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Maurizio Bruno - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Phytochemical study of Cistus libanotis L.
    Natural product research, 2014
    Co-Authors: Alessandro Venditti, Maurizio Bruno, Mariem Ben Jemia, Armandodoriano Bianco, Marcello Nicoletti
    Abstract:

    In continuation of our ongoing study on Mediterranean Flora, we focused the attention on Cistus genus. These plants possess interesting secondary metabolites and are used in many fields, principally in perfumery and more recently as raw material for food supplements (botanicals). n this article, we report the phytochemical analysis of Cistus libanotis L. from Tunisia. Among the diterpenes, labdane compounds resulted absent, in favour of two clerodanes, one of that never reported in Cistus sp. The main representative compounds were found to be several flavonoids with various grades of O-methylation. Other interesting components were two cinnamic esters of borneol, reported here for the first time in Cistus. The identified compounds confirm in part the reported biological properties and add chemotaxonomic data to this complicated genus.

  • Antioxidant activity and chemical composition of three Tunisian Cistus: Cistus monspeliensis, Cistus villosus and Cistus libanotis.
    Natural product research, 2014
    Co-Authors: Marcello Nicoletti, Chiara Toniolo, Alessandro Venditti, Maurizio Bruno, Mariem Ben Jemia
    Abstract:

    The chemical composition of three rockrose Cistus species, Cistus monspeliensis, Cistus libanotis and Cistus villosus, collected in Tunisia, was studied by HPTLC, focusing on the terpenes and phenols constituents. Diterpenes of Cistus are important as the main constituents of the leaf sticky aromatic resin, known as labdanum, which are highly appreciated in perfumery. Polyphenols in the methanolic extracts of each species were identified, quantified as total and as flavonoids and tannins, and tested for antioxidant activity. Diterpenes were evident in C. libanotis and C. monspeliensis, whereas they were practically absent in C. villosus; C. libanotis had higher phenolic amount, whereas antioxidant activities were important, but different according to the following tests: DPPH radical scavenging, conversion of the Fe(3+/)ferricyanide complex and inhibition of β-carotene bleaching. The reported data confirm the validity of utilisation of Cistus sp. in marketed herbal products, as well as the relevant presence of diterpenes in species actually not used for labdanum production.

  • Chemistry and functional properties in prevention of neurodegenerative disorders of five Cistus species essential oils
    Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 2013
    Co-Authors: Monica Rosa Loizzo, Maurizio Bruno, Mariem Ben Jemia, Felice Senatore, Francesco Menichini, Rosa Tundis
    Abstract:

    The chemical composition of Cistus creticus, Cistus salvifolius, Cistus libanotis, Cistus monspeliensis and Cistus villosus essential oils has been examined by GC and GC-MS analysis. Height-nine constituents were identified in C. salvifolius oil, sixty in C. creticus, fifty-six in C. libanotis, fifty-four in C. villosus, forty-five in C. monspeliensis. Although the five species belong to the same genus, the composition showed interesting differences. Essential oils were screened also for their potential antioxidant effects (by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and β-carotene bleaching test) and their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activity, useful for prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. C. monspeliensis exhibited the most promising activity in β-carotene bleaching test (IC₅₀ of 54.7 μg/mL). In FRAP test C. libanotis showed a value of 19.2 μM Fe(II)/g. C. salvifolius showed the highest activity against AChE (IC₅₀ of 58.1 μg/mL) while C. libanotis, C. creticus, C. salvifolius demonstrated a good inhibitory activity against BChE with IC₅₀ values of 23.7, 29.1 and 34.2 μg/mL, respectively. Overall our results could promote the use of the essential oil of different Cistus species as food additives and for formulation of herbal infusion or nutraceutical products.

  • Antiproliferative activity of hexane extract from Tunisian Cistus libanotis, Cistus monspeliensis and Cistus villosus
    Chemistry Central Journal, 2013
    Co-Authors: Mariem Ben Jemia, Felice Senatore, Mohamed Elyes Kchouk, Giuseppina Autore, Stefania Marzocco, Maurizio Bruno
    Abstract:

    Background As a part of our investigation on Tunisian medicinal plants, we have carried out a phytochemical investigation of the hexane extracts from leaves of Cistus libanotis , C. villosus and C. monspeliensis , evualuating also their possible antiproliferative activity in vitro. Results The major compounds of hexane extracts were identified and quantified by GC-MS. The composition of the three species, although belonging to the same genus, is completely different. The antiproliferative activity was evaluated against murine monocyte/macrophages (J774.A1), human melanoma cells (A-375), and human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), showing major activity against the human melanoma cell line A-375. Conclusions The chemical composition of the hexane extracts from the three Cistus species can be useful in the chemosystematics of this complex genus. The preliminary antiproliferative activity against human melanoma cell line A-375 deserve further investigations in order to determine the compounds, or their combinations, which are the main responsible for the antiproliferative activity and its possible mechanism(s) of action.

  • Antiproliferative activity of hexane extract from Tunisian Cistus libanotis, Cistus monspeliensis and Cistus villosus.
    Chemistry Central journal, 2013
    Co-Authors: Mariem Ben Jemia, Felice Senatore, Mohamed Elyes Kchouk, Giuseppina Autore, Stefania Marzocco, Vincenzo De Feo, Maurizio Bruno
    Abstract:

    As a part of our investigation on Tunisian medicinal plants, we have carried out a phytochemical investigation of the hexane extracts from leaves of Cistus libanotis, C. villosus and C. monspeliensis, evualuating also their possible antiproliferative activity in vitro. The major compounds of hexane extracts were identified and quantified by GC-MS. The composition of the three species, although belonging to the same genus, is completely different. The antiproliferative activity was evaluated against murine monocyte/macrophages (J774.A1), human melanoma cells (A-375), and human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), showing major activity against the human melanoma cell line A-375. The chemical composition of the hexane extracts from the three Cistus species can be useful in the chemosystematics of this complex genus. The preliminary antiproliferative activity against human melanoma cell line A-375 deserve further investigations in order to determine the compounds, or their combinations, which are the main responsible for the antiproliferative activity and its possible mechanism(s) of action.

Mariem Ben Jemia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Phytochemical study of Cistus libanotis L.
    Natural product research, 2014
    Co-Authors: Alessandro Venditti, Maurizio Bruno, Mariem Ben Jemia, Armandodoriano Bianco, Marcello Nicoletti
    Abstract:

    In continuation of our ongoing study on Mediterranean Flora, we focused the attention on Cistus genus. These plants possess interesting secondary metabolites and are used in many fields, principally in perfumery and more recently as raw material for food supplements (botanicals). n this article, we report the phytochemical analysis of Cistus libanotis L. from Tunisia. Among the diterpenes, labdane compounds resulted absent, in favour of two clerodanes, one of that never reported in Cistus sp. The main representative compounds were found to be several flavonoids with various grades of O-methylation. Other interesting components were two cinnamic esters of borneol, reported here for the first time in Cistus. The identified compounds confirm in part the reported biological properties and add chemotaxonomic data to this complicated genus.

  • Antioxidant activity and chemical composition of three Tunisian Cistus: Cistus monspeliensis, Cistus villosus and Cistus libanotis.
    Natural product research, 2014
    Co-Authors: Marcello Nicoletti, Chiara Toniolo, Alessandro Venditti, Maurizio Bruno, Mariem Ben Jemia
    Abstract:

    The chemical composition of three rockrose Cistus species, Cistus monspeliensis, Cistus libanotis and Cistus villosus, collected in Tunisia, was studied by HPTLC, focusing on the terpenes and phenols constituents. Diterpenes of Cistus are important as the main constituents of the leaf sticky aromatic resin, known as labdanum, which are highly appreciated in perfumery. Polyphenols in the methanolic extracts of each species were identified, quantified as total and as flavonoids and tannins, and tested for antioxidant activity. Diterpenes were evident in C. libanotis and C. monspeliensis, whereas they were practically absent in C. villosus; C. libanotis had higher phenolic amount, whereas antioxidant activities were important, but different according to the following tests: DPPH radical scavenging, conversion of the Fe(3+/)ferricyanide complex and inhibition of β-carotene bleaching. The reported data confirm the validity of utilisation of Cistus sp. in marketed herbal products, as well as the relevant presence of diterpenes in species actually not used for labdanum production.

  • Chemistry and functional properties in prevention of neurodegenerative disorders of five Cistus species essential oils
    Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 2013
    Co-Authors: Monica Rosa Loizzo, Maurizio Bruno, Mariem Ben Jemia, Felice Senatore, Francesco Menichini, Rosa Tundis
    Abstract:

    The chemical composition of Cistus creticus, Cistus salvifolius, Cistus libanotis, Cistus monspeliensis and Cistus villosus essential oils has been examined by GC and GC-MS analysis. Height-nine constituents were identified in C. salvifolius oil, sixty in C. creticus, fifty-six in C. libanotis, fifty-four in C. villosus, forty-five in C. monspeliensis. Although the five species belong to the same genus, the composition showed interesting differences. Essential oils were screened also for their potential antioxidant effects (by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and β-carotene bleaching test) and their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activity, useful for prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. C. monspeliensis exhibited the most promising activity in β-carotene bleaching test (IC₅₀ of 54.7 μg/mL). In FRAP test C. libanotis showed a value of 19.2 μM Fe(II)/g. C. salvifolius showed the highest activity against AChE (IC₅₀ of 58.1 μg/mL) while C. libanotis, C. creticus, C. salvifolius demonstrated a good inhibitory activity against BChE with IC₅₀ values of 23.7, 29.1 and 34.2 μg/mL, respectively. Overall our results could promote the use of the essential oil of different Cistus species as food additives and for formulation of herbal infusion or nutraceutical products.

  • Antiproliferative activity of hexane extract from Tunisian Cistus libanotis, Cistus monspeliensis and Cistus villosus.
    Chemistry Central journal, 2013
    Co-Authors: Mariem Ben Jemia, Felice Senatore, Mohamed Elyes Kchouk, Giuseppina Autore, Stefania Marzocco, Vincenzo De Feo, Maurizio Bruno
    Abstract:

    As a part of our investigation on Tunisian medicinal plants, we have carried out a phytochemical investigation of the hexane extracts from leaves of Cistus libanotis, C. villosus and C. monspeliensis, evualuating also their possible antiproliferative activity in vitro. The major compounds of hexane extracts were identified and quantified by GC-MS. The composition of the three species, although belonging to the same genus, is completely different. The antiproliferative activity was evaluated against murine monocyte/macrophages (J774.A1), human melanoma cells (A-375), and human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), showing major activity against the human melanoma cell line A-375. The chemical composition of the hexane extracts from the three Cistus species can be useful in the chemosystematics of this complex genus. The preliminary antiproliferative activity against human melanoma cell line A-375 deserve further investigations in order to determine the compounds, or their combinations, which are the main responsible for the antiproliferative activity and its possible mechanism(s) of action.

Maria Manuela Abreu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • trace elements tolerance accumulation and translocation in Cistus populifolius Cistus salviifolius and their hybrid growing in polymetallic contaminated mine areas
    Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2012
    Co-Authors: Maria Manuela Abreu, Erika S. Santos, Maria Clara F. Magalhães, Eliana Fernandes
    Abstract:

    Plants from Cistus genus show a great plasticity and are able to grow both in contaminated and non-contaminated soils. Cistus salviifolius L. was identified in several mines from Portuguese Iberian Pyrite Belt (PIPB) while Cistus populifolius L. was collected in 2009 in Chanca and Caveira mines for the first time. In these mine areas, a hybrid of both species Cistus × hybridus Pourr. was also collected being this its first report from those areas. This study aimed to compare the biogeochemical behavior of the three Cistus species growing in the polymetallic mine areas of Caveira, Chanca and Sao Domingos (PIPB). Their possible use in phytoremediation programs of multielemental contaminated soils was evaluated. Soils from Caveira and Sao Domingos presented high concentrations of various chemical elements and were considered seriously contaminated with As (13–3030 mg/kg), Cu (159–1750 mg/kg), Pb (932–9210 mg/kg) and Sb (23–486 mg/kg), and with severe contamination of Zn (33–1010 mg/kg). Chanca soils presented the lowest trace elements contamination. The three species showed tolerance to moderate acid soils (4.2 < pH < 6.1), with low fertility and high multielemental contamination. Cistus × hybridus, C. populifolius and C. salviifolius growing in the same mine area are not significantly different for elemental concentration, except for Fe and Sb. Similar behavior was observed for C. populifolius and hybrid growing in different mine areas (Caveira and Chanca). Besides the different concentration of each chemical element in Cistus plants, no significant differences were observed in the translocation capacity from roots to shoots for all species: non essential elements and Fe were stored in roots (translocation coefficient: 0.1–0.9) and macro- and micronutrients were transported to the aerial part (translocation coefficient: 1.0–7.7) due to their metabolic functions. All Cistus populations can be considered Mn accumulators, and non-accumulators of As, Cu, Fe, Pb and Sb as well as Caveira plants for Zn (soil-plant transfer coefficient < 1). Chanca and Sao Domingos plant populations showed both, accumulators and non-accumulators behavior for Zn. The studied plant species did not show significant ecological variability intra or inter-population and can contribute to the rehabilitation of mining areas with semiarid characteristics.

  • Trace elements tolerance, accumulation and translocation in Cistus populifolius, Cistus salviifolius and their hybrid growing in polymetallic contaminated mine areas
    Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2012
    Co-Authors: Maria Manuela Abreu, Erika S. Santos, Maria Clara F. Magalhães, Eliana Fernandes
    Abstract:

    Plants from Cistus genus show a great plasticity and are able to grow both in contaminated and non-contaminated soils. Cistus salviifolius L. was identified in several mines from Portuguese Iberian Pyrite Belt (PIPB) while Cistus populifolius L. was collected in 2009 in Chanca and Caveira mines for the first time. In these mine areas, a hybrid of both species Cistus × hybridus Pourr. was also collected being this its first report from those areas. This study aimed to compare the biogeochemical behavior of the three Cistus species growing in the polymetallic mine areas of Caveira, Chanca and Sao Domingos (PIPB). Their possible use in phytoremediation programs of multielemental contaminated soils was evaluated. Soils from Caveira and Sao Domingos presented high concentrations of various chemical elements and were considered seriously contaminated with As (13–3030 mg/kg), Cu (159–1750 mg/kg), Pb (932–9210 mg/kg) and Sb (23–486 mg/kg), and with severe contamination of Zn (33–1010 mg/kg). Chanca soils presented the lowest trace elements contamination. The three species showed tolerance to moderate acid soils (4.2 

  • Cistus salviifolius a promising species for mine wastes remediation
    Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2012
    Co-Authors: Maria Manuela Abreu, Erika S. Santos, Maria Teresa Ferreira, Maria Clara F. Magalhães
    Abstract:

    Abstract Metal mining in Caveira and Sao Domingos (Portugal) generated large volumes of tailings with high total concentrations of trace elements, low pH and fertility. Autochthones plants growing spontaneously in mine areas are usually tolerant to unfavorable characteristics of tailings. The aim of this investigation was to analyze the behavior (trace elements uptake, accumulation and translocation from roots to shoots) of different populations of Cistus salviifolius plants growing spontaneously in contaminated and non-contaminated sites in order to evaluate the potential of this plant species for soils and mine wastes phytostabilization. Cistus salviifolius plants (roots and aerial parts) and soils were collected, in two mine areas (Sao Domingos and Caveira) and a reference area (Grândola), and were analyzed for arsenic, antimony, copper, lead, manganese and zinc concentrations. Cistus salviifolius showed tolerance for moderate acid soils (5.34

Eliana Fernandes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • trace elements tolerance accumulation and translocation in Cistus populifolius Cistus salviifolius and their hybrid growing in polymetallic contaminated mine areas
    Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2012
    Co-Authors: Maria Manuela Abreu, Erika S. Santos, Maria Clara F. Magalhães, Eliana Fernandes
    Abstract:

    Plants from Cistus genus show a great plasticity and are able to grow both in contaminated and non-contaminated soils. Cistus salviifolius L. was identified in several mines from Portuguese Iberian Pyrite Belt (PIPB) while Cistus populifolius L. was collected in 2009 in Chanca and Caveira mines for the first time. In these mine areas, a hybrid of both species Cistus × hybridus Pourr. was also collected being this its first report from those areas. This study aimed to compare the biogeochemical behavior of the three Cistus species growing in the polymetallic mine areas of Caveira, Chanca and Sao Domingos (PIPB). Their possible use in phytoremediation programs of multielemental contaminated soils was evaluated. Soils from Caveira and Sao Domingos presented high concentrations of various chemical elements and were considered seriously contaminated with As (13–3030 mg/kg), Cu (159–1750 mg/kg), Pb (932–9210 mg/kg) and Sb (23–486 mg/kg), and with severe contamination of Zn (33–1010 mg/kg). Chanca soils presented the lowest trace elements contamination. The three species showed tolerance to moderate acid soils (4.2 < pH < 6.1), with low fertility and high multielemental contamination. Cistus × hybridus, C. populifolius and C. salviifolius growing in the same mine area are not significantly different for elemental concentration, except for Fe and Sb. Similar behavior was observed for C. populifolius and hybrid growing in different mine areas (Caveira and Chanca). Besides the different concentration of each chemical element in Cistus plants, no significant differences were observed in the translocation capacity from roots to shoots for all species: non essential elements and Fe were stored in roots (translocation coefficient: 0.1–0.9) and macro- and micronutrients were transported to the aerial part (translocation coefficient: 1.0–7.7) due to their metabolic functions. All Cistus populations can be considered Mn accumulators, and non-accumulators of As, Cu, Fe, Pb and Sb as well as Caveira plants for Zn (soil-plant transfer coefficient < 1). Chanca and Sao Domingos plant populations showed both, accumulators and non-accumulators behavior for Zn. The studied plant species did not show significant ecological variability intra or inter-population and can contribute to the rehabilitation of mining areas with semiarid characteristics.

  • Trace elements tolerance, accumulation and translocation in Cistus populifolius, Cistus salviifolius and their hybrid growing in polymetallic contaminated mine areas
    Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2012
    Co-Authors: Maria Manuela Abreu, Erika S. Santos, Maria Clara F. Magalhães, Eliana Fernandes
    Abstract:

    Plants from Cistus genus show a great plasticity and are able to grow both in contaminated and non-contaminated soils. Cistus salviifolius L. was identified in several mines from Portuguese Iberian Pyrite Belt (PIPB) while Cistus populifolius L. was collected in 2009 in Chanca and Caveira mines for the first time. In these mine areas, a hybrid of both species Cistus × hybridus Pourr. was also collected being this its first report from those areas. This study aimed to compare the biogeochemical behavior of the three Cistus species growing in the polymetallic mine areas of Caveira, Chanca and Sao Domingos (PIPB). Their possible use in phytoremediation programs of multielemental contaminated soils was evaluated. Soils from Caveira and Sao Domingos presented high concentrations of various chemical elements and were considered seriously contaminated with As (13–3030 mg/kg), Cu (159–1750 mg/kg), Pb (932–9210 mg/kg) and Sb (23–486 mg/kg), and with severe contamination of Zn (33–1010 mg/kg). Chanca soils presented the lowest trace elements contamination. The three species showed tolerance to moderate acid soils (4.2 

Maria Clara F. Magalhães - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • trace elements tolerance accumulation and translocation in Cistus populifolius Cistus salviifolius and their hybrid growing in polymetallic contaminated mine areas
    Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2012
    Co-Authors: Maria Manuela Abreu, Erika S. Santos, Maria Clara F. Magalhães, Eliana Fernandes
    Abstract:

    Plants from Cistus genus show a great plasticity and are able to grow both in contaminated and non-contaminated soils. Cistus salviifolius L. was identified in several mines from Portuguese Iberian Pyrite Belt (PIPB) while Cistus populifolius L. was collected in 2009 in Chanca and Caveira mines for the first time. In these mine areas, a hybrid of both species Cistus × hybridus Pourr. was also collected being this its first report from those areas. This study aimed to compare the biogeochemical behavior of the three Cistus species growing in the polymetallic mine areas of Caveira, Chanca and Sao Domingos (PIPB). Their possible use in phytoremediation programs of multielemental contaminated soils was evaluated. Soils from Caveira and Sao Domingos presented high concentrations of various chemical elements and were considered seriously contaminated with As (13–3030 mg/kg), Cu (159–1750 mg/kg), Pb (932–9210 mg/kg) and Sb (23–486 mg/kg), and with severe contamination of Zn (33–1010 mg/kg). Chanca soils presented the lowest trace elements contamination. The three species showed tolerance to moderate acid soils (4.2 < pH < 6.1), with low fertility and high multielemental contamination. Cistus × hybridus, C. populifolius and C. salviifolius growing in the same mine area are not significantly different for elemental concentration, except for Fe and Sb. Similar behavior was observed for C. populifolius and hybrid growing in different mine areas (Caveira and Chanca). Besides the different concentration of each chemical element in Cistus plants, no significant differences were observed in the translocation capacity from roots to shoots for all species: non essential elements and Fe were stored in roots (translocation coefficient: 0.1–0.9) and macro- and micronutrients were transported to the aerial part (translocation coefficient: 1.0–7.7) due to their metabolic functions. All Cistus populations can be considered Mn accumulators, and non-accumulators of As, Cu, Fe, Pb and Sb as well as Caveira plants for Zn (soil-plant transfer coefficient < 1). Chanca and Sao Domingos plant populations showed both, accumulators and non-accumulators behavior for Zn. The studied plant species did not show significant ecological variability intra or inter-population and can contribute to the rehabilitation of mining areas with semiarid characteristics.

  • Trace elements tolerance, accumulation and translocation in Cistus populifolius, Cistus salviifolius and their hybrid growing in polymetallic contaminated mine areas
    Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2012
    Co-Authors: Maria Manuela Abreu, Erika S. Santos, Maria Clara F. Magalhães, Eliana Fernandes
    Abstract:

    Plants from Cistus genus show a great plasticity and are able to grow both in contaminated and non-contaminated soils. Cistus salviifolius L. was identified in several mines from Portuguese Iberian Pyrite Belt (PIPB) while Cistus populifolius L. was collected in 2009 in Chanca and Caveira mines for the first time. In these mine areas, a hybrid of both species Cistus × hybridus Pourr. was also collected being this its first report from those areas. This study aimed to compare the biogeochemical behavior of the three Cistus species growing in the polymetallic mine areas of Caveira, Chanca and Sao Domingos (PIPB). Their possible use in phytoremediation programs of multielemental contaminated soils was evaluated. Soils from Caveira and Sao Domingos presented high concentrations of various chemical elements and were considered seriously contaminated with As (13–3030 mg/kg), Cu (159–1750 mg/kg), Pb (932–9210 mg/kg) and Sb (23–486 mg/kg), and with severe contamination of Zn (33–1010 mg/kg). Chanca soils presented the lowest trace elements contamination. The three species showed tolerance to moderate acid soils (4.2 

  • Cistus salviifolius a promising species for mine wastes remediation
    Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2012
    Co-Authors: Maria Manuela Abreu, Erika S. Santos, Maria Teresa Ferreira, Maria Clara F. Magalhães
    Abstract:

    Abstract Metal mining in Caveira and Sao Domingos (Portugal) generated large volumes of tailings with high total concentrations of trace elements, low pH and fertility. Autochthones plants growing spontaneously in mine areas are usually tolerant to unfavorable characteristics of tailings. The aim of this investigation was to analyze the behavior (trace elements uptake, accumulation and translocation from roots to shoots) of different populations of Cistus salviifolius plants growing spontaneously in contaminated and non-contaminated sites in order to evaluate the potential of this plant species for soils and mine wastes phytostabilization. Cistus salviifolius plants (roots and aerial parts) and soils were collected, in two mine areas (Sao Domingos and Caveira) and a reference area (Grândola), and were analyzed for arsenic, antimony, copper, lead, manganese and zinc concentrations. Cistus salviifolius showed tolerance for moderate acid soils (5.34