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Nadine Sarter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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tactile visual and crossmodal visual tactile Change Blindness the effect of transient type and task demands
Human Factors, 2019Co-Authors: Sara L Riggs, Nadine SarterAbstract:Objective:The present study examined whether tactile Change Blindness and crossmodal visual-tactile Change Blindness occur in the presence of two transient types and whether their incidence is affe...
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the development and evaluation of countermeasures to tactile Change Blindness
Human Factors, 2016Co-Authors: Sara L Riggs, Nadine SarterAbstract:Objective:The goal of the present study was to develop and empirically evaluate three countermeasures to tactile Change Blindness (where a tactile signal is missed in the presence of a tactile transient). Each of these countermeasures relates to a different cognitive step involved in successful Change detection.Background:To date, Change Blindness has been studied primarily in vision, but there is limited empirical evidence that the tactile modality may also be subject to this phenomenon. Change Blindness raises concerns regarding the robustness of tactile and multimodal interfaces.Method:Three countermeasures to tactile Change Blindness were evaluated in the context of a highly demanding monitoring task. One countermeasure was proactive (alerting the participant to a possible Change before it occurred) whereas the other two were adaptive (triggered after the Change upon an observed miss). Performance and subjective data were collected.Results:Compared to the baseline condition, all countermeasures improv...
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tactile Change Blindness in an unmanned aerial vehicle control task
58th International Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society HFES 2014, 2014Co-Authors: Sara A Lu, Nadine SarterAbstract:One promising means of overcoming data overload in complex domains is through the introduction of tactile displays, which can offload the overburdened visual channel. However, the effectiveness of tactile displays depends on taking into consideration attentional systems and the limitations of the human perception. One important question is the extent to which the tactile modality is susceptible to Change Blindness, i.e. the failure to detect even large and expected Changes when these Changes coincide with a “transient” stimulus. Recent research has demonstrated an analog of Change Blindness in the tactile modality for pattern Change recognition. The present study examined whether tactile Change Blindness, as well as crossmodal visual-tactile Change Blindness, occurs in the context of search and monitoring tasks, and whether it is affected by the addition of a secondary task. The application domain for this experiment was simulated Unmanned Aerial Vehicle control. The findings confirmed the occurrence of tactile Change Blindness; however, no crossmodal Change Blindness was observed and Change detection was unaffected by the addition of a secondary search task. Overall, this research add to the knowledge base in multimodal and redundant information processing and can inform the design of multimodal displays for complex, data-rich domains.
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tactile Change Blindness in the detection of vibration intensity
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 2010Co-Authors: Thomas K Ferris, Kiana Stringfield, Nadine SarterAbstract:A variety of data rich complex domains stand to benefit from the introduction of tactile displays that offload the visual and auditory information channels. Yet, a better understanding of factors that affect tactile information processing is needed to ensure the robustness of these interfaces. Recent research has shown, for example, that the sense of touch can be affected by phenomena that are analogous to visual Change Blindness, which describes the surprising difficulty in detecting Changes to a visual scene when these Changes coincide with masking stimuli or blank inter-stimulus intervals. To date, tactile Change Blindness has been demonstrated only for Changes in the number of body locations where vibrations were presented. The present study examined whether Change Blindness is observed also in the context of detecting Changes in vibration intensity and whether the introduction of a secondary task during vibrotactile presentations exacerbates these effects. The findings show that a 300-ms vibrotactile...
Daniel J Simons - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Change Blindness and inattentional Blindness
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 2011Co-Authors: Melinda S Jensen, Whitney N Street, Daniel J SimonsAbstract:Change Blindness and inattentional Blindness are both failures of visual awareness. Change Blindness is the failure to notice an obvious Change. Inattentional Blindness is the failure to notice the existence of an unexpected item. In each case, we fail to notice something that is clearly visible once we know to look for it. Despite similarities, each type of Blindness has a unique background and distinct theoretical implications. Here, we discuss the central paradigms used to explore each phenomenon in a historical context. We also outline the central findings from each field and discuss their implications for visual perception and attention. In addition, we examine the impact of task and observer effects on both types of Blindness as well as common pitfalls and confusions people make while studying these topics. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 529-546 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.130 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Change Blindness, representations, and consciousness: Reply to Noë
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2005Co-Authors: Daniel J Simons, Ronald A RensinkAbstract:Our recent opinion article [1xChange Blindness: past, present, future. Simons, D.J. and Rensink, R.A. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2005; 9: 16–20Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (489)See all References][1] examined what Change Blindness can and cannot tell us about visual representations. Among other things, we argued that Change Blindness can tell us a lot about how visual representations can be used, but little about their extent. We and others found the ‘sparse representations’ view appealing (and still do), and initially made the overly strong claim that Change Blindness supports the conclusion of sparse representations [2xTo see or not to see: the need for attention to perceive Changes in scenes. Rensink, R.A. et al. Psychol. Sci. 1997; 8: 368–373CrossRefSee all References, 3xChange Blindness. Simons, D.J. and Levin, D.T. Trends Cogn. Sci. 1997; 1: 261–267Abstract | Full Text PDF | PubMedSee all References]. We wrote our article because Change Blindness continues to be taken as evidence for sparse – or even absent – representations, and we used O'Regan and Noe's influential paper [4xA sensorimotor approach to vision and visual consciousness. O'Regan, J.K. and Noe, A. Behav. Brain Sci. 2001; 24: 883–975CrossRefSee all References][4] as an example. However, as has been noted for some time [5xComparison Blindness. Scott-Brown, K.C. et al. Visual Cogn. 2000; 7: 253–267CrossRefSee all References, 6xFailures of retrieval and comparison constrain Change detection in natural scenes. Hollingworth, A. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 2003; 29: 388–403CrossRef | PubMed | Scopus (105)See all References, 7xBeyond the grand illusion: what Change Blindness really teaches us about vision. Noe, A. et al. Visual Cogn. 2000; 7: 93–106CrossRefSee all References, 8xCurrent approaches to Change Blindness. Simons, D.J. Visual Cogn. 2000; 7: 1–15CrossRefSee all References], this conclusion is logically flawed: lack of ability need not be caused by lack of representation.In his letter [9xSee all References][9], Noe agreed that Change Blindness does not logically require sparse representations, but also claimed that the non-representationist view ‘does a better job of explaining’ Change Blindness. He further argued that ‘the existence of detailed internal representations does not (and could not) explain visual consciousness.’ His letter also implied that we had leapt to a non-representationist conclusion based on evidence for Change Blindness.However, we never abandoned the idea that representations underlie our conscious experience even though we did argue for sparse representations. In fact, we have argued for ways in which sparse representations could support our subjective impressions [10xThe dynamic representation of scences. Rensink, R.A. Visual Cogn. 2000; 7: 17–42CrossRefSee all References][10]. We believe that visual representations are necessary to explain some aspects of conscious experience. For example, people do detect most Changes eventually, and conscious Change detection requires conscious use of representations. If, according to the non-representationist view, Change Blindness occurs because representations do not contribute to awareness, then conscious Change detection should be impossible.Given that Change Blindness is logically consistent with either the presence or the absence of representations and that consciously accessible representations are needed to detect Changes, the non-representationist perspective is not objectively better able to explain all of the evidence. Noe also reiterated the claim that the non-representationist perspective predicted Change Blindness. However, the non-representationist perspective and evidence of Change Blindness both existed for decades before either came to prominence, so the idea that one predicted the other is unsupported.Change Blindness can occur for many reasons other than just from the lack of visual representations [1xChange Blindness: past, present, future. Simons, D.J. and Rensink, R.A. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2005; 9: 16–20Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (489)See all References, 8xCurrent approaches to Change Blindness. Simons, D.J. Visual Cogn. 2000; 7: 1–15CrossRefSee all References]. Noe's commentary leads us to suggest a more tractable question: why do representations sometimes lead to consciousness and other times not? This is an empirical question, and Change Blindness can contribute to an answer.
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Change Blindness theory and consequences
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2005Co-Authors: Daniel J Simons, Michael S AmbinderAbstract:People often fail to notice large Changes to visual scenes, a phenomenon now known as Change Blindness. The extent of Change Blindness in visual perception suggests limits on our capacity to encode, retain, and compare visual information from one glance to the next; our awareness of our visual surroundings is far more sparse than most people intuitively believe. These failures of awareness and the erroneous intuitions that often accompany them have both theoretical and practical ramifications. This article briefly summarizes the current state of research on Change Blindness and suggests future directions that promise to improve our understanding of scene perception and visual memory.
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Change Blindness past present and future
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2005Co-Authors: Daniel J Simons, Ronald A RensinkAbstract:Change Blindness is the striking failure to see large Changes that normally would be noticed easily. Over the past decade this phenomenon has greatly contributed to our understanding of attention, perception, and even consciousness. The surprising extent of Change Blindness explains its broad appeal, but its counterintuitive nature has also engendered confusions about the kinds of inferences that legitimately follow from it. Here we discuss the legitimate and the erroneous inferences that have been drawn, and offer a set of requirements to help separate them. In doing so, we clarify the genuine contributions of Change Blindness research to our understanding of visual perception and awareness, and provide a glimpse of some ways in which Change Blindness might shape future research.
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Nothing compares 2 views: Change Blindness can occur despite preserved access to the Changed information
Perception & Psychophysics, 2004Co-Authors: Stephen R. Mitroff, Daniel J Simons, Daniel T LevinAbstract:Change Blindness , the failure to detect visual Changes that occur during a disruption, has increasingly been used to infer the nature of internal representations. If every Change were detected, detailed representations of the world would have to be stored and accessible. However, because many Changes are not detected, visual representations might not be complete, and access to them might be limited. Using Change detection to infer the completeness of visual representations requires an understanding of the reasons for Change Blindness. This article provides empirical support for one such reason: Change Blindness resulting from the failure to compare retained representations of both the pre- and postChange information. Even when unaware of Changes, observers still retained information about both the pre- and postChange objects on the same trial.
Chrystalina A Antoniades - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a comparison of Change Blindness and the visual perception of museum artefacts in real world and on screen scenarios
2018Co-Authors: Jonathan E Attwood, Christopher Kennard, J S Harris, Chrystalina A AntoniadesAbstract:Change Blindness is a phenomenon of visual perception that occurs when a stimulus undergoes a Change without this being noticed by its observer. Since it was first described in the 1990s, Change Blindness has provided a unique means to investigate the role of attention in visual processing. To date, the effect has been produced by changing images displayed on screen as well as changing people and objects in an individual’s environment. In this study, we combine these two approaches to directly compare the levels of Change Blindness produced in real-world and on-screen scenarios. We use a single series of museum artefacts and two groups of participants to simultaneously produce saccade-contingent Change Blindness in a real-world scenario, and camera pan-contingent Change Blindness in an on-screen scenario. We present the results in two parts. First, we find no significant difference between the mean levels of Change Blindness produced in on-screen and real-world scenarios by the same visual stimuli. Second, we identify a group of artefacts that were associated with a high level of Change Blindness in both scenarios and a group that were associated with a low level of Change Blindness in both scenarios. We suggest that the difference in Change Blindness levels results from bottom-up influences including the visible area and contrast of Changes. We discuss the relation of these findings to our understanding of Change detection as a part of visual processing, as well as the insights they offer to our understanding of the experience of viewing objects within a museum setting.
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a comparison of Change Blindness in real world and on screen viewing of museum artefacts
Frontiers in Psychology, 2018Co-Authors: Jonathan E Attwood, Christopher Kennard, J S Harris, Glyn W Humphreys, Chrystalina A AntoniadesAbstract:Change Blindness is a phenomenon of visual perception that occurs when a stimulus undergoes a Change without this being noticed by its observer. To date, the effect has been produced by changing images displayed on screen as well as changing people and objects in an individual’s environment. In this experiment, we combine these two approaches to directly compare the levels of Change Blindness produced in real-world versus on-screen viewing of museum artefacts. In the real-world viewing condition, one group of participants viewed a series of pairs of similar but slightly different artefacts across eye saccades, while in the on-screen viewing condition, a second group of participants viewed the same artefacts across camera pans on video captured from a head-mounted camera worn by the first set of participants. We present three main findings. First, that Change Blindness does occur in a museum setting when similar ancient artefacts are viewed briefly one after another in both real-world and on-screen viewing conditions. We discuss this finding in relation to the notion that visual perceptual performance may be enhanced within museums. Second, we found that there was no statistically significant difference between the mean levels of Change Blindness produced in real-world and on-screen viewing conditions (real-world 42.62%, on-screen 47.35%, Χ2=1.626 p>0.05 1 d.f.). We discuss possible implications of these results for understanding Change Blindness, such as the role of binocular versus monocular vision and that of head and eye movements, as well as reflecting on the evolution of Change detection systems, and the impact of the experimental design itself on our results. Third, we combined the data from both viewing conditions to identify groups of artefacts that were independently associated with high and low levels of Change Blindness, and show that Change detection rates were influenced mainly by bottom-up factors, including the visible area and contrast of Changes. Finally, we discuss the limitations of this experiment and look to future directions for research into museum perception, Change Blindness, real-world and on-screen comparisons, and the role of bottom-up and top-down factors in the perception of Change.
Pete Willemsen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Change Blindness Phenomena for Virtual Reality Display Systems
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 2011Co-Authors: Frank Steinicke, Gerd Bruder, Klaus Hinrichs, Pete WillemsenAbstract:In visual perception, Change Blindness describes the phenomenon that persons viewing a visual scene may apparently fail to detect significant Changes in that scene. These phenomena have been observed in both computer-generated imagery and real-world scenes. Several studies have demonstrated that Change Blindness effects occur primarily during visual disruptions such as blinks or saccadic eye movements. However, until now the influence of stereoscopic vision on Change Blindness has not been studied thoroughly in the context of visual perception research. In this paper, we introduce Change Blindness techniques for stereoscopic virtual reality (VR) systems, providing the ability to substantially modify a virtual scene in a manner that is difficult for observers to perceive. We evaluate techniques for semiimmersive VR systems, i.e., a passive and active stereoscopic projection system as well as an immersive VR system, i.e., a head-mounted display, and compare the results to those of monoscopic viewing conditions. For stereoscopic viewing conditions, we found that Change Blindness phenomena occur with the same magnitude as in monoscopic viewing conditions. Furthermore, we have evaluated the potential of the presented techniques for allowing abrupt, and yet significant, Changes of a stereoscopically displayed virtual reality environment.
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Change Blindness phenomena for stereoscopic projection systems
2010 IEEE Virtual Reality Conference (VR), 2010Co-Authors: Frank Steinicke, Gerd Bruder, Klaus Hinrichs, Pete WillemsenAbstract:In visual perception, Change Blindness describes the phenomenon that persons viewing a visual scene may apparently fail to detect significant Changes in that scene. These phenomena have been observed in both computer generated imagery and real-world scenes. Several studies have demonstrated that Change Blindness effects occur primarily during visual disruptions such as blinks or saccadic eye movements. However, until now the influence of stereoscopic vision on Change Blindness has not been studied thoroughly in the context of visual perception research. In this paper we introduce Change Blindness techniques for stereoscopic projection systems, providing the ability to substantially modify a virtual scene in a manner that is difficult for observers to perceive. We evaluate techniques for passive and active stereoscopic viewing and compare the results to those of monoscopic viewing conditions. For stereoscopic viewing conditions, we found that Change Blindness phenomena occur with the same magnitude as in monoscopic viewing conditions. Furthermore, we have evaluated the potential of the presented techniques for allowing abrupt, and yet significant, Changes of a stereoscopically displayed virtual reality environment.
Walter T. Herbranson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Method for Investigating Change Blindness in Pigeons (Columba Livia)
Journal of Visualized Experiments, 2018Co-Authors: Walter T. HerbransonAbstract:: Change Blindness is a phenomenon of visual attention, whereby Changes to a visual display go unnoticed under certain specific circumstances. While many laboratory procedures have been developed that produce Change Blindness in humans, the flicker paradigm has emerged as a particularly effective method. In the flicker paradigm, two visual displays are presented in alternation with one another. If successive displays are separated by a short inter-stimulus interval (ISI), Change detection is impaired. The simplicity of the procedure and the clear, performance-based operational definition of Change Blindness make the flicker paradigm well-suited to comparative research using nonhuman animals. Indeed, a variant has been developed that can be implemented in operant chambers to study Change Blindness in pigeons. Results indicate that pigeons, like humans, are worse at detecting the location of a Change if two consecutive displays are separated in time by a blank ISI. Furthermore, pigeons' Change detection is consistent with an active, location-by-location search process that requires selective attention. The flicker task thus has the potential to contribute to investigations of the dynamics of pigeons' selective spatial attention in comparison to humans. It also illustrates that the phenomenon of Change Blindness is not exclusive to humans' visual perception, but may instead be a general consequence of selective attention. Finally, while the useful aspects of attention are widely appreciated and understood, it is also important to acknowledge that they may be accompanied by specific imperfections such as Change Blindness, and that these imperfections have consequences across a wide range of contexts.
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Pigeons (Columba livia) show Change Blindness in a color-Change detection task.
Animal Cognition, 2017Co-Authors: Walter T. Herbranson, Jacob S. JeffersAbstract:Change Blindness is a phenomenon whereby Changes to a stimulus are more likely go unnoticed under certain circumstances. Pigeons learned a Change detection task, in which they observed sequential stimulus displays consisting of individual colors back-projected onto three response keys. The color of one response key Changed during each sequence and pecks to the key that displayed the Change were reinforced. Pigeons showed a Change Blindness effect, in that Change detection accuracy was worse when there was an inter-stimulus interval interrupting the transition between consecutive stimulus displays. Birds successfully transferred to stimulus displays involving novel colors, indicating that pigeons learned a general Change detection rule. Furthermore, analysis of responses to specific color combinations showed that pigeons could detect Changes involving both spectral and non-spectral colors and that accuracy was better for Changes involving greater differences in wavelength. These results build upon previous investigations of Change Blindness in both humans and pigeons and suggest that Change Blindness may be a general consequence of selective visual attention relevant to multiple species and stimulus dimensions.
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The effect of display timing on Change Blindness in pigeons (Columba livia)
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2015Co-Authors: Walter T. Herbranson, Eva T. DavisAbstract:: Change Blindness is a phenomenon in which even obvious Changes in a visual scene may go unnoticed. Recent research has indicated that this phenomenon may not be exclusive to humans. Two experiments investigated Change Blindness in pigeons, using a variant of the widely-used flicker task to investigate the influence of display timing on Change Blindness. Results indicate that the duration of time during which a stimulus display is visible influences Change detection accuracy, with the effect due to additional search time. The results are discussed in relation to the value of comparative cognition and cross-species investigations of behavior.
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Change Blindness in pigeons columba livia the effects of Change salience and timing
Frontiers in Psychology, 2015Co-Authors: Walter T. HerbransonAbstract:Change Blindness is a well-established phenomenon in humans, in which plainly visible Changes in the environment go unnoticed. Recently a parallel Change Blindness phenomenon has been demonstrated in pigeons. The reported experiment follows up on this finding by investigating whether Change salience affects Change Blindness in pigeons the same way it affects Change Blindness in humans. Birds viewed alternating displays of randomly generated lines back-projected onto three response keys, with one or more line features on a single key differing between consecutive displays. Change salience was manipulated by varying the number of line features that Changed on the critical response key. Results indicated that Change Blindness is reduced if a Change is made more salient, and this matches previous human results. Furthermore, accuracy patterns indicate that pigeons’ effective search area expanded over the course of a trial to encompass a larger portion of the stimulus environment. Thus, the data indicate two important aspects of temporal cognition. First, the timing of a Change has a profound influence on whether or not that Change will be perceived. Second, pigeons appear to engage in a serial search for Changes, in which additional time is required to search additional locations.
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Change detection and Change Blindness in pigeons (Columba livia).
Journal of Comparative Psychology, 2013Co-Authors: Walter T. Herbranson, Yvan T. Trinh, Patricia M. Xi, Mark P. Arand, Michael S. K. Barker, Theodore H. PrattAbstract:Change Blindness is a phenomenon in which even obvious details in a visual scene Change without being noticed. Although Change Blindness has been studied extensively in humans, we do not yet know if it is a phenomenon that also occurs in other animals. Thus, investigation of Change Blindness in a nonhuman species may prove to be valuable by beginning to provide some insight into its ultimate causes. Pigeons learned a Change detection task in which pecks to the location of a Change in a sequence of stimulus displays were reinforced. They were worse at detecting Changes if the stimulus displays were separated by a brief interstimulus interval, during which the display was blank, and this primary result matches the general pattern seen in previous studies of Change Blindness in humans. A second experiment attempted to identify specific stimulus characteristics that most reliably produced a failure to detect Changes. Change detection was more difficult when interstimulus intervals were longer and when the Change was iterated fewer times.