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W. Scott Mcgraw - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Seed choice differs by sex in sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys)
Primates, 2020Co-Authors: Elise Geissler, David J. Daegling, Taylor A. Polvadore, W. Scott McgrawAbstract:The sooty mangabey ( Cercocebus atys ) practices year-round durophagy. A large part of the C. atys diet consists of the oily nut of Sacoglottis gabonensis , which is accessed by post-canine crushing of the hard, protective seed coat. During a typical foraging bout, some seeds are discarded after initial crushing attempts using isometric biting, but the reason mangabeys reject some seeds and break into others is unclear. Although C. atys is sexually dimorphic, little is known about whether differences between males and females affect the selectivity of mechanically protected foods. We studied C. atys feeding on S. gabonensis in the Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire, in July and August 2016. Nuts discarded after an initial crushing attempt were collected and their hardness measured using a Shore D durometer. Measurements were taken in the region of the nut where monkeys attempted to crush it. Hardness values of nuts rejected by adult male ( n = 79) and adult female ( n = 104) C. atys were compared to those of a control assemblage of nuts collected randomly on the forest floor ( n = 69). Nuts rejected by either sex do not differ statistically from the random sample; however, they do differ from each other, with females rejecting harder nuts. This suggests that males are more effective at broaching harder seed husks, and discard seeds based on other factors.
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Enamel chipping in Taï Forest cercopithecids: Implications for diet reconstruction in paleoanthropological contexts.
Journal of human evolution, 2020Co-Authors: Luke D Fannin, Elise Geissler, Paul E. Morse, Debbie Guatelli-steinberg, Paul J. Constantino, W. Scott McgrawAbstract:Abstract Antemortem enamel chipping in living and fossil primates is often interpreted as evidence of hard-object feeding (i.e., ‘durophagy’). Laboratory analyses of tooth fracture have modeled the theoretical diets and loading conditions that may produce such chips. Previous chipping studies of nonhuman primates tend to combine populations into species samples, despite the fact that species can vary significantly in diet across their ranges. Chipping is yet to be analyzed across population-specific species samples for which long-term dietary data are available. Here, we test the association between enamel chipping and diet in a community of cercopithecid primates inhabiting the Tai Forest, Ivory Coast. We examined fourth premolars and first molars (n = 867) from naturally deceased specimens of Cercocebus atys, Colobus polykomos, Piliocolobus badius, Procolobus verus, and three species of Cercopithecus. We found little support for a predictive relationship between enamel chipping and diet across the entire Tai monkey community. Cercocebus atys, a dedicated hard-object feeder, exhibited the highest frequencies of (1) chipped teeth and (2) chips of large size; however, the other monkey with a significant degree of granivory, Co. polykomos, exhibited the lowest chip frequency. In addition, primates with little evidence of mechanically challenging or hard-food diets—such as Cercopithecus spp., Pi. badius, and Pr. verus—evinced higher chipping frequencies than expected. The equivocal and stochastic nature of enamel chipping in the Tai monkeys suggests nondietary factors contribute significantly to chipping. A negative association between canopy preference and chipping suggests a role of exogenous particles in chip formation, whereby taxa foraging closer to the forest floor encounter more errant particulates during feeding than species foraging in higher strata. We conclude that current enamel chipping models may provide insight into the diets of fossil primates, but only in cases of extreme durophagy. Given the role of nondietary factors in chip formation, our ability to reliably reconstruct a range of diets from a gradient of chipping in fossil taxa is likely weak.
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Scapular Morphology and Forelimb Use during Foraging in Four Sympatric Cercopithecids.
Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology, 2015Co-Authors: Noah T. Dunham, Erin E Kane, W. Scott McgrawAbstract:Most investigations of primate scapular morphology use differences in locomotion to explain variation; less is known about how scapular geometry covaries with nonlocomotor behavior. We examined forelimb use during foraging in 4 cercopithecids ranging throughout the Ivory Coast's Tai Forest. During 5-min feeding bouts, we recorded the frequency individuals of Piliocolobus badius, Colobus polykomos, Cercocebus atys and Cercopithecus diana performed 5 forelimb behaviors involved in the acquisition and introduction of food to the oral cavity. Scapulae from these populations were examined to determine whether differences in forelimb use were reflected in features known to correspond with varying degrees of arm flexion, abduction and elevation. Our results reveal that the species differ markedly in forelimb use and that these differences are interpretable via their scapular morphology. For example, P. badius engages in more frequent flexion, abduction and elevation of the arm above the head relative to C. polykomos, and red colobus scapulae are longer craniocaudally and have larger, more cranially directed supraspinous fossae than those of closely related black-and-white colobus. Our attempt to explore how nonlocomotor behavior covaries with skeletal morphology should provide for more informed interpretations of the primate fossil record.
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Dietary variation and food hardness in sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys): Implications for fallback foods and dental adaptation
American journal of physical anthropology, 2014Co-Authors: W. Scott Mcgraw, Anna E. Vick, David J. DaeglingAbstract:We present information on food hardness and monthly dietary changes in female sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) in Tai Forest, Ivory Coast to reassess the hypothesis that thick molar enamel is parsimoniously interpreted as a response to consumption of hard foods during fallback periods. We demonstrate that the diet of sooty mangabeys varies seasonally, but that one food—Sacoglottis gabonensis—is the most frequently consumed food every month and year round. This food is the hardest item in the sooty diet. Given that this species has among the thickest enamel within the primate order, a plausible conclusion is that thick enamel in this taxon evolved not in response to seasonally critical function or fallback foods, but rather to the habitual, year round processing of a mechanically protected foodstuff. These data serve as a caution against de rigueur interpretations that reliance on fallback foods during lean periods primarily explains the evolution of thick enamel in primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:413–423, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Dental wear among cercopithecid monkeys of the Taï forest, Côte d'Ivoire
American journal of physical anthropology, 2013Co-Authors: Paul E. Morse, W. Scott Mcgraw, David J. Daegling, James D PampushAbstract:Studies of dental macrowear can be useful for understanding masticatory and ingestive behavior, life history, and for inferring dietary information from the skeletal material of extinct and extant primates. Such studies to date have tended to focus on one or two teeth, potentially missing information that can be garnered through examination of wear patterns across the tooth row. Our study measured macrowear in the postcanine teeth of three sympatric cercopithecid species from the Tai Forest, Cote d'Ivoire (Cercocebus atys, Procolobus badius, and Colobus polykomos), whose diets have been well-described. Inter-specific analyses suggest that different diets and ingestive behaviors are characterized by different patterns of wear across the molar row, with Cercocebus atys emphasizing tooth use near P4 -M1 , P. badius emphasizing a large amount of tooth use near M2 -M3 , and Colobus polykomos exhibiting wear more evenly across the postcanine teeth. Information regarding differential tooth use across the molar row may be more informative than macrowear analysis of isolated teeth for making inferences about primate feeding behavior.
David J. Daegling - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Seed choice differs by sex in sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys)
Primates, 2020Co-Authors: Elise Geissler, David J. Daegling, Taylor A. Polvadore, W. Scott McgrawAbstract:The sooty mangabey ( Cercocebus atys ) practices year-round durophagy. A large part of the C. atys diet consists of the oily nut of Sacoglottis gabonensis , which is accessed by post-canine crushing of the hard, protective seed coat. During a typical foraging bout, some seeds are discarded after initial crushing attempts using isometric biting, but the reason mangabeys reject some seeds and break into others is unclear. Although C. atys is sexually dimorphic, little is known about whether differences between males and females affect the selectivity of mechanically protected foods. We studied C. atys feeding on S. gabonensis in the Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire, in July and August 2016. Nuts discarded after an initial crushing attempt were collected and their hardness measured using a Shore D durometer. Measurements were taken in the region of the nut where monkeys attempted to crush it. Hardness values of nuts rejected by adult male ( n = 79) and adult female ( n = 104) C. atys were compared to those of a control assemblage of nuts collected randomly on the forest floor ( n = 69). Nuts rejected by either sex do not differ statistically from the random sample; however, they do differ from each other, with females rejecting harder nuts. This suggests that males are more effective at broaching harder seed husks, and discard seeds based on other factors.
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Dietary variation and food hardness in sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys): Implications for fallback foods and dental adaptation
American journal of physical anthropology, 2014Co-Authors: W. Scott Mcgraw, Anna E. Vick, David J. DaeglingAbstract:We present information on food hardness and monthly dietary changes in female sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) in Tai Forest, Ivory Coast to reassess the hypothesis that thick molar enamel is parsimoniously interpreted as a response to consumption of hard foods during fallback periods. We demonstrate that the diet of sooty mangabeys varies seasonally, but that one food—Sacoglottis gabonensis—is the most frequently consumed food every month and year round. This food is the hardest item in the sooty diet. Given that this species has among the thickest enamel within the primate order, a plausible conclusion is that thick enamel in this taxon evolved not in response to seasonally critical function or fallback foods, but rather to the habitual, year round processing of a mechanically protected foodstuff. These data serve as a caution against de rigueur interpretations that reliance on fallback foods during lean periods primarily explains the evolution of thick enamel in primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:413–423, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Dental wear among cercopithecid monkeys of the Taï forest, Côte d'Ivoire
American journal of physical anthropology, 2013Co-Authors: Paul E. Morse, W. Scott Mcgraw, David J. Daegling, James D PampushAbstract:Studies of dental macrowear can be useful for understanding masticatory and ingestive behavior, life history, and for inferring dietary information from the skeletal material of extinct and extant primates. Such studies to date have tended to focus on one or two teeth, potentially missing information that can be garnered through examination of wear patterns across the tooth row. Our study measured macrowear in the postcanine teeth of three sympatric cercopithecid species from the Tai Forest, Cote d'Ivoire (Cercocebus atys, Procolobus badius, and Colobus polykomos), whose diets have been well-described. Inter-specific analyses suggest that different diets and ingestive behaviors are characterized by different patterns of wear across the molar row, with Cercocebus atys emphasizing tooth use near P4 -M1 , P. badius emphasizing a large amount of tooth use near M2 -M3 , and Colobus polykomos exhibiting wear more evenly across the postcanine teeth. Information regarding differential tooth use across the molar row may be more informative than macrowear analysis of isolated teeth for making inferences about primate feeding behavior.
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Brief communication: Enamel thickness and durophagy in mangabeys revisited
American journal of physical anthropology, 2011Co-Authors: W. Scott Mcgraw, James D Pampush, David J. DaeglingAbstract:The documentation of enamel thickness variation across primates is important because enamel thickness has both taxonomic and functional relevance. The Old World monkeys commonly referred to as mangabeys have figured prominently in investigations of feeding ecology and enamel thickness. In this article, we report enamel thickness values for four mangabey taxa (Cercocebus atys, Cercocebus torquatus, Lophocebus aterrimus, and Lophocebus albigena), offer revised interpretation of the significance of thick enamel in papionin evolution, and place our new data in a broader comparative framework. Our data indicate that all mangabeys have thick enamel and that the values obtained for Cercocebus and Lophocebus equal or exceed those published for most extant non-human primates. In addition, new field data combined with a current reading of the dietary literature indicate that hard foods make up a portion of the diet of every mangabey species sampled to date. Clarification on the relationship between diet and enamel thickness among mangabeys is important not only because of recognition that mangabeys are not a natural group but also because of recent arguments that explain thick enamel as an evolved response to the seasonal consumption of hard foods.
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hard object feeding in sooty mangabeys Cercocebus atys and interpretation of early hominin feeding ecology
PLOS ONE, 2011Co-Authors: David J. Daegling, Anna E. Vick, Scott W Mcgraw, Peter S Ungar, James D Pampush, Anderson E BittyAbstract:Morphology of the dentofacial complex of early hominins has figured prominently in the inference of their dietary adaptations. Recent theoretical analysis of craniofacial morphology of Australopithecus africanus proposes that skull form in this taxon represents adaptation to feeding on large, hard objects. A modern analog for this specific dietary specialization is provided by the West African sooty mangabey, Cercocebus atys. This species habitually feeds on the large, exceptionally hard nuts of Sacoglottis gabonensis, stereotypically crushing the seed casings using their premolars and molars. This type of behavior has been inferred for A. africanus based on mathematical stress analysis and aspects of dental wear and morphology. While postcanine megadontia, premolar enlargement and thick molar enamel characterize both A. africanus and C. atys, these features are not universally associated with durophagy among living anthropoids. Occlusal microwear analysis reveals complex microwear textures in C. atys unlike those observed in A. africanus, but more closely resembling textures observed in Paranthropus robustus. Since sooty mangabeys process hard objects in a manner similar to that proposed for A. africanus, yet do so without the craniofacial buttressing characteristic of this hominin, it follows that derived features of the australopith skull are sufficient but not necessary for the consumption of large, hard objects. The adaptive significance of australopith craniofacial morphology may instead be related to the toughness, rather than the hardness, of ingested foods.
D. Cross - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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hand rearing and reintroduction of an infant white crowned mangabey Cercocebus atys lunulatus at flamingo land zoo malton uk
International Zoo Yearbook, 2007Co-Authors: D. CrossAbstract:A ♀ White-crowned mangabey Cercocebus atys lunulatus was born at Flamingo Land Zoo, Malton, UK, on 11 April 2005. On day of birth the infant was removed for hand-rearing after it sustained injuries from rough handling by its mother. The infant was hand-reared until 10 May when preliminary visual, olfactory, auditory and limited tactile contact was allowed with the adults. The infant continued to be hand-reared in full view of the adults until 15 June when the process of reintroduction was initiated. Full reintegration occurred on 15 July 2005. The processes used to hand-rear this infant White-crowned mangabey and successfully reintroduce it to its natal group are described in this paper.
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Hand‐rearing and reintroduction of an infant White‐crowned mangabey Cercocebus atys lunulatus at Flamingo Land Zoo, Malton, UK
International Zoo Yearbook, 2007Co-Authors: D. CrossAbstract:A ♀ White-crowned mangabey Cercocebus atys lunulatus was born at Flamingo Land Zoo, Malton, UK, on 11 April 2005. On day of birth the infant was removed for hand-rearing after it sustained injuries from rough handling by its mother. The infant was hand-reared until 10 May when preliminary visual, olfactory, auditory and limited tactile contact was allowed with the adults. The infant continued to be hand-reared in full view of the adults until 15 June when the process of reintroduction was initiated. Full reintegration occurred on 15 July 2005. The processes used to hand-rear this infant White-crowned mangabey and successfully reintroduce it to its natal group are described in this paper.
Inza Kone - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Within-group spatial position and activity budget of wild sooty mangabeys ( Cercocebus atys ) in Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire
International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2020Co-Authors: Bomey Clément Gba, Jean-claude Koffi Bene, Alexander Mielke, Inza KoneAbstract:Within social groups, feeding competition and predation pressure affect individual spatial position. The costs and benefits associated to each position are likely to influence the time that individuals allocate to different activities. Whether the effect of spatial positioning on activity budget differs between individuals of different sex or dominance rank remains unclear. This study aimed at investigating the effect of within-group spatial position on the activity budget of male and female sooty mangabeys. Focal behavioral observations was used to collect the individual location and behavior every 15 minutes (N=5115 locations) on 29 individuals from a wild group of sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) in the Tai National Park. The joint effect of rank, sex and spatial position on individual‟s activity budget was investigated. Females were more central in the group and both fed and rested more than males, independently of their rank. High-ranking individuals from both sexes were more likely to be central and both fed and rested longer than low-ranking ones. Females and high-ranking individuals from both sexes benefit from their social status by adopting spatial positions in the community that could influence their fitness positively. These results are discussed to improve our understanding of social dynamics in wild primates. Keywords : Spatial position, primates, socio-ecology, social dynamics.
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Roloway Guenon ( Cercopithecus diana roloway ) and White-Naped Mangabey ( Cercocebus atys lunulatus ) Prefer Mangrove Habitats in Tanoé Forest, South-Eastern Ivory Coast
Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography, 2017Co-Authors: J-c Koffi Bené, Eloi Anderson Bitty, B. K. Kassé, Antoine K. N’guessan, André Djaha Koffi, Bertin Akpatou, Inza KoneAbstract:There are three primate taxa which have the same range in West Africa (eastern Ivory Coast and western Ghana): Miss Waldron’s red colobus Piliocolobus badius waldronae, the Roloway guenon Cercopithecus diana roloway and the white-naped mangabey Cercocebus atys lunulatus. They were previously listed as critically endangered; however, Cercocebus atys lunulatus was recently downgraded to endanger. A series of surveys have been conducted since the early 1990s in the tropical forests of Ghana and Ivory Coast to survey thesee taxa. In 2006, these studies led to the conclusion that the Tanoe forest, south eastern Ivory Coast should be considered a top priority site for primate conservation in West Africa. From February 2008 to March 2008; and in March 2009, we carried out field surveys in the Tanoe Forest over 22 days to gather updated distribution information to assess the conservation status of all diurnal primate taxa occurring in that forest, with special focus on the red colobus, Roloway guenons and white-naped mangabeys. During walk surveys of 429.3 km by three teams, we failed to observe any red colobus monkey. Diana roloway guenons were encountered at 0.10 groups/Km in the flooded forest vs 0.65 groups/ km in mangroves and white-naped mangabeys were encountered at 0.07 groups/km in the flooded forest vs 0.50 groups/Km in mangroves. Both these taxa were significantly more frequently encountered in mangroves compared to flooded forests. The high observation rate of Roloway monkey and white-naped mangabey in mangroves seems to indicate an adaptive strategy developed by these taxa to avoid hunting pressure. In addition, with its abundant foliage and the permanent presence of water throughout the year, mangrove offers food for monkeys.
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the diurnal primate community of the tanoe forest species composition relative abundance distribution polyspecific associations and conservation status
International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2012Co-Authors: Jck Bene, Inza Kone, Gonedele S Bi, Eloi Anderson Bitty, Karim Ouattara, K B Akpatou, K A Nguessan, D A KoffiAbstract:The Tanoe Forest is located within the original distribution area of the Miss Waldron red colobus ( Piliocolobus badius waldronae ), the diana roloway ( Cercopithecus diana roloway ) and the white napped mangabey ( Cercocebus atys lunulatus ). These three monkey species are classified by IUCN among the 25 most threatened monkeys of the world. Surveys conducted in their believed distribution area in Cote d’Ivoire from 2004 to 2007 highlighted an advanced degradation of habitats, an intensive hunting activity and a subsequent local extinction of some primate species. Field survey conducted in the Tanoe Swamp Forest shown that there is an exception in this dramatic context since this forest still housing threatened species such as the Diana roloway, the white-napped mangabey, and other monkeys of conservation concern: the Geoffroy’s colobus ( Colobus vellerosus ) and the olive colobus ( Procolobus verus ), and probably a viable Miss Waldron monkeys population ( Piliocolobus waldronae ). In addition, this forest hosts the Lowe’s guenon ( Cercopithecus campbelli lowei ) and the lesser spot-nosed guenon ( Cercopithecus petaurista petaurista ), that are widespread in the Tanoe Swamp Forest. Keywords : Tanoe forest, primate community, endangered, Swamp Forest, distribution
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Market Hunting in the Taï Region, Côte d’Ivoire and Implications for Monkey Populations
International Journal of Primatology, 2005Co-Authors: Johannes Refisch, Inza KoneAbstract:We studied the effect of market hunting on primate species in the Taï National Park and adjacent forests in Côte d’Ivoire. We assessed the impact of hunting by comparing the calculated maximal reproduction rate with the current off-take rate. We assessed the average bushmeat consumption per capita/per year from weekly investigations on bushmeat available in 88 bushmeat restaurants and markets over a 12-mo period in 1999. We derived data on preferences for particular game species from interviews of 162 bushmeat consumers, 25 subsistence hunters and 3 groups of professional hunters. Hunting pressure was highest on the larger primate species such red colobus ( Procolobus badius ), black- and- white colobus ( Colobus polykomos ) and sooty mangabeys ( Cercocebus atys ). The amount of primate bushmeat extracted from the Taï National Park and surrounding forests was 249,229 kg in 1999. We estimated population densities using line transect surveys. By referring to current population densities we calculated the maximum production of each species using the Robinson Redford model (2001) and assuming unhunted conditions. A comparison of current harvest levels with maximum production suggests that harvest of Procolobus badius is sustainable, whereas current off-take of Colobus polykomos , Cercocebus atys , Cercopithecus diana (diana monkey) and C. campbelli (Campbell’s monkeys) exceeds sustainability by ≤3 times. We recommend that wildlife managers promote programs that encourage the production of domestic animals as a substitute for wild meat.
Zuberbühler Klaus - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Evidence for a spatial memory of fruiting states of rainforest trees in wild mangabeys
2017Co-Authors: Janmaat, Karline R.l, Byrne, Richard W, Zuberbühler KlausAbstract:We investigated the ranging behaviour of two groups of wild mangabey monkeys (sooty mangabeys, Cercocebus atys atys, and grey-cheeked mangabeys, Lophocebus albigena johnstoni) relative to a number of preselected target trees within their home range. We observed the groups' visiting patterns and speed when they approached within a critical distance of a target tree as a function of the tree's fruiting state. For both groups, the likelihood of coming into sight or actually entering these trees was significantly higher if fruit was available. Target trees with fruit were also approached significantly faster than were trees without fruits. These behavioural differences were unlikely to be the result of auditory, visual or olfactory cues available over long distances, suggesting that monkeys relied on spatial memory to relocate fruit trees and distinguish between trees that had and had not carried fruit in the immediate past. Results further indicated that the monkeys clearly distinguished between different types of fruit-bearing target trees. We suggest that the monkeys used memory of previous feeding experience to assess each tree's differences and were able to anticipate changes in fruit quality. We found no evidence that individuals belonging to a particular age or sex class led the group towards trees with fruit more often than did others. settings
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Vocal correlates of individual sooty mangabey travel speed and direction
'PeerJ', 2016Co-Authors: Neumann Christof, Zuberbühler KlausAbstract:This study was funded by the European Research Council (FP7/2007–2013, grant number 283871).Many group-living animals coordinate movements with acoustic signals, but so far most studies have focused on how group movements are initiated. In this study, we investigated movement patterns of wild sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys), a mostly terrestrial, forest-dwelling primate. We provide quantitative results showing that vocalization rates of mangabey subgroups, but not of focal individuals, correlated with focal individuals' current movement patterns. More interestingly, vocal behaviour predicted whether individuals changed future speed, and possibly future travel direction. The role of vocalizations as a potential mechanism for the regulation of group movement was further highlighted by interaction effects that include subgroup size and the quality of poly-specific associations. Collectively, our results suggest that primate vocal behaviour can function beyond travel initiation in coordination and regulation of group movements.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe