraire. Seuls quelques cas de Catalanismes en rime sont notés où les différents résultats du vocalisme tonique provoquent des erreurs de versification qui révèlent la patrie linguistique Catalane du poète. Un glossaire complet clôt l'édition avec indication des catégories grammaticales auxquelles chaque terme appartient
García Rodríguez Joseph - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Las unidades fraseológicas del español y el catalán con elementos de la naturaleza: estudio cognitivo-contrastivo y propuesta de un diccionario electrónico de fraseología bilingüe
'Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona', 2019Co-Authors: García Rodríguez JosephAbstract:Esta tesis doctoral constituye un avance en los estudios fraseológicos del español y el catalán desde los puntos de vista cognitivo, contrastivo y lexicográfico mediante el análisis de unidades fraseológicas (UFS) de ambas lenguas que contienen un elemento léxico de la naturaleza (agua, tierra, fuego y aire). En la actualidad, aún no existe un estudio exhaustivo que intente dar cuenta del potencial que posee esta temática para la creación de fraseologismos. El primer capítulo se centra en las aportaciones realizadas hasta el momento sobre los aspectos teóricos de la fraseología con el fin de hallar una propuesta terminológica, conceptual y taxonómica que permita sistematizar el estudio de las UFS. El segundo proporciona el marco teórico para esta investigación: la lingüística cognitiva. Sus postulados se centran en demostrar la importancia de la interacción entre el sujeto y el mundo que lo rodea. Los mecanismos de la metáfora, la metonimia y la metaftonimia toman una relevancia significativa puesto que son los que permiten entender cómo se forman los fraseologismos desde las perspectivas semántica y simbólica. En el tercer capítulo se examinan los estudios relacionados con la fraseología y la fraseografía española y Catalana, además de las aportaciones que versan sobre los diferentes tipos de equivalentes fraseológicos. Se reflexiona también sobre el desarrollo de la lingüística computacional, cuyos avances favorecen la creación de diccionarios electrónicos que permiten una interactividad y eficacia mayor que la versión en papel tanto en las búsquedas como en los resultados. Asimismo, se defiende la elaboración de un diccionario electrónico de fraseología bilingüe español-catalán, dado que los existentes (solo en papel) no consiguen solventar con totalidad las necesidades de los usuarios. Se concretan, en el cuarto capítulo, las obras que han servido como fuente para obtener los datos de las diferentes UFS del corpus de esta investigación, así como la metodología empleada para su posterior análisis. Con relación a la lingüística cognitiva, en el quinto capítulo se procede a clasificar las UFS recogidas en conceptos y estos en hiperónimos para observar la tendencia de los diferentes elementos de la naturaleza a la hora de conceptualizar la realidad y demostrar, de manera más homogénea, cuáles son los mecanismos de formación más abundantes que subyacen a este tipo de unidades, así como sus motivaciones. En el sexto capítulo se clasifican las UFS del español y el catalán según el grado de equivalencia que poseen. Los parámetros de análisis empleados son cinco: la estructura morfosintáctica, los elementos léxicos, el significado fraseológico, el connotativo y la iconicidad. Por último, en el séptimo capítulo se ofrece una propuesta real de diccionario electrónico de fraseología bilingüe español-catalán, denominado FRAESCAT, cuya elaboración se ha divido en dos fases: preparación y difusión de una encuesta a posibles usuarios del diccionario y desarrollo de una aplicación con UFS analizadas en la tesis, considerando las necesidades de las personas encuestadas y los avances en la lexicografía electrónica. En suma, la investigación que se ha desarrollado abarca distintas perspectivas con la intención de analizar exhaustivamente los datos del corpus. Se ha demostrado que los elementos de la naturaleza son muy productivos a nivel fraseológico. Esto, a su vez, se refleja en la cantidad de conceptos y mecanismos cognitivos que subyacen a estas unidades. Desde el punto de vista contrastivo, los resultados obtenidos del análisis de los equivalentes propuestos indican la diversidad fraseológica que presentan español y catalán y, por tanto, queda demostrado que, a pesar de ser dos lenguas romances que comparten territorio y aspectos culturales y lingüísticos, muestran diferencias evidentes referentes a la fraseología y esenciales para justificar la necesidad de desarrollar el diccionario electrónico propuesto en esta tesis.This doctoral thesis is a breakthrough in phraseological studies of Spanish and Catalan from cognitive, contrastive and lexicographical points of view through the analysis of phraseologisms of both languages that contain a lexical element of nature (water, earth, air and fire). At present, there is still no comprehensive study that tries to report the potential that this subject has for phraseologies creation. The first chapter focuses on the contributions made so far about the theoretical aspects of phraseology in order to find a terminological, conceptual and taxonomic proposal to systematize the study of phraseological units. The second provides the theoretical framework for this research: cognitive linguistics. Its postulates focus on demonstrating the importance of interaction between the subject and the world around him. The mechanisms of metaphor, metonymy and metaphonomy take on significant relevance since they allow us to understand how phraseologisms are formed from semantic and symbolic perspectives. In the third chapter, the studies related to phraseology and Spanish and Catalan phraseology are examined, as well as the contributions that deal with different types of phraseological equivalents. It also reflects on the development of computational linguistics, whose advances promote the creation of electronic dictionaries that allow greater interactivity and effectiveness than the paper version, in both searches and results. Likewise, the development of an electronic dictionary of bilingual Spanish-Catalan phraseology is defended, given that the existing ones (only on paper) do not manage to fully solve users’ needs. In the fourth chapter, the works that have served as a source to obtain the data of different UFS of the corpus of this research, as well as methodology used for its subsequent analysis, are specified. Regarding cognitive linguistics, in the fifth chapter we proceed to classify the phraseologisms collected in concepts and these in hypernyms to observe the tendency of different elements of nature to conceptualize reality and demonstrate, in a more homogeneous way, which are the most abundant training mechanisms that underlie this type of units, as well as their motivations. In the sixth chapter, Spanish and Catalan phraseologisms are classified according to the degree of equivalence they possess. The analysis parameters used are five: morphosyntactic structure, lexical elements, phraseological meaning, connotative meaning and iconicity. Finally, in the seventh chapter a real proposal of an electronic dictionary of Spanish-Catalan bilingual phraseology, called FRAESCAT, is offered, whose elaboration has been divided into two phases: preparation and dissemination of a survey to possible users of the dictionary and the development of an application with phraseological units analysed in the thesis, considering people surveyed needs and the advances in electronic lexicography. In conclusion, the research that has been developed covers different perspectives with the intention of analysing the corpus data exhaustively. It has been shown that natural elements are very productive at phraseological level. This, in turn, is reflected in the number of concepts and cognitive mechanisms that underlie these units. From the contrastive point of view, the results obtained from the analysis of the proposed equivalents indicate the phraseological diversity that Spanish and Catalan present and, therefore, it is demonstrated that, in spite of being two Romance languages that share territory and cultural and linguistic aspects, they show evident differences referring to the phraseology, essential to justify the need to develop the electronic dictionary proposed in this thesis
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Las Unidades fraseológicas del español y el catalán con elementos de la naturaleza : estudio cognitivo-contrastivo y propuesta de un diccionario electrónico de fraseología bilingüe /
2019Co-Authors: García Rodríguez Joseph, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona. Departament De Filologia EspanyolaAbstract:Departament responsable de la tesi: Departament de Filologia Espanyola.Esta tesis doctoral constituye un avance en los estudios fraseológicos del español y el catalán desde los puntos de vista cognitivo, contrastivo y lexicográfico mediante el análisis de unidades fraseológicas (UFS) de ambas lenguas que contienen un elemento léxico de la naturaleza (agua, tierra, fuego y aire). En la actualidad, aún no existe un estudio exhaustivo que intente dar cuenta del potencial que posee esta temática para la creación de fraseologismos. El primer capítulo se centra en las aportaciones realizadas hasta el momento sobre los aspectos teóricos de la fraseología con el fin de hallar una propuesta terminológica, conceptual y taxonómica que permita sistematizar el estudio de las UFS. El segundo proporciona el marco teórico para esta investigación: la lingüística cognitiva. Sus postulados se centran en demostrar la importancia de la interacción entre el sujeto y el mundo que lo rodea. Los mecanismos de la metáfora, la metonimia y la metaftonimia toman una relevancia significativa puesto que son los que permiten entender cómo se forman los fraseologismos desde las perspectivas semántica y simbólica. En el tercer capítulo se examinan los estudios relacionados con la fraseología y la fraseografía española y Catalana, además de las aportaciones que versan sobre los diferentes tipos de equivalentes fraseológicos. Se reflexiona también sobre el desarrollo de la lingüística computacional, cuyos avances favorecen la creación de diccionarios electrónicos que permiten una interactividad y eficacia mayor que la versión en papel tanto en las búsquedas como en los resultados. Asimismo, se defiende la elaboración de un diccionario electrónico de fraseología bilingüe español-catalán, dado que los existentes (solo en papel) no consiguen solventar con totalidad las necesidades de los usuarios. Se concretan, en el cuarto capítulo, las obras que han servido como fuente para obtener los datos de las diferentes UFS del corpus de esta investigación, así como la metodología empleada para su posterior análisis. Con relación a la lingüística cognitiva, en el quinto capítulo se procede a clasificar las UFS recogidas en conceptos y estos en hiperónimos para observar la tendencia de los diferentes elementos de la naturaleza a la hora de conceptualizar la realidad y demostrar, de manera más homogénea, cuáles son los mecanismos de formación más abundantes que subyacen a este tipo de unidades, así como sus motivaciones. En el sexto capítulo se clasifican las UFS del español y el catalán según el grado de equivalencia que poseen. Los parámetros de análisis empleados son cinco: la estructura morfosintáctica, los elementos léxicos, el significado fraseológico, el connotativo y la iconicidad. Por último, en el séptimo capítulo se ofrece una propuesta real de diccionario electrónico de fraseología bilingüe español-catalán, denominado FRAESCAT, cuya elaboración se ha divido en dos fases: preparación y difusión de una encuesta a posibles usuarios del diccionario y desarrollo de una aplicación con UFS analizadas en la tesis, considerando las necesidades de las personas encuestadas y los avances en la lexicografía electrónica. En suma, la investigación que se ha desarrollado abarca distintas perspectivas con la intención de analizar exhaustivamente los datos del corpus. Se ha demostrado que los elementos de la naturaleza son muy productivos a nivel fraseológico. Esto, a su vez, se refleja en la cantidad de conceptos y mecanismos cognitivos que subyacen a estas unidades. Desde el punto de vista contrastivo, los resultados obtenidos del análisis de los equivalentes propuestos indican la diversidad fraseológica que presentan español y catalán y, por tanto, queda demostrado que, a pesar de ser dos lenguas romances que comparten territorio y aspectos culturales y lingüísticos, muestran diferencias evidentes referentes a la fraseología y esenciales para justificar la necesidad de desarrollar el diccionario electrónico propuesto en esta tesis.This doctoral thesis is a breakthrough in phraseological studies of Spanish and Catalan from cognitive, contrastive and lexicographical points of view through the analysis of phraseologisms of both languages that contain a lexical element of nature (water, earth, air and fire). At present, there is still no comprehensive study that tries to report the potential that this subject has for phraseologies creation. The first chapter focuses on the contributions made so far about the theoretical aspects of phraseology in order to find a terminological, conceptual and taxonomic proposal to systematize the study of phraseological units. The second provides the theoretical framework for this research: cognitive linguistics. Its postulates focus on demonstrating the importance of interaction between the subject and the world around him. The mechanisms of metaphor, metonymy and metaphonomy take on significant relevance since they allow us to understand how phraseologisms are formed from semantic and symbolic perspectives. In the third chapter, the studies related to phraseology and Spanish and Catalan phraseology are examined, as well as the contributions that deal with different types of phraseological equivalents. It also reflects on the development of computational linguistics, whose advances promote the creation of electronic dictionaries that allow greater interactivity and effectiveness than the paper version, in both searches and results. Likewise, the development of an electronic dictionary of bilingual Spanish-Catalan phraseology is defended, given that the existing ones (only on paper) do not manage to fully solve users' needs. In the fourth chapter, the works that have served as a source to obtain the data of different UFS of the corpus of this research, as well as methodology used for its subsequent analysis, are specified. Regarding cognitive linguistics, in the fifth chapter we proceed to classify the phraseologisms collected in concepts and these in hypernyms to observe the tendency of different elements of nature to conceptualize reality and demonstrate, in a more homogeneous way, which are the most abundant training mechanisms that underlie this type of units, as well as their motivations. In the sixth chapter, Spanish and Catalan phraseologisms are classified according to the degree of equivalence they possess. The analysis parameters used are five: morphosyntactic structure, lexical elements, phraseological meaning, connotative meaning and iconicity. Finally, in the seventh chapter a real proposal of an electronic dictionary of Spanish-Catalan bilingual phraseology, called FRAESCAT, is offered, whose elaboration has been divided into two phases: preparation and dissemination of a survey to possible users of the dictionary and the development of an application with phraseological units analysed in the thesis, considering people surveyed needs and the advances in electronic lexicography. In conclusion, the research that has been developed covers different perspectives with the intention of analysing the corpus data exhaustively. It has been shown that natural elements are very productive at phraseological level. This, in turn, is reflected in the number of concepts and cognitive mechanisms that underlie these units. From the contrastive point of view, the results obtained from the analysis of the proposed equivalents indicate the phraseological diversity that Spanish and Catalan present and, therefore, it is demonstrated that, in spite of being two Romance languages that share territory and cultural and linguistic aspects, they show evident differences referring to the phraseology, essential to justify the need to develop the electronic dictionary proposed in this thesis
Ken Mcelreavey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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recent male mediated gene flow over a linguistic barrier in iberia suggested by analysis of a y chromosomal dna polymorphism
American Journal of Human Genetics, 1999Co-Authors: Matthew E Hurles, Reiner A Veitia, Eduardo Arroyo, Manuel Armenteros, Jaume Bertranpetit, Anna Perezlezaun, Elena Bosch, Maria Shlumukova, A Cambonthomsen, Ken McelreaveyAbstract:We have examined the worldwide distribution of a Y-chromosomal base-substitution polymorphism, the T/C transition at SRY-2627, where the T allele defines haplogroup 22; sequencing of primate homologues shows that the ancestral state cannot be determined unambiguously but is probably the C allele. Of 1,191 human Y chromosomes analyzed, 33 belong to haplogroup 22. Twenty-nine come from Iberia, and the highest frequencies are in Basques (11%; n=117) and Catalans (22%; n=32). Microsatellite and minisatellite (MSY1) diversity analysis shows that non-Iberian haplogroup-22 chromosomes are not significantly different from Iberian ones. The simplest interpretation of these data is that haplogroup 22 arose in Iberia and that non-Iberian cases reflect Iberian emigrants. Several different methods were used to date the origin of the polymorphism: microsatellite data gave ages of 1,650, 2,700, 3,100, or 3,450 years, and MSY1 gave ages of 1,000, 2,300, or 2,650 years, although 95% confidence intervals on all of these figures are wide. The age of the split between Basque and Catalan haplogroup-22 chromosomes was calculated as only 20% of the age of the lineage as a whole. This study thus provides evidence for direct or indirect gene flow over the substantial linguistic barrier between the Indo-European and non–Indo-European–speaking populations of the Catalans and the Basques, during the past few thousand years.
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recent male mediated gene flow over a linguistic barrier in iberia suggested by analysis of a y chromosomal dna polymorphism
American Journal of Human Genetics, 1999Co-Authors: Matthew E Hurles, Reiner A Veitia, Eduardo Arroyo, Manuel Armenteros, Jaume Bertranpetit, Anna Perezlezaun, Elena Bosch, Maria Shlumukova, A Cambonthomsen, Ken McelreaveyAbstract:We have examined the worldwide distribution of a Y-chromosomal base-substitution polymorphism, the T/C transition at SRY-2627, where the T allele defines haplogroup 22; sequencing of primate homologues shows that the ancestral state cannot be determined unambiguously but is probably the C allele. Of 1,191 human Y chromosomes analyzed, 33 belong to haplogroup 22. Twenty-nine come from Iberia, and the highest frequencies are in Basques (11%; n=117) and Catalans (22%; n=32). Microsatellite and minisatellite (MSY1) diversity analysis shows that non-Iberian haplogroup-22 chromosomes are not significantly different from Iberian ones. The simplest interpretation of these data is that haplogroup 22 arose in Iberia and that non-Iberian cases reflect Iberian emigrants. Several different methods were used to date the origin of the polymorphism: microsatellite data gave ages of 1,650, 2,700, 3,100, or 3,450 years, and MSY1 gave ages of 1,000, 2,300, or 2,650 years, although 95% confidence intervals on all of these figures are wide. The age of the split between Basque and Catalan haplogroup-22 chromosomes was calculated as only 20% of the age of the lineage as a whole. This study thus provides evidence for direct or indirect gene flow over the substantial linguistic barrier between the Indo-European and non–Indo-European–speaking populations of the Catalans and the Basques, during the past few thousand years.
Ferruccio Fazio - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the role of age of acquisition and language usage in early high proficient bilinguals an fmri study during verbal fluency
Human Brain Mapping, 2003Co-Authors: Daniela Perani, Jubin Abutalebi, E Paulesu, Simona Maria Brambati, Paola Scifo, Stefano F Cappa, Ferruccio FazioAbstract:We assessed the effects of age of acquisition and language exposure on the cerebral correlates of lexical retrieval in high-proficient, early-acquisition bilinguals. Functional MRI was used to study Spanish-Catalan bilinguals who acquired either Spanish or Catalan as a first language in the first years of life. Subjects were exposed to the second language at 3 years of age, and have used both languages in daily life since then. Subjects had a comparable level of proficiency in the comprehension of both languages. Lexical retrieval with the verbal fluency task resulted in the well-established pattern of left hemispheric activation centered on the inferior frontal region. The effect of age of acquisition was assessed by dividing the subjects into two groups, on the basis of the language acquired first (Catalan-born or Spanish-born bilinguals). Functional comparisons indicated that less extensive brain activation was associated with lexical retrieval in the language acquired earlier in life. The two groups were also different in language usage/exposure, as assessed with a specific questionnaire; in particular, the exposure to the second language (Spanish) was less intensive in the case of Catalans. This was reflected in a significant interaction, indicating a more extensive activation in Catalans during production in Spanish. Overall, these results indicate that, during a production task, both age of acquisition and language exposure affect the pattern of brain activation in bilinguals, even if both languages are acquired early and with a comparable level of proficiency.
