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Burhan Maarif - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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prediction of compounds with antiosteoporosis activity in Chrysophyllum cainito l leaves through in silico approach
Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology, 2021Co-Authors: Burhan Maarif, Ria Ramadhani Dwi Atmaja, Hilwa Fitri, Nisfatul Lailatus Saidah, Luqman Alfani Najib, Achmad Hamdan Yuwafi, Fidia Rizkiah Inayatillah, Meilina Ratna Dianti, Hening Laswati, Mangestuti AgilAbstract:OBJECTIVES Estrogen deficiency causes various health problems in postmenopausal women, including osteoporosis. Phytoestrogen emerged as a potential alternative of estrogen with minimum side effects. The aims of this study were to analyze the metabolite profiling results of various extract of Chyrsophyllum cainito L. leaves, which contain phytoestrogen, through in silico study against 3OLS protein, an X-ray protein of ERβ, so it can predict the types of the phytoestrogen contents which have antiosteoporosis property. METHODS In silico analysis was carried out for the compounds from the metabolite profiling data of C. cainito leaves from our previous study. The structure compounds from metabolite profiling results of various extract of C. cainito leaves were prepared with Avogadro 1.0.1 software, molecular docking was done using PyRx 0.8 software, and Biovia Discovery Studio Visualizer 2016 software was used to visualize the structure of compounds against 3OLS protein. The physicochemical characteristics of the compounds were analyzed using the SwissADME web tool. RESULTS From in silico studies, it was known that there were total 11 compounds in C. cainito leaves that predicted as phytoestrogens which have ERβ agonist properties against 3OLS protein. The ERβ agonist was a compound that has parameters similar to 17β-estradiol in its interaction with 3OLS protein, which has a pharmacophore distance of 10.862 A, and binding to amino acids His 475 and Glu 305 or Arg 346 at receptor-ligand docking simulation. CONCLUSIONS C. cainito leaves contain 11 compounds that are predicted to be phytoestrogens with ERβ agonist properties, which is responsible for antiosteoporosis activity.
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profil metabolit berbagai ekstrak daun Chrysophyllum cainito l menggunakan uplc qtof ms ms
Jurnal Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia, 2019Co-Authors: Burhan Maarif, Reyhan Amiruddin, Agnis Pondinekaria Aditama, Roihatul Mutiah, Weka Sidha Bagawan, Rukiana RukianaAbstract:Chrysophyllum cainito L. is a plant which empirically used as traditional medicine. The pharmacological effect of C. cainito is caused by secondary metabolite activity contain in the leaves. The aim of this research was to know the metabolites profile in n-hexane extract, ethyl acetate extract, and methanol extract of C. cainito leaves using UPLC-QToF-MS/MS. Dried powder of C. cainito leaves was extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol with gradual extraction using Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE). Each extract was prepared with methanol and DCM solvent then injected 5 µl into UPLC-QToF-MS/MS and analyzed with Masslynx 4.1 softwares and Chemspider. The result showed that there were 28 compounds from n-hexane extract with iethyltoluamide as major compound, 47 compounds from ethyl acetate extract with loliolide as major compound, and 34 compounds from methanol extract with eplerenone as major compound. Based on literature study, there were also several compounds that likely having activity as phytoestrogens.
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activity of 96 ethanol extract of Chrysophyllum cainito l in increasing vertebrae trabecular osteoblast cell number in male mice
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2019Co-Authors: Burhan Maarif, Agnis Pondinekaria AditamaAbstract:Objectives: This study was conducted to analyze the anti-osteoporosis effect of 96% ethanol extract from Chrysophyllum cainito L. leaves, which suspected to contain phytoestrogens, in increasing the osteoblast cell number in trabecular vertebra bone of dexamethasone-induced male mice. Materials and Methods: The 96% ethanol extract of C. cainito leaves was given to male mice with dose of 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg/20 g BB mice/day after being induced orally with dexamethasone dose of 0.0029 mg/20 g BB mice/day. The positive control used was 0.026 ml/20 g BB mice/day alendronate. After 4 weeks, the increasing of osteoblast cell number in trabecular vertebrae bone of male mice was observed using an optical microscope with 100A— zoom in after histomorphometry and hematoxylin-eosin staining methods. Results: The result showed the significant increasing of osteoblast number in trabecular vertebrae bone of male mice in all groups after being given treatment using 96% ethanol extract of C. cainito, with an effective dose (ED50) value of 9.5 mg/20 g BB mice/day. This increase is suspected due to the phytoestrogens content, which can also act as phytotestosterone in 96% ethanol extract of C. cainito. Conclusion: This study concluded that 96% ethanol extract of C. cainito has an activity in increasing osteoblast cell number in trabecular vertebra bone of dexamethasone-induced male mice, with an ED50 value of 9.5 mg/20 g BB mice/day.
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activity of 70 ethanol extract of Chrysophyllum cainito in increasing vertebrae trabecular bone density in female mice
Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation, 2018Co-Authors: Nur Imamah Utaminingtyas, Burhan Maarif, Dewi Sinta Megawati, Ria Ramadhani Dwi AtmajaAbstract:Phytoestrogens are a class of compounds that have estrogen-like functions or structure. This research was conducted to find out the phytoestrogens activity in Chrysophyllum cainito leaves, in increasing the vertebrae trabecular bone density of female mice, using dexamethasone induction as osteoporosis model. The 70% ethanol extract of C. cainito leaves was given to female mice with dose of 100; 200; and 400 mg/kgBW mice/day after being induced orally with dexamethasone with 0.145 mg/kgBW mice/day. The positive control used was 1.3 mg/kgBW mice/day alendronate. This research had been done in four weeks. The increasing of trabecular vertebrae bone density of female mice was measured with Histomorphometry staining methods. The result showed the 70% ethanol extract of C. cainito leaves have activity in increasing trabecular vertebrae bone density for female mice with optimum dose of 400 mg/kgBW mice/day. This activity occurs because phytoestrogens content in 70% ethanol extract of C. cainito leaves, that may replace the function of estrogen in its bond with ER.
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activity of ethyl acetate extract from Chrysophyllum cainito l leaves in decreasing blood sugar level in male wistar rats
Journal of Islamic Pharmacy, 2018Co-Authors: Imam Malikul Hadi Arrijal, Burhan Maarif, Arief SuryadinataAbstract:The high morbidity or mortality due to diabetes mellitus becomes the world health problem. That fact encourages the study about antidiabetes drugs from natural material especially plants. This study aims to analyze the effect of ethyl acetate extract from Chrysophyllum cainito L. leaves in decreasing of blood sugar level of alloxan-induced male male wistar rats. This research is considered as experimental research with pre and post test randomized controlled group design. The experimental animals in this study were 25 male male wistar rats divided into 5 treatment groups, treatment with CMC-Na (negative control), metformin with the dose of 9 mg/200gBW (positive control), and leaves extract C. cainito dose 25; 50; 75 mg/kgBW. All treatment groups had significant decrease of blood sugar levels at 7, 10 and 14 day observations with p 0.05. Every C. cainito leaves extract doses group have the ability to decrease sugar blood level better than negative control, but still below positif control . The optimum dose in decreasing sugar blood level in this study is 75 mg/kg BW.
Nur Imamah Utaminingtyas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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activity of 70 ethanol extract of Chrysophyllum cainito in increasing vertebrae trabecular bone density in female mice
Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation, 2018Co-Authors: Nur Imamah Utaminingtyas, Burhan Maarif, Dewi Sinta Megawati, Ria Ramadhani Dwi AtmajaAbstract:Phytoestrogens are a class of compounds that have estrogen-like functions or structure. This research was conducted to find out the phytoestrogens activity in Chrysophyllum cainito leaves, in increasing the vertebrae trabecular bone density of female mice, using dexamethasone induction as osteoporosis model. The 70% ethanol extract of C. cainito leaves was given to female mice with dose of 100; 200; and 400 mg/kgBW mice/day after being induced orally with dexamethasone with 0.145 mg/kgBW mice/day. The positive control used was 1.3 mg/kgBW mice/day alendronate. This research had been done in four weeks. The increasing of trabecular vertebrae bone density of female mice was measured with Histomorphometry staining methods. The result showed the 70% ethanol extract of C. cainito leaves have activity in increasing trabecular vertebrae bone density for female mice with optimum dose of 400 mg/kgBW mice/day. This activity occurs because phytoestrogens content in 70% ethanol extract of C. cainito leaves, that may replace the function of estrogen in its bond with ER.
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uji aktivitas ekstrak etanol 70 daun kenitu Chrysophyllum cainito terhadap peningkatan kepadatan tulang traberkular vertebra mencit betina yang diinduksi deksametason
2017Co-Authors: Nur Imamah UtaminingtyasAbstract:INDONESIA : Kenitu atau yang memiliki nama ilmiah Chrysophyllum cainito diketahui mengandung senyawa flavonoid. Salah satu senyawa turunan flavonoid yang termasuk dalam kelompok fitoestrogen yaitu, isoflavon. Isoflavon merupakan fitoestrogen yang banyak dimanfaatkan karena memiliki efek estrogenik yang cukup tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ada atau tidaknya aktivitas dari ekstrak etanol 70 % daun C. cainito dan dosis optimumnya dalam meningkatkan kepadatan tulang traberkular vertebrata mencit betina yang mengalami defisiensi hormon estrogen akibat diinduksi deksametason selama 4 minggu sebagai model osteoporosis pada wanita pascamenopause. Penelitian dilakukan dengan 5 perlakuan dan 5 kali ulangan. Perlakuan yang digunakan adalah kontrol positif (mencit yang diinduksi alendronat), kontrol negatif (mencit osteoporosis tanpa perlakuan) dan kelompok perlakuan (pemberian esktrak etanol 70 % daun C. cainito dosis 2 mg/20 g BB, 4 mg/20 g BB dan 8 mg/20 g BB). Pengambilan datadiperoleh dari pengamatan preparat histologis tulang traberkular vertebra. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji One-Way ANOVA, dilanjutkan dengan uji Least Significant Different (LSD) untuk mengetahui kelompok perlakuan mana saja yang berbeda signifikan dengan kelompok perlakuan yang lainnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak etanol 70 % daun C. cainito berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan kepadatan tulang karena dalam daun C. cainito terkandung fitoestrogen yang memiliki efek estrogenik. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa daun C.cainito merupakan tanaman yang baik, sebagaimana Firman Allah QS. asy-Syu’ara’/26:7. Adapun dosis optimum ekstrak etanol 70 % daun C. cainito dalam meningkatkan kepadatan tulang adalah 8 mg/20 g BB dengan nilai perbedaan tidak signifikan bila dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif. ENGLISH : Kenitu has a scientific name Chrysophyllum cainito is known to contain flavonoid compounds. One of the flavonoid derived compounds belonging to the phytoestrogens group, isoflavones. Isoflavones are phytoestrogens that are widely used because they have a high estrogenic effect. This research aims to find out the activity of ethanol extract 70 % C. cainito leaf and its optimum dosage in increasing vertebrate trabecular bone density of dexamethasone-induced female mice that suffer from estrogen hormone deficiency, due to 4 weeks of dexamethasone induced as a model of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. The study was conducted with 5 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments used were treatment group (giving ethanol extract 70 % leaf C. cainito dose 2 mg/20 g Weight, 4 mg/20 g Weight and 8 mg/20 g Weight), positive control (alendronate-induced mice) and negative control (untreated osteoporosis mice). Data collection was obtained from observations of histologic preparations of the vertebral trabecular bone. The data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA test, followed by Least Significant Different (LSD) test to know which treatment group was significantly different from the other treatment groups. The results showed that ethanol extract of 70 % of C. cainito leaves have an effect on bone density increase because C. cainito leaves contained phytoestrogens which give estrogenic effect. This suggests that C .cainito leaves are a good crop, as the Word of God QS. asy-Shu'ara '/ 26: 7. The optimum dose of ethanol extract of 70 % of C. cainito leaf in increasing bone density was 8 mg/20 g Weight with insignificant difference value when compared with positive control.
Daniel Potter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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domestication of the neotropical tree Chrysophyllum cainito from a geographically limited yet genetically diverse gene pool in panama
Ecology and Evolution, 2014Co-Authors: Jennifer J Petersen, Ingrid M Parker, Daniel PotterAbstract:Species in the early stages of domestication, in which wild and cultivated forms co-occur, provide important opportunities to develop and test hypotheses about the origins of crop species. Chrysophyllum cainito (Sapotaceae), the star apple or caimito, is a semidomesticated tree widely cultivated for its edible fruits; it is known to be native to the neotropics, but its precise geographic origins have not been firmly established. Here, we report results of microsatellite marker analyses supporting the hypothesis that the center of domestication for caimito was the Isthmus of Panama, a region in which few crop species are believed to have originated, despite its importance as a crossroads for the dispersal of domesticated plants between North and South America. Our data suggest that caimito was domesticated in a geographically restricted area while incorporating a diverse gene pool. These results refute the generally accepted Antillean origin of caimito, as well as alternative hypotheses that the species was domesticated independently in the two areas or over a broad geographic range including both. Human-mediated dispersal from Panama to the north and east was accompanied by strong reductions in both genotypic and phenotypic diversity. Within Panama, cultivated and wild trees show little neutral genetic divergence, in contrast to striking phenotypic differentiation in fruit and seed traits. In addition to providing a rare example of data that support the hypothesis of a narrow geographic origin on the Isthmus of Panama for a now widespread cultivated plant species, this study is one of the first investigations of the origins of an edible species of the large pantropical family Sapotaceae.
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ten polymorphic microsatellite primers in the tropical tree caimito Chrysophyllum cainito sapotaceae
Applications in Plant Sciences, 2014Co-Authors: Jennifer J Petersen, Ingrid M Parker, Daniel PotterAbstract:Premise of the study: We developed microsatellite primers for the tropical tree Chrysophyllum cainito (Sapotaceae) to determine the native range of the species, investigate the origin of cultivated populations, and examine the partitioning of genetic diversity in wild and cultivated populations. Methods and Results: We developed 10 polymorphic primers from C. cainito genomic DNA libraries enriched for di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide repeat motifs. The loci amplified were polymorphic in samples collected from Jamaica and Panama. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 10 and three to 12, while observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.074 to 0.704 and 0.407 to 0.852 in Jamaica and Panama, respectively. Conclusions: The microsatellite primers will be useful in future population genetic studies as well as those aimed at understanding the geographic origin(s) of wild and cultivated populations.
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origins and close relatives of a semi domesticated neotropical fruit tree Chrysophyllum cainito sapotaceae
American Journal of Botany, 2012Co-Authors: Jennifer J Petersen, Ingrid M Parker, Daniel PotterAbstract: Premise of the study: Understanding patterns and processes associated with domestication has implications for crop development and agricultural biodiversity conservation. Semi-domesticated crops provide excellent opportunities to examine the interplay of natural and anthropogenic infl uences on plant evolution. The domestication process has not been thoroughly examined in many tropical perennial crop species. Chrysophyllum cainito (Sapotaceae), the star apple or caimito, is a semi-domesticated species widely cultivated for its edible fruits. It is known to be native to the neotropics, but the precise geographic origins of wild and cultivated forms are unresolved. Methods: We used nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences to infer phylogenetic relationships among C. cainito and close relatives (section Chrysophyllum ). We employed phylogeographic approaches using ITS and plastid sequence data to determine geographic origins and center(s) of domestication of caimito. Key results: ITS data suggest a close relationship between C. cainito and C. argenteum . Plastid haplotype networks reveal several haplotypes unique to individual taxa but fail to resolve distinct lineages for either C. cainito or C. argenteum . Caimito populations from northern Mesoamerica and the Antilles exhibit a subset of the genetic diversity found in southern Mesoamerica. In Panama, cultivated caimito retains high levels of the diversity seen in wild populations. Conclusions: Chrysophyllum cainito is most closely related to a clade containing Central and South American C. argenteum , including subsp. panamense . We hypothesize that caimito is native to southern Mesoamerica and was domesticated from multiple wild populations in Panama. Subsequent migration into northern Mesoamerica and the Antilles was mediated by human cultivation.
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domestication syndrome in caimito Chrysophyllum cainito l fruit and seed characteristics
Economic Botany, 2010Co-Authors: Ingrid M Parker, Jennifer J Petersen, Isis Lopez, Natalia Anaya, Luis Cubillarios, Daniel PotterAbstract:Domestication Syndrome in Caimito (Chrysophyllum cainitoL.): Fruit and Seed Characteristics: The process of domestication is understudied and poorly known for many tropical fruit tree crops. The star apple or caimito tree (Chrysophyllum cainito L., Sapotaceae) is cultivated throughout the New World tropics for its edible fruits. We studied this species in central Panama, where it grows wild in tropical moist forests and is also commonly cultivated in backyard gardens. Using fruits collected over two harvest seasons, we tested the hypothesis that cultivated individuals of C. cainito show distinctive fruit and seed characteristics associated with domestication relative to wild types. We found that cultivated fruits were significantly and substantially larger and allocated more to pulp and less to exocarp than wild fruits. The pulp of cultivated fruits was less acidic; also, the pulp had lower concentrations of phenolics and higher concentrations of sugar. The seeds were larger and more numerous and were less defended with phenolics in cultivated than in wild fruits. Discriminant Analysis showed that, among the many significant differences, fruit size and sugar concentration drove the great majority of the variance distinguishing wild from cultivated classes. Variance of pulp phenolics among individuals was significantly higher among wild trees than among cultivated trees, while variance of fruit mass and seed number was significantly higher among cultivated trees. Most traits showed strong correlations between years. Overall, we found a clear signature of a domestication syndrome in the fruits of cultivated caimito in Panama.
Ingrid M Parker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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domestication of the neotropical tree Chrysophyllum cainito from a geographically limited yet genetically diverse gene pool in panama
Ecology and Evolution, 2014Co-Authors: Jennifer J Petersen, Ingrid M Parker, Daniel PotterAbstract:Species in the early stages of domestication, in which wild and cultivated forms co-occur, provide important opportunities to develop and test hypotheses about the origins of crop species. Chrysophyllum cainito (Sapotaceae), the star apple or caimito, is a semidomesticated tree widely cultivated for its edible fruits; it is known to be native to the neotropics, but its precise geographic origins have not been firmly established. Here, we report results of microsatellite marker analyses supporting the hypothesis that the center of domestication for caimito was the Isthmus of Panama, a region in which few crop species are believed to have originated, despite its importance as a crossroads for the dispersal of domesticated plants between North and South America. Our data suggest that caimito was domesticated in a geographically restricted area while incorporating a diverse gene pool. These results refute the generally accepted Antillean origin of caimito, as well as alternative hypotheses that the species was domesticated independently in the two areas or over a broad geographic range including both. Human-mediated dispersal from Panama to the north and east was accompanied by strong reductions in both genotypic and phenotypic diversity. Within Panama, cultivated and wild trees show little neutral genetic divergence, in contrast to striking phenotypic differentiation in fruit and seed traits. In addition to providing a rare example of data that support the hypothesis of a narrow geographic origin on the Isthmus of Panama for a now widespread cultivated plant species, this study is one of the first investigations of the origins of an edible species of the large pantropical family Sapotaceae.
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ten polymorphic microsatellite primers in the tropical tree caimito Chrysophyllum cainito sapotaceae
Applications in Plant Sciences, 2014Co-Authors: Jennifer J Petersen, Ingrid M Parker, Daniel PotterAbstract:Premise of the study: We developed microsatellite primers for the tropical tree Chrysophyllum cainito (Sapotaceae) to determine the native range of the species, investigate the origin of cultivated populations, and examine the partitioning of genetic diversity in wild and cultivated populations. Methods and Results: We developed 10 polymorphic primers from C. cainito genomic DNA libraries enriched for di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide repeat motifs. The loci amplified were polymorphic in samples collected from Jamaica and Panama. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 10 and three to 12, while observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.074 to 0.704 and 0.407 to 0.852 in Jamaica and Panama, respectively. Conclusions: The microsatellite primers will be useful in future population genetic studies as well as those aimed at understanding the geographic origin(s) of wild and cultivated populations.
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origins and close relatives of a semi domesticated neotropical fruit tree Chrysophyllum cainito sapotaceae
American Journal of Botany, 2012Co-Authors: Jennifer J Petersen, Ingrid M Parker, Daniel PotterAbstract: Premise of the study: Understanding patterns and processes associated with domestication has implications for crop development and agricultural biodiversity conservation. Semi-domesticated crops provide excellent opportunities to examine the interplay of natural and anthropogenic infl uences on plant evolution. The domestication process has not been thoroughly examined in many tropical perennial crop species. Chrysophyllum cainito (Sapotaceae), the star apple or caimito, is a semi-domesticated species widely cultivated for its edible fruits. It is known to be native to the neotropics, but the precise geographic origins of wild and cultivated forms are unresolved. Methods: We used nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences to infer phylogenetic relationships among C. cainito and close relatives (section Chrysophyllum ). We employed phylogeographic approaches using ITS and plastid sequence data to determine geographic origins and center(s) of domestication of caimito. Key results: ITS data suggest a close relationship between C. cainito and C. argenteum . Plastid haplotype networks reveal several haplotypes unique to individual taxa but fail to resolve distinct lineages for either C. cainito or C. argenteum . Caimito populations from northern Mesoamerica and the Antilles exhibit a subset of the genetic diversity found in southern Mesoamerica. In Panama, cultivated caimito retains high levels of the diversity seen in wild populations. Conclusions: Chrysophyllum cainito is most closely related to a clade containing Central and South American C. argenteum , including subsp. panamense . We hypothesize that caimito is native to southern Mesoamerica and was domesticated from multiple wild populations in Panama. Subsequent migration into northern Mesoamerica and the Antilles was mediated by human cultivation.
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domestication syndrome in caimito Chrysophyllum cainito l fruit and seed characteristics
Economic Botany, 2010Co-Authors: Ingrid M Parker, Jennifer J Petersen, Isis Lopez, Natalia Anaya, Luis Cubillarios, Daniel PotterAbstract:Domestication Syndrome in Caimito (Chrysophyllum cainitoL.): Fruit and Seed Characteristics: The process of domestication is understudied and poorly known for many tropical fruit tree crops. The star apple or caimito tree (Chrysophyllum cainito L., Sapotaceae) is cultivated throughout the New World tropics for its edible fruits. We studied this species in central Panama, where it grows wild in tropical moist forests and is also commonly cultivated in backyard gardens. Using fruits collected over two harvest seasons, we tested the hypothesis that cultivated individuals of C. cainito show distinctive fruit and seed characteristics associated with domestication relative to wild types. We found that cultivated fruits were significantly and substantially larger and allocated more to pulp and less to exocarp than wild fruits. The pulp of cultivated fruits was less acidic; also, the pulp had lower concentrations of phenolics and higher concentrations of sugar. The seeds were larger and more numerous and were less defended with phenolics in cultivated than in wild fruits. Discriminant Analysis showed that, among the many significant differences, fruit size and sugar concentration drove the great majority of the variance distinguishing wild from cultivated classes. Variance of pulp phenolics among individuals was significantly higher among wild trees than among cultivated trees, while variance of fruit mass and seed number was significantly higher among cultivated trees. Most traits showed strong correlations between years. Overall, we found a clear signature of a domestication syndrome in the fruits of cultivated caimito in Panama.
Agnis Pondinekaria Aditama - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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profil metabolit berbagai ekstrak daun Chrysophyllum cainito l menggunakan uplc qtof ms ms
Jurnal Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia, 2019Co-Authors: Burhan Maarif, Reyhan Amiruddin, Agnis Pondinekaria Aditama, Roihatul Mutiah, Weka Sidha Bagawan, Rukiana RukianaAbstract:Chrysophyllum cainito L. is a plant which empirically used as traditional medicine. The pharmacological effect of C. cainito is caused by secondary metabolite activity contain in the leaves. The aim of this research was to know the metabolites profile in n-hexane extract, ethyl acetate extract, and methanol extract of C. cainito leaves using UPLC-QToF-MS/MS. Dried powder of C. cainito leaves was extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol with gradual extraction using Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE). Each extract was prepared with methanol and DCM solvent then injected 5 µl into UPLC-QToF-MS/MS and analyzed with Masslynx 4.1 softwares and Chemspider. The result showed that there were 28 compounds from n-hexane extract with iethyltoluamide as major compound, 47 compounds from ethyl acetate extract with loliolide as major compound, and 34 compounds from methanol extract with eplerenone as major compound. Based on literature study, there were also several compounds that likely having activity as phytoestrogens.
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activity of 96 ethanol extract of Chrysophyllum cainito l in increasing vertebrae trabecular osteoblast cell number in male mice
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2019Co-Authors: Burhan Maarif, Agnis Pondinekaria AditamaAbstract:Objectives: This study was conducted to analyze the anti-osteoporosis effect of 96% ethanol extract from Chrysophyllum cainito L. leaves, which suspected to contain phytoestrogens, in increasing the osteoblast cell number in trabecular vertebra bone of dexamethasone-induced male mice. Materials and Methods: The 96% ethanol extract of C. cainito leaves was given to male mice with dose of 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg/20 g BB mice/day after being induced orally with dexamethasone dose of 0.0029 mg/20 g BB mice/day. The positive control used was 0.026 ml/20 g BB mice/day alendronate. After 4 weeks, the increasing of osteoblast cell number in trabecular vertebrae bone of male mice was observed using an optical microscope with 100A— zoom in after histomorphometry and hematoxylin-eosin staining methods. Results: The result showed the significant increasing of osteoblast number in trabecular vertebrae bone of male mice in all groups after being given treatment using 96% ethanol extract of C. cainito, with an effective dose (ED50) value of 9.5 mg/20 g BB mice/day. This increase is suspected due to the phytoestrogens content, which can also act as phytotestosterone in 96% ethanol extract of C. cainito. Conclusion: This study concluded that 96% ethanol extract of C. cainito has an activity in increasing osteoblast cell number in trabecular vertebra bone of dexamethasone-induced male mice, with an ED50 value of 9.5 mg/20 g BB mice/day.