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P Jacob - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • justification of remediation strategies in the long term after the Chernobyl Accident
    Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 2013
    Co-Authors: S Fesenko, P Jacob, A Ulanovsky, A Chupov, I M Bogdevich, N I Sanzharova, V Kashparov, A V Panov, Yu Zhuchenka
    Abstract:

    Abstract Following the Accident at the nuclear power plant in Chernobyl a number of different remedial actions were developed and implemented in Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. Recommendations on the application of countermeasures and remedial actions were published by the IAEA as “Guidelines for agricultural countermeasures following an Accidental release of radionuclides” in 1994. Since then, new information on the behaviour of radionuclides in the environment and effectiveness of countermeasures in the long term has been obtained and reviewed by many projects, including the Chernobyl Forum. Additionally, new approaches to derive remediation strategies were developed and successfully implemented in the most affected countries. This paper describes a justification of the remediation strategies suggested for rehabilitation of the areas most affected by the Chernobyl Accident based on this experience.

  • rural areas affected by the Chernobyl Accident radiation exposure and remediation strategies
    Science of The Total Environment, 2009
    Co-Authors: P Jacob, N I Sanzharova, V Kashparov, A V Panov, Iossif M Bogdevitch, S V Fesenko, N Grebenshikova, N Isamov, N Lazarev, A Ulanovsky
    Abstract:

    Main objectives of the present work were to develop an internationally agreed methodology for deriving optimized remediation strategies in rural areas that are still affected by the Chernobyl Accident, and to give an overview of the radiological situation in the three affected countries, Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. Study settlements were defined by having in 2004 less than 10,000 inhabitants and official dose estimates exceeding 1 mSv. Data on population, current farming practices, contamination of soils and foodstuffs, and remedial actions previously applied were collected for each of such 541 study settlements. Calculations of the annual effective dose from internal radiation were validated with extensive data sets on whole body counter measurements. According to our calculations for 2004, in 290 of the study settlements the effective dose exceeded 1 mSv, and the collective dose in these settlements amounted to about 66 person-Sv. Six remedial actions were considered: radical improvement of grassland, application of ferrocyn to cows, feeding pigs with uncontaminated fodder before slaughter, application of mineral fertilizers for potato fields, information campaign on contaminated forest produce, and replacement of contaminated soil in populated areas by uncontaminated soil. Side effects of the remedial actions were quantified by a 'degree of acceptability'. Results are presented for two remediation strategies, namely, Strategy 1, in which the degree of acceptability was given a priority, and Remediation Strategy 2, in which remedial actions were chosen according to lowest costs per averted dose only. Results are highly country-specific varying from preference for soil replacement in populated areas in Belarus to preference for application of ferrocyn to cows in Ukraine. Remedial actions in 2010 can avert a large collective dose of about 150 person-Sv (including averted doses, which would be received in the following years). Nevertheless, the number of inhabitants in Belarusian and Russian settlements with annual doses exceeding 1 mSv remains large. Compared to international values for the cost-effectiveness of actions to reduce occupational exposures, the recommended remediation strategies for rural areas affected by the Chernobyl Accident are quite cost-effective (about 20 keuro/person-Sv).

  • thyroid cancer among ukrainians and belarusians who were children or adolescents at the time of the Chernobyl Accident
    Journal of Radiological Protection, 2006
    Co-Authors: P Jacob, T Bogdanova, Elena E Buglova, M Chepurniy, Y Demidchik, Y Gavrilin, J Kenigsberg, C Schotola, J. Kruk, Sergey Shinkarev
    Abstract:

    Our objective is to assess the regional and temporal dependences of the baseline cases contributing to thyroid cancer incidence among those exposed in childhood or during adolescence in Belarus and Ukraine after the Chernobyl Accident. Data are analysed for Kyiv and Sevastopol City and the 25 oblasts (regions) in Ukraine, and for Minsk and Gomel City and the 6 oblasts in Belarus. Average thyroid doses due to the Chernobyl Accident were assessed for every birth year in the period from 1968 to 1985. Case data pertain to people who underwent surgical removal of thyroid cancers during the period 1986 to 2001 and who were allocated to their place of residence at the time of the Accident. The 35 oblasts/cities were subdivided into an upper, middle and lower group of baseline thyroid cancer incidence. Poisson regressions were performed to estimate age, time and gender dependences of the baseline incidence rates in the three groups. The majority of oblasts/cities with high average doses and the majority of Belarusian oblasts/cities belong to the upper group of baseline thyroid cancer incidence. The baseline in the upper group is estimated to be larger than in the middle group by a factor of 2.3, and by a factor of 4.0 when compared to the lower group. The baseline incidence increases with age and with time since exposure. Estimated baseline incidence rates were found to increase from 1988 to 1999 by factors of three and two for the upper and the two lower groups respectively. The estimated thyroid cancer incidence rates in Belarus and Ukraine, and their dependences on gender and age, are consistent with observed rates found in the larger cancer registries of other countries. In conclusion, the baseline cases are found to contribute about 70% to the thyroid cancer incidence in Ukraine, and about 40% to the incidence in Belarus.

  • thyroid cancer risk in areas of ukraine and belarus affected by the Chernobyl Accident
    Radiation Research, 2006
    Co-Authors: P Jacob, T Bogdanova, Elena E Buglova, M Chepurniy, Y Demidchik, Y Gavrilin, J Kenigsberg, R Meckbach, C Schotola, Sergey Shinkarev
    Abstract:

    The purpose of the present study was to analyze the thyroid cancer incidence risk after the Chernobyl Accident and its degree of dependence on time and age. Data were analyzed for 1034 settlements in Ukraine and Belarus, in which more than 10 measurements of the 131 I content in human thyroids had been performed in May/June 1986. Thyroid doses due to the Chernobyl Accident were assessed for the birth years 1968‐ 1985 and related to thyroid cancers that were surgically removed during the period 1990‐2001. The central estimate for the linear coefficient of the EAR dose response was 2.66 (95% CI: 2.19; 3.13) cases per 10 4 PY-Gy; for the quadratic coefficient, it was20.145 (95% CI: 20.171; 20.119) cases per 10 4 PY-Gy 2 . The EAR was found to be higher for females than for males by a factor of 1.4. It decreased with age at exposure and increased with age attained. The central estimate for the linear coefficient of the ERR dose response was 18.9 (95% CI: 11.1; 26.7) Gy 21 ; for the quadratic coefficient, it was 21.03 (95% CI: 21.46; 20.60) Gy 22 . The ERR was found to be smaller for females than for males by a factor of 3.8 and decreased strongly with age at exposure. Both EAR and ERR were higher in the Belarusian settlements than in the Ukrainian settlements. In contrast to ERR, EAR increases with time after exposure. At the end of the observation period, excess risk estimates were found to be close to those observed in a major pooled analysis of seven studies of childhood thyroid cancer after external exposures. q 2006 by Radiation Research Society

  • external exposure of the population living in areas of russia contaminated due to the Chernobyl Accident
    Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, 2002
    Co-Authors: Vladislav Golikov, M I Balonov, P Jacob
    Abstract:

    An updated version of external dose modeling is presented with reference to the population in Russian areas contaminated due to the Chernobyl Accident. An earlier version has been modified by applying a study time interval with a starting point immediately after radionuclide deposition (rather than 4 years after the Accident as applied earlier) and by introducing an estimate of individual dose distributions. New input data to the model are the nuclide-specific composition of the deposit, additional data about migration of caesium in soil, time dependence of location factors and uncertainty distributions of all input parameters. Model results (i.e. effective dose-rates and accumulated effective doses) from external exposure for the rural and urban populations in contaminated areas of Russia during 100 years after the Accident are presented. Radionuclide contributions to the dose during various time intervals after the Accident have been estimated. The model has been validated by measurements of absorbed dose-rate in air during the first 30 days after the Accident and by TLD measurements of individual external doses among inhabitants of contaminated rural settlements in the year 1993. Both the measurements and model show that the geometric mean of individual external doses is about 10% lower than the arithmetic mean and the upper bound of the 95% confidence range is larger by a factor of about 2.

Sergey Shinkarev - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • thyroid dose estimates for a cohort of belarusian children exposed to radiation from the Chernobyl Accident
    Radiation Research, 2013
    Co-Authors: Vladimir Drozdovitch, Y Gavrilin, Tatiana Kukhta, Nickolas Luckyanov, Victor Minenko, Valeri Khrouch, Svetlana Leshcheva, A A Khrutchinsky, Semion Kutsen, Sergey Shinkarev
    Abstract:

    The U.S. National Cancer Institute, in collaboration with the Belarusian Ministry of Health, is conducting a study of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases in a cohort of about 12,000 persons who were exposed to fallout from the Chernobyl Accident in April 1986. The study subjects were 18 years old or younger at the time of exposure and resided in Belarus in the most contaminated areas of the Gomel and Mogilev Oblasts, as well as in the city of Minsk. All cohort members had at least one direct thyroid measurement made in April–June 1986. Individual data on residential history, consumption of milk, milk products and leafy vegetables as well as administration of stable iodine were collected for all cohort members by means of personal interviews conducted between 1996 and 2007. Based on the estimated 131I activities in the thyroids, which were derived from the direct thyroid measurements, and on the responses to the questionnaires, individual thyroid doses from intakes of 131I were reconstructed for all ...

  • thyroid cancer among ukrainians and belarusians who were children or adolescents at the time of the Chernobyl Accident
    Journal of Radiological Protection, 2006
    Co-Authors: P Jacob, T Bogdanova, Elena E Buglova, M Chepurniy, Y Demidchik, Y Gavrilin, J Kenigsberg, C Schotola, J. Kruk, Sergey Shinkarev
    Abstract:

    Our objective is to assess the regional and temporal dependences of the baseline cases contributing to thyroid cancer incidence among those exposed in childhood or during adolescence in Belarus and Ukraine after the Chernobyl Accident. Data are analysed for Kyiv and Sevastopol City and the 25 oblasts (regions) in Ukraine, and for Minsk and Gomel City and the 6 oblasts in Belarus. Average thyroid doses due to the Chernobyl Accident were assessed for every birth year in the period from 1968 to 1985. Case data pertain to people who underwent surgical removal of thyroid cancers during the period 1986 to 2001 and who were allocated to their place of residence at the time of the Accident. The 35 oblasts/cities were subdivided into an upper, middle and lower group of baseline thyroid cancer incidence. Poisson regressions were performed to estimate age, time and gender dependences of the baseline incidence rates in the three groups. The majority of oblasts/cities with high average doses and the majority of Belarusian oblasts/cities belong to the upper group of baseline thyroid cancer incidence. The baseline in the upper group is estimated to be larger than in the middle group by a factor of 2.3, and by a factor of 4.0 when compared to the lower group. The baseline incidence increases with age and with time since exposure. Estimated baseline incidence rates were found to increase from 1988 to 1999 by factors of three and two for the upper and the two lower groups respectively. The estimated thyroid cancer incidence rates in Belarus and Ukraine, and their dependences on gender and age, are consistent with observed rates found in the larger cancer registries of other countries. In conclusion, the baseline cases are found to contribute about 70% to the thyroid cancer incidence in Ukraine, and about 40% to the incidence in Belarus.

  • thyroid cancer risk in areas of ukraine and belarus affected by the Chernobyl Accident
    Radiation Research, 2006
    Co-Authors: P Jacob, T Bogdanova, Elena E Buglova, M Chepurniy, Y Demidchik, Y Gavrilin, J Kenigsberg, R Meckbach, C Schotola, Sergey Shinkarev
    Abstract:

    The purpose of the present study was to analyze the thyroid cancer incidence risk after the Chernobyl Accident and its degree of dependence on time and age. Data were analyzed for 1034 settlements in Ukraine and Belarus, in which more than 10 measurements of the 131 I content in human thyroids had been performed in May/June 1986. Thyroid doses due to the Chernobyl Accident were assessed for the birth years 1968‐ 1985 and related to thyroid cancers that were surgically removed during the period 1990‐2001. The central estimate for the linear coefficient of the EAR dose response was 2.66 (95% CI: 2.19; 3.13) cases per 10 4 PY-Gy; for the quadratic coefficient, it was20.145 (95% CI: 20.171; 20.119) cases per 10 4 PY-Gy 2 . The EAR was found to be higher for females than for males by a factor of 1.4. It decreased with age at exposure and increased with age attained. The central estimate for the linear coefficient of the ERR dose response was 18.9 (95% CI: 11.1; 26.7) Gy 21 ; for the quadratic coefficient, it was 21.03 (95% CI: 21.46; 20.60) Gy 22 . The ERR was found to be smaller for females than for males by a factor of 3.8 and decreased strongly with age at exposure. Both EAR and ERR were higher in the Belarusian settlements than in the Ukrainian settlements. In contrast to ERR, EAR increases with time after exposure. At the end of the observation period, excess risk estimates were found to be close to those observed in a major pooled analysis of seven studies of childhood thyroid cancer after external exposures. q 2006 by Radiation Research Society

  • Chernobyl Accident reconstruction of thyroid dose for inhabitants of the republic of belarus
    Health Physics, 1999
    Co-Authors: Y Gavrilin, Sergey Shinkarev, Andre Bouville, Valeri Khrouch, Nikolai A Krysenko, Anatoli M Skryabin, L R Anspaugh
    Abstract:

    Abstract The Chernobyl Accident in April 1986 resulted in widespread contamination of the environment with radioactive materials, including 131I and other radioiodines. This environmental contamination led to substantial radiation doses in the thyroids of many inhabitants of the Republic of Belarus. The reconstruction of thyroid doses received by Belarussians is based primarily on exposure rates measured against the neck of more than 200,000 people in the more contaminated territories; these measurements were carried out within a few weeks after the Accident and before the decay of 131I to negligible levels. Preliminary estimates of thyroid dose have been divided into 3 classes: Class 1 (“measured” doses), Class 2 (doses “derived by affinity”), and Class 3 (“empirically derived” doses). Class 1 doses are estimated directly from the measured thyroidal 131I content of the person considered, plus information on lifestyle and dietary habits. Such estimates are available for about 130,000 individuals from the contaminated areas of the Gomel and Mogilev Oblasts and from the city of Minsk. Maximum individual doses are estimated to range up to about 60 Gy. For every village with a sufficient number of residents with Class 1 doses, individual thyroid dose distributions are determined for several age groups and levels of milk consumption. These data are used to derive Class 2 thyroid dose estimates for unmeasured inhabitants of these villages. For any village where the number of residents with Class 1 thyroid doses is small or equal to zero, individual thyroid doses of Class 3 are derived from the relationship obtained between the mean adult thyroid dose and the deposition density of 131I or 137Cs in villages with Class 2 thyroid doses presenting characteristics similar to those of the village considered. In order to improve the reliability of the Class 3 thyroid doses, an extensive program of measurement of 129I in soils is envisaged.

Vladimir Drozdovitch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • thyroid cancer risk in ukraine following the Chernobyl Accident the ukrainian american cohort thyroid study
    Thyroid Cancer and Nuclear Accidents: Long-Term Aftereffects of Chernobyl and Fukushima, 2017
    Co-Authors: Mykola Tronko, Maureen Hatch, Tetiana Bogdanova, A Bouville, I A Likhtarev, Alina V Brenner, Victor Shpak, Valeriy Oliynyk, Galyna Zamotayeva, Vladimir Drozdovitch
    Abstract:

    The Ukrainian–American (UkrAm) thyroid study is a cohort study of thyroid cancer and other thyroid pathologies in Ukrainian individuals exposed as children or adolescents to radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl Accident. The 13,243 cohort members with direct thyroid radioactivity measurements taken in May–June 1986 were first screened in 1998–2000. During the period 2001–07, three additional biennial cycles of thyroid screening examinations were carried out. A fifth screening was conducted between 2012 and 2015, with 76.4% of the original cohort coming for examinations. As a result of this latest screening, 47 new pathologically confirmed thyroid cancers were diagnosed by the end of 2015. Preliminary analyses of the fifth cycle data show a statistically significant excess of radiation-related thyroid cancer 26–30 years after I-131 exposure. Further follow-up of the UkrAm cohort would help clarify the dose dependence and long-term temporal pattern of risk. In addition, pooling of data from the UkrAm and parallel Belarusian cohort (BelAm) could improve the precision of risk assessment of thyroid disease after exposure at young ages to I-131 in Chernobyl fallout.

  • thyroid dose estimates for a cohort of belarusian children exposed to radiation from the Chernobyl Accident
    Radiation Research, 2013
    Co-Authors: Vladimir Drozdovitch, Y Gavrilin, Tatiana Kukhta, Nickolas Luckyanov, Victor Minenko, Valeri Khrouch, Svetlana Leshcheva, A A Khrutchinsky, Semion Kutsen, Sergey Shinkarev
    Abstract:

    The U.S. National Cancer Institute, in collaboration with the Belarusian Ministry of Health, is conducting a study of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases in a cohort of about 12,000 persons who were exposed to fallout from the Chernobyl Accident in April 1986. The study subjects were 18 years old or younger at the time of exposure and resided in Belarus in the most contaminated areas of the Gomel and Mogilev Oblasts, as well as in the city of Minsk. All cohort members had at least one direct thyroid measurement made in April–June 1986. Individual data on residential history, consumption of milk, milk products and leafy vegetables as well as administration of stable iodine were collected for all cohort members by means of personal interviews conducted between 1996 and 2007. Based on the estimated 131I activities in the thyroids, which were derived from the direct thyroid measurements, and on the responses to the questionnaires, individual thyroid doses from intakes of 131I were reconstructed for all ...

  • database of meteorological and radiation measurements made in belarus during the first three months following the Chernobyl Accident
    Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 2013
    Co-Authors: Vladimir Drozdovitch, Olga Zhukova, Maria Germenchuk, Arkady Khrutchinsky, Tatiana Kukhta, Nickolas Luckyanov, Victor Minenko, Marina Podgaiskaya, Mikhail Savkin, Sergey Vakulovsky
    Abstract:

    Abstract Results of all available meteorological and radiation measurements that were performed in Belarus during the first three months after the Chernobyl Accident were collected from various sources and incorporated into a single database. Meteorological information such as precipitation, wind speed and direction, and temperature in localities were obtained from meteorological station facilities. Radiation measurements include gamma-exposure rate in air, daily fallout, concentration of different radionuclides in soil, grass, cow's milk and water as well as total beta-activity in cow's milk. Considerable efforts were made to evaluate the reliability of the measurements that were collected. The electronic database can be searched according to type of measurement, date, and location. The main purpose of the database is to provide reliable data that can be used in the reconstruction of thyroid doses resulting from the Chernobyl Accident.

  • reconstruction of radiation doses in a case control study of thyroid cancer following the Chernobyl Accident
    Health Physics, 2010
    Co-Authors: Vladimir Drozdovitch, Y Gavrilin, O K Vlasov, Valeri Khrouch, Masaharu Hoshi, Evaldas Maceika, Irina Zvonova, Angelica Bratilova, Guennadi Goulko, Ausrele Kesminiene
    Abstract:

    A population-based case-control study of thyroid cancer was carried out in contaminated regions of Belarus and Russia among persons who were exposed during childhood and adolescence to fallout from the Chernobyl Accident. For each study subject, individual thyroid doses were reconstructed for the following pathways of exposure: (1) intake of 131 I via inhalation and ingestion; (2) intake of short-lived radioiodines ( 132 I, 133 I, and 135 I) and radiotelluriums ( 131m Te, 132 Te) via inhalation and ingestion; (3) external dose from radionuclides deposited on the ground; and (4) ingestion of 134 Cs and 137 Cs. A series of intercomparison exercises validated the models used for reconstruction of average doses to populations of specific age groups as well as of individual doses. Median thyroid doses from all factors for study subjects were estimated to be 0.37 and 0.034 Gy in Belarus and Russia, respectively. The highest individual thyroid doses among the subjects were 10.2 Gy in Belarus and 5.3 Gy in Russia. Iodine-131 intake was the main pathway for thyroid exposure. Estimated doses from short-lived radioiodines and radiotelluriums ranged up to 0.53 Gy. Reconstructed individual thyroid doses from external exposure ranged up to 0.1 Gy, while those from internal exposure due to ingested cesium did not exceed 0.05 Gy. The uncertainty of the reconstructed individual thyroid doses, characterized by the geometric standard deviation, varies from 1.7 to 4.0 with a median of 2.2.

  • radiation exposure to the population of europe following the Chernobyl Accident
    Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 2007
    Co-Authors: Vladimir Drozdovitch, A Bouville, N Chobanova, V Filistovic, T Ilus, M Kovacic, I Malatova, M Moser, T Nedveckaite, H Volkle
    Abstract:

    On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Chernobyl Accident an attempt has been made to evaluate the impact of the Chernobyl Accident on the global burden of human cancer in Europe. This required the estimation of radiation doses in each of the 40 European countries. Dose estimation was based on the analysis and compilation of data either published in the scientific literature or provided by local experts. Considerable variability has been observed in exposure levels among the European populations. The average individual doses to the thyroid from the intake of (131)I for children aged 1 y were found to vary from approximately 0.01 mGy in Portugal up to 750 mGy in Gomel Oblast (Belarus). Thyroid doses to adults were consistently lower than the doses received by young children. The average individual effective doses from external exposure and ingestion of long-lived radiocaesium accrued in the period 1986-2005 varied from approximately 0 in Portugal to approximately 10 mSv in Gomel Oblast (Belarus) and Bryansk Oblast (Russia). The uncertainties in the dose estimates were subjectively estimated on the basis of the availability and reliability of the radiation data that were used for dose reconstruction in each country.

V Kashparov - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • justification of remediation strategies in the long term after the Chernobyl Accident
    Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 2013
    Co-Authors: S Fesenko, P Jacob, A Ulanovsky, A Chupov, I M Bogdevich, N I Sanzharova, V Kashparov, A V Panov, Yu Zhuchenka
    Abstract:

    Abstract Following the Accident at the nuclear power plant in Chernobyl a number of different remedial actions were developed and implemented in Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. Recommendations on the application of countermeasures and remedial actions were published by the IAEA as “Guidelines for agricultural countermeasures following an Accidental release of radionuclides” in 1994. Since then, new information on the behaviour of radionuclides in the environment and effectiveness of countermeasures in the long term has been obtained and reviewed by many projects, including the Chernobyl Forum. Additionally, new approaches to derive remediation strategies were developed and successfully implemented in the most affected countries. This paper describes a justification of the remediation strategies suggested for rehabilitation of the areas most affected by the Chernobyl Accident based on this experience.

  • rural areas affected by the Chernobyl Accident radiation exposure and remediation strategies
    Science of The Total Environment, 2009
    Co-Authors: P Jacob, N I Sanzharova, V Kashparov, A V Panov, Iossif M Bogdevitch, S V Fesenko, N Grebenshikova, N Isamov, N Lazarev, A Ulanovsky
    Abstract:

    Main objectives of the present work were to develop an internationally agreed methodology for deriving optimized remediation strategies in rural areas that are still affected by the Chernobyl Accident, and to give an overview of the radiological situation in the three affected countries, Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. Study settlements were defined by having in 2004 less than 10,000 inhabitants and official dose estimates exceeding 1 mSv. Data on population, current farming practices, contamination of soils and foodstuffs, and remedial actions previously applied were collected for each of such 541 study settlements. Calculations of the annual effective dose from internal radiation were validated with extensive data sets on whole body counter measurements. According to our calculations for 2004, in 290 of the study settlements the effective dose exceeded 1 mSv, and the collective dose in these settlements amounted to about 66 person-Sv. Six remedial actions were considered: radical improvement of grassland, application of ferrocyn to cows, feeding pigs with uncontaminated fodder before slaughter, application of mineral fertilizers for potato fields, information campaign on contaminated forest produce, and replacement of contaminated soil in populated areas by uncontaminated soil. Side effects of the remedial actions were quantified by a 'degree of acceptability'. Results are presented for two remediation strategies, namely, Strategy 1, in which the degree of acceptability was given a priority, and Remediation Strategy 2, in which remedial actions were chosen according to lowest costs per averted dose only. Results are highly country-specific varying from preference for soil replacement in populated areas in Belarus to preference for application of ferrocyn to cows in Ukraine. Remedial actions in 2010 can avert a large collective dose of about 150 person-Sv (including averted doses, which would be received in the following years). Nevertheless, the number of inhabitants in Belarusian and Russian settlements with annual doses exceeding 1 mSv remains large. Compared to international values for the cost-effectiveness of actions to reduce occupational exposures, the recommended remediation strategies for rural areas affected by the Chernobyl Accident are quite cost-effective (about 20 keuro/person-Sv).

  • an extended critical review of twenty years of countermeasures used in agriculture after the Chernobyl Accident
    Science of The Total Environment, 2007
    Co-Authors: S Fesenko, R.m. Alexakhin, N I Sanzharova, V Kashparov, A V Panov, M Balonov, Iossif M Bogdevitch, B J Howard, G Voigt, Yu Zhuchenka
    Abstract:

    A wide range of different countermeasures has been used to mitigate the consequences of the Chernobyl Accident for agriculture in affected regions in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. The paper comprehensively brings together key data on countermeasure application over twenty years for all three countries and critically evaluates the response to the Accident with respect to agriculture. The extents of countermeasures implementation in various periods following the ChNPP Accident are documented. Examples of best practices and drawbacks in remediation of affected areas are identified. Data on the effectiveness of agricultural countermeasures have been evaluated and the impact of countermeasures implementation to mitigate consequences of the Accident has been assessed for the period 1986–2006. Implementation of agricultural countermeasures averted 30–40% of the internal collective dose that would have been received by the residents of affected regions without the use of countermeasures. The current situation in agriculture of areas subjected to contamination following the Chernobyl Accident is described. Current and future needs for remediation, including a consideration of various strategies of rehabilitation of affected areas are presented.

  • soil contamination with 90sr in the near zone of the Chernobyl Accident
    Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 2001
    Co-Authors: V Kashparov, S M Lundin, Yu V Khomutinin, S P Kaminsky, S Levchuk, V P Protsak, A M Kadygrib, S I Zvarich, Vasyl Yoschenko, J Tschiersch
    Abstract:

    Abstract Representative large-scale soil sampling on a regular grid of step width about 1 km was carried out for the first time in the near zone of the Chernobyl Accident (radius 36 km). An integrated map of terrestrial 90 Sr contamination density in the 30 km exclusion zone (scale 1 : 200,000) has been created from the analysed samples. Maps of the main agrochemical characteristics of the soils, which determine the fuel particle dissolution rates and the contamination of vegetation, were produced. The total contents of 90 Sr on the ground surface of the 30 km zone in Ukraine (without the reactor site and the radioactive waste storages) was about 810 TBq (8.1×10 +14  Bq) in 1997, which corresponds to 0.4–0.5% of the Chernobyl reactor inventory at the time of the Accident. This assessment is 3–4 times lower than previous estimates.

  • forest fires in the territory contaminated as a result of the Chernobyl Accident radioactive aerosol resuspension and exposure of fire fighters
    Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 2000
    Co-Authors: V Kashparov, S M Lundin, V P Protsak, A M Kadygrib, Vasyl Yoschenko, S E Levtchuk, V A Kashpur, N M Talerko
    Abstract:

    Abstract Studies were carried out to investigate the processes of resuspension and redistribution of radionuclides by fire in the territories contaminated as a result of the Chernobyl Accident. In this set of experiments, the dispersed radioactive aerosol composition, the values of airborne radioactive aerosol concentrations, the resuspension factor, the resuspension rate, the deposition flux and the deposition velocity have been obtained for the different phases of a fire and at various distances from the fire. In the active phase of a fire, the airborne concentrations of radionuclides increase by several orders of magnitude relative to the background value. The resuspension factor for the active phase of a fire was assessed as 10 −7 – 10 −8 m −1 , while the value of the resuspension rate had a 10 −10 s −1 order of magnitude at a deposition velocity of 1– 2 cm s −1 . The additional terrestrial contamination due to a forest fire can be estimated as a value in the range 10 −4 –10 −5 of its background value. As recommended by ICRP, the human respiratory tract model was applied for calculation of the Effective Equivalent Dose (EED) to firemen. The dose coefficient for radioactive aerosol inhalation was estimated at 1.5×10 −8 Sv ( Bq m −3 h ) −1 .

Elena E Buglova - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • thyroid cancer among ukrainians and belarusians who were children or adolescents at the time of the Chernobyl Accident
    Journal of Radiological Protection, 2006
    Co-Authors: P Jacob, T Bogdanova, Elena E Buglova, M Chepurniy, Y Demidchik, Y Gavrilin, J Kenigsberg, C Schotola, J. Kruk, Sergey Shinkarev
    Abstract:

    Our objective is to assess the regional and temporal dependences of the baseline cases contributing to thyroid cancer incidence among those exposed in childhood or during adolescence in Belarus and Ukraine after the Chernobyl Accident. Data are analysed for Kyiv and Sevastopol City and the 25 oblasts (regions) in Ukraine, and for Minsk and Gomel City and the 6 oblasts in Belarus. Average thyroid doses due to the Chernobyl Accident were assessed for every birth year in the period from 1968 to 1985. Case data pertain to people who underwent surgical removal of thyroid cancers during the period 1986 to 2001 and who were allocated to their place of residence at the time of the Accident. The 35 oblasts/cities were subdivided into an upper, middle and lower group of baseline thyroid cancer incidence. Poisson regressions were performed to estimate age, time and gender dependences of the baseline incidence rates in the three groups. The majority of oblasts/cities with high average doses and the majority of Belarusian oblasts/cities belong to the upper group of baseline thyroid cancer incidence. The baseline in the upper group is estimated to be larger than in the middle group by a factor of 2.3, and by a factor of 4.0 when compared to the lower group. The baseline incidence increases with age and with time since exposure. Estimated baseline incidence rates were found to increase from 1988 to 1999 by factors of three and two for the upper and the two lower groups respectively. The estimated thyroid cancer incidence rates in Belarus and Ukraine, and their dependences on gender and age, are consistent with observed rates found in the larger cancer registries of other countries. In conclusion, the baseline cases are found to contribute about 70% to the thyroid cancer incidence in Ukraine, and about 40% to the incidence in Belarus.

  • thyroid cancer risk in areas of ukraine and belarus affected by the Chernobyl Accident
    Radiation Research, 2006
    Co-Authors: P Jacob, T Bogdanova, Elena E Buglova, M Chepurniy, Y Demidchik, Y Gavrilin, J Kenigsberg, R Meckbach, C Schotola, Sergey Shinkarev
    Abstract:

    The purpose of the present study was to analyze the thyroid cancer incidence risk after the Chernobyl Accident and its degree of dependence on time and age. Data were analyzed for 1034 settlements in Ukraine and Belarus, in which more than 10 measurements of the 131 I content in human thyroids had been performed in May/June 1986. Thyroid doses due to the Chernobyl Accident were assessed for the birth years 1968‐ 1985 and related to thyroid cancers that were surgically removed during the period 1990‐2001. The central estimate for the linear coefficient of the EAR dose response was 2.66 (95% CI: 2.19; 3.13) cases per 10 4 PY-Gy; for the quadratic coefficient, it was20.145 (95% CI: 20.171; 20.119) cases per 10 4 PY-Gy 2 . The EAR was found to be higher for females than for males by a factor of 1.4. It decreased with age at exposure and increased with age attained. The central estimate for the linear coefficient of the ERR dose response was 18.9 (95% CI: 11.1; 26.7) Gy 21 ; for the quadratic coefficient, it was 21.03 (95% CI: 21.46; 20.60) Gy 22 . The ERR was found to be smaller for females than for males by a factor of 3.8 and decreased strongly with age at exposure. Both EAR and ERR were higher in the Belarusian settlements than in the Ukrainian settlements. In contrast to ERR, EAR increases with time after exposure. At the end of the observation period, excess risk estimates were found to be close to those observed in a major pooled analysis of seven studies of childhood thyroid cancer after external exposures. q 2006 by Radiation Research Society

  • Thyroid cancer risk in Belarus after the Chernobyl Accident: comparison with external exposures.
    Radiation and environmental biophysics, 2000
    Co-Authors: Peter Jacob, Elena E Buglova, Y. Kenigsberg, G. Goulko, F. Gering, A. Golovneva, J. Kruk, E P Demidchik
    Abstract:

    Within the time period 1990–1993, childhood thyroid cancer incidence due to the Chernobyl Accident increased dramatically in Belarus, especially with regard to the birth cohort January 1, 1971, to May 31, 1986. This rise subsequently slowed down, i.e. during the period 1994–1996. The respective data were analysed and compared with the results of an analysis on the time dependence of thyroid cancer incidence in a pooled cohort of persons who had been exposed during childhood to external radiation with high dose rates. Concerning the period of 5–10 years following exposure, the excess absolute cancer risk per unit thyroid dose in the latter (external) exposure group was found to exceed the one in the Belarus group by a factor of two. This difference, however, is not statistically significant. The age-adjusted average excess absolute risk per unit thyroid dose for the period of 5–50 years following external childhood exposure was found to be 8 female and 14 male cases per 104 person-year · Gy, which is a factor about 2.5 times higher than for the non-adjusted risk in the pooled cohort, as reported by Ron et al. in 1995. Assessments of future excess thyroid cancer cases due to the Chernobyl Accident were done on the basis of the time dependence of thyroid cancer risk following external exposure. The thyroid cancer incidence among the birth cohort considered in Belarus and for a period starting from the cessation of the available observation data (1 January 1997) and extending to 50 years after the Chernobyl Accident has been estimated to be about 15,000 cases, with an uncertainty range of 5000–45,000 cases. According to our calculations, 80% of these cases exceed the baseline risk under enhanced thyroid surveillance.

  • childhood exposure due to the Chernobyl Accident and thyroid cancer risk in contaminated areas of belarus and russia
    British Journal of Cancer, 1999
    Co-Authors: P Jacob, Elena E Buglova, Y. Kenigsberg, G. Goulko, A. Golovneva, J. Kruk, I Zvonova, W F Heidenreich, A A Bratilova, G T Pochtennaja
    Abstract:

    The thyroid dose due to 131I releases during the Chernobyl Accident was reconstructed for children and adolescents in two cities and 2122 settlements in Belarus, and in one city and 607 settlements in the Bryansk district of the Russian Federation. In this area, which covers the two high contamination spots in the two countries following the Accident, data on thyroid cancer incidence during the period 1991–1995 were analysed in the light of possible increased thyroid surveillance. Two methods of risk analysis were applied: Poisson regression with results for the single settlements and Monte Carlo (MC) calculations for results in larger areas or sub-populations. Best estimates of both methods agreed well. Poisson regression estimates of 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were considerably smaller than the MC results, which allow for extra-Poisson uncertainties due to reconstructed doses and the background thyroid cancer incidence. The excess absolute risk per unit thyroid dose (EARPD) for the birth cohort 1971–1985 by the MC analysis was 2.1 (95% CI 1.0–4.5) cases per 104 person-year Gy. The point estimate is lower by a factor of two than that observed in a pooled study of thyroid cancer risk after external exposures. The excess relative risk per unit thyroid dose was 23 (95% CI 8.6–82) Gy−1. No significant differences between countries or cities and rural areas were found. In the lowest dose group of the settlements with an average thyroid dose of 0.05 Gy the risk was statistically significantly elevated. Dependencies of risks on age-at-exposure and on gender are consistent with findings after external exposures. © 1999 Cancer Research Campaign