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S Vratolis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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particle number size distribution statistics at City Centre urban background urban background and remote stations in greece during summer
Atmospheric Environment, 2019Co-Authors: S Vratolis, Maria I Gini, S Bezantakos, Iasonas Stavroulas, Nikolaos Kalivitis, E Kostenidou, E Louvaris, D Siakavaras, G BiskosAbstract:Abstract Particle number size distribution measurements were conducted during the summer of 2012 at City-Centre Urban Background (Patras-C), Urban Background (ICE-HT in Patras, DEM in Athens, EPT in Thessaloniki), and Regional Background stations (FIN in Crete). At the City-Centre Urban Background station, the average number distribution had a geometric mean diameter peak approximately at 60 nm and the highest number concentration, whereas at the Regional Background station and the Urban Background stations it displayed a major peak approximately at 100 nm, with the Regional Background station exhibiting the lowest number concentration. The particle number size distribution at each site was divided into size fractions and, based on their diurnal variation and previous studies, we concluded that the main sources for the City-Centre Urban Background station are traffic and the regional background concentration, for the Urban Background stations fresh traffic, aged traffic, cooking and the regional background concentration, and for the Regional Background station local activities (tourism, cooking) and regional background concentration. The median number concentration that is attributed to regional background concentration for the City-Centre Urban Background, the Urban Background and the Regional Background stations are respectively 13, 29 and 45% of the total number concentration. Nucleation events were identified at DEM station, where the newly formed particles accounted for 4% of the total particle concentration for the measurement period in the size range 10–20 nm, EPT, where they accounted for 12%, and FIN, where they accounted for 1%, respectively. New Particle Formation events contribution during summer to Condensation Cloud Nuclei were therefore insignificant in the Eastern Mediterranean. Modal analysis was performed on the number distributions and the results were classified in clusters. At the City-Centre Urban Background station, the cluster-source that dominated number concentration and frequency is related to fresh and aged traffic emissions, at the Urban Background stations aged traffic emissions, while at the Regional Background station number and frequency were dominated by the regional background concentration. Based on cluster analysis, 18% of the median number distribution was due to long range transport at the City-Centre Urban Background site, 37% at the Urban Background sites, and 59% at the Regional Background site. The Flexible Particle Dispersion Model (FLEXPART) was used in order to acquire geographic origin clusters and we concluded that the Etesian flow increases the median regional background number concentration in the Mediterranean basin by a factor of 2.5–4.
G Biskos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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particle number size distribution statistics at City Centre urban background urban background and remote stations in greece during summer
Atmospheric Environment, 2019Co-Authors: S Vratolis, Maria I Gini, S Bezantakos, Iasonas Stavroulas, Nikolaos Kalivitis, E Kostenidou, E Louvaris, D Siakavaras, G BiskosAbstract:Abstract Particle number size distribution measurements were conducted during the summer of 2012 at City-Centre Urban Background (Patras-C), Urban Background (ICE-HT in Patras, DEM in Athens, EPT in Thessaloniki), and Regional Background stations (FIN in Crete). At the City-Centre Urban Background station, the average number distribution had a geometric mean diameter peak approximately at 60 nm and the highest number concentration, whereas at the Regional Background station and the Urban Background stations it displayed a major peak approximately at 100 nm, with the Regional Background station exhibiting the lowest number concentration. The particle number size distribution at each site was divided into size fractions and, based on their diurnal variation and previous studies, we concluded that the main sources for the City-Centre Urban Background station are traffic and the regional background concentration, for the Urban Background stations fresh traffic, aged traffic, cooking and the regional background concentration, and for the Regional Background station local activities (tourism, cooking) and regional background concentration. The median number concentration that is attributed to regional background concentration for the City-Centre Urban Background, the Urban Background and the Regional Background stations are respectively 13, 29 and 45% of the total number concentration. Nucleation events were identified at DEM station, where the newly formed particles accounted for 4% of the total particle concentration for the measurement period in the size range 10–20 nm, EPT, where they accounted for 12%, and FIN, where they accounted for 1%, respectively. New Particle Formation events contribution during summer to Condensation Cloud Nuclei were therefore insignificant in the Eastern Mediterranean. Modal analysis was performed on the number distributions and the results were classified in clusters. At the City-Centre Urban Background station, the cluster-source that dominated number concentration and frequency is related to fresh and aged traffic emissions, at the Urban Background stations aged traffic emissions, while at the Regional Background station number and frequency were dominated by the regional background concentration. Based on cluster analysis, 18% of the median number distribution was due to long range transport at the City-Centre Urban Background site, 37% at the Urban Background sites, and 59% at the Regional Background site. The Flexible Particle Dispersion Model (FLEXPART) was used in order to acquire geographic origin clusters and we concluded that the Etesian flow increases the median regional background number concentration in the Mediterranean basin by a factor of 2.5–4.
Jesse Weltevreden - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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e shopping versus City Centre shopping the role of perceived City Centre attractiveness
Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 2007Co-Authors: Jesse Weltevreden, Ton Van RietbergenAbstract:The growing number of Internet users and the increasing volume of online sales gives rise to speculation about how e-shopping will affect shopping Centres as we know them. Since shopping Centres differ in terms of their appeal to consumers, we expect the impact of e-shopping on in-store shopping to decrease with increasing attractiveness of the latter. To test this proposition, we examined how perceived attractiveness of City Centres influences the relation between City Centre shopping and e-shopping for 3,200 Internet users in the Netherlands. Results showed that more than 20 per cent of the online buyers made fewer trips to the City Centre and also made fewer purchases at City Centre stores, due to e-shopping. However, the higher the perceived attractiveness of the City Centre, both in terms of range and convenience of shopping and accessibility, the less Internet users are inclined to shop online and to replace City Centre shopping with e-shopping.
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E‐SHOPPING VERSUS City Centre SHOPPING: THE ROLE OF PERCEIVED City Centre ATTRACTIVENESS
Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 2007Co-Authors: Jesse Weltevreden, Ton Van RietbergenAbstract:The growing number of Internet users and the increasing volume of online sales gives rise to speculation about how e-shopping will affect shopping Centres as we know them. Since shopping Centres differ in terms of their appeal to consumers, we expect the impact of e-shopping on in-store shopping to decrease with increasing attractiveness of the latter. To test this proposition, we examined how perceived attractiveness of City Centres influences the relation between City Centre shopping and e-shopping for 3,200 Internet users in the Netherlands. Results showed that more than 20 per cent of the online buyers made fewer trips to the City Centre and also made fewer purchases at City Centre stores, due to e-shopping. However, the higher the perceived attractiveness of the City Centre, both in terms of range and convenience of shopping and accessibility, the less Internet users are inclined to shop online and to replace City Centre shopping with e-shopping.
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Substitution or complementarity? How the Internet changes City Centre shopping
Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 2007Co-Authors: Jesse WeltevredenAbstract:Abstract The rapid expansion of the Internet has spawned a growing body of literature on the impact of online shopping (here called e-shopping) on physical shopping. This paper explores the impact of e-shopping on shopping at City Centres in the Netherlands for 25 retail categories, using a sample of 3200 Internet users. Results indicate that in the short run, e-shopping is unlikely to have a significant effect on purchases at City Centre stores. In the long run, however, e-shopping may well substitute for going to actual stores. Furthermore, consumers today frequently consult the Internet before making a purchase from a store, and the City Centre constitutes a source of information before an online purchase is made. The impact of these events, however, differ largely among the various retail categories and types of Internet shoppers.
J Mendes A R Silva - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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seismic vulnerability and risk assessment case study of the historic City Centre of coimbra portugal
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2011Co-Authors: Romeu Vicente, Sonia Parodi, Sergio Lagomarsino, Humberto Varum, J Mendes A R SilvaAbstract:Seismic risk evaluation of built-up areas involves analysis of the level of earthquake hazard of the region, building vulnerability and exposure. Within this approach that defines seismic risk, building vulnerability assessment assumes great importance, not only because of the obvious physical consequences in the eventual occurrence of a seismic event, but also because it is the one of the few potential aspects in which engineering research can intervene. In fact, rigorous vulnerability assessment of existing buildings and the implementation of appropriate retrofitting solutions can help to reduce the levels of physical damage, loss of life and the economic impact of future seismic events. Vulnerability studies of urban Centres should be developed with the aim of identifying building fragilities and reducing seismic risk. As part of the rehabilitation of the historic City Centre of Coimbra, a complete identification and inspection survey of old masonry buildings has been carried out. The main purpose of this research is to discuss vulnerability assessment methodologies, particularly those of the first level, through the proposal and development of a method previously used to determine the level of vulnerability, in the assessment of physical damage and its relationship with seismic intensity. Also presented and discussed are the strategy and proposed methodology adopted for the vulnerability assessment, damage and loss scenarios for the City Centre of Coimbra, Portugal, using a GIS mapping application.
Rosemary D F Bromley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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displacement and the new spaces for informal trade in the latin american City Centre
Urban Studies, 2009Co-Authors: Rosemary D F Bromley, Peter Kelso MackieAbstract:Using evidence from Cusco, Peru, the paper examines the effects of the planned displacement of informal traders from City-Centre streets. Although more than 3500 traders were relocated to new off-Centre markets, the research identifies the emergence of `unplanned' alternative City-Centre locations for informal trade, especially the new courtyard markets. The municipal-led changes, influenced strongly by concerns to enhance tourism, reveal a process which displays many of the hallmarks of gentrification. Lower-class traders were displaced from City-Centre streets for the benefit of middle-class tourists and local people. There was also gentrification of the trading activity itself: by manipulating stall allocation and pricing structures to exclude the poorest traders from the new higher-quality municipal markets. The changing pattern of informal trading can be viewed as an unconventional `barometer' of the progress of policy-led gentrification, applicable to other cities in the developing world
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City Centre accessibility for wheelchair users the consumer perspective and the planning implications
Cities, 2007Co-Authors: Rosemary D F Bromley, David Matthews, Colin J ThomasAbstract:In the context of recent ‘disability’ initiatives, evidence is drawn from 150 detailed interviews with wheelchair users, to investigate and reassess current City Centre accessibility 10 years after the introduction of the Disability Discrimination Act, 1995 in the UK. Aspects of the built environment, public transport, and current levels of shopper activity continue to present a range of difficulties for wheelchair users, which restrict their physical mobility in the City Centre. A majority of wheelchair users (61%), for example, feel that they are disabled by the way in which places are planned or designed. While 80% find the purpose-built modern covered shopping Centre easy to negotiate, more peripheral shopping streets with vehicular traffic, and traditional market areas, are considered problematic by a third or more. Based on considerable empirical evidence, the findings can be generalised to suggest six issues relevant to the creation of ‘enabling’ or more accessible City Centre environments for all, as urban planners across the world become more concerned about inclusion.
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New populations in the British City Centre: Evidence of social change from the census and household surveys
Geoforum, 2007Co-Authors: Rosemary D F Bromley, Andrew Tallon, Alexander J. RobertsAbstract:Abstract Encouraged by government policies to promote City Centre living and to increase residential land use on brownfield sites, there has been considerable repopulation of the City Centre. Through detailed small-area census analysis of Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff and Swansea, supplemented by household surveys and key informant interviews, the research points to a range of population characteristics and changes occurring in the British City Centre. Certain characteristics such as a high proportion of lone person households, fewer children and low car ownership remain fairly consistent. However, substantial population expansion affirms that a large part of the population is “new”. Between 1991 and 2001, men came to outnumber women, and each of the City Centres saw a relative expansion of its young adult population. The new residents have a higher appreciation than longer term residents of proximity to work and leisure facilities, and of the stylishness of City Centre living. Most of the new residents rent their accommodation, generally in flats, and the predominance of renting is associated with a transient attitude to City Centre residence among the new population. Socio-economic evidence indicates a striking rise in social status or gentrification in all the City Centres investigated, especially where high status private housing developments encourage the trend. With policies promoting residential development, the City Centre is becoming increasingly socially exclusive.
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City Centre regeneration through residential development contributing to sustainability
Urban Studies, 2005Co-Authors: Rosemary D F Bromley, Andrew Tallon, Colin J ThomasAbstract:Following a discussion of recent policies for the City Centre in Britain, the paper explores the contribution of residential development to aspects of sustainability, drawing on a range of survey evidence in Bristol and Swansea. The residents are frequent shoppers, helping to sustain the local daytime economy. Sustainability goals are also supported because large proportions of residents walk to City Centre attractions, and many also to their places of work, showing reduced reliance on the private car. Support for the expanding nighttime economy reflects the age, gender and social class composition of the resident population, with different attractions receiving different levels of support from different social groups, but with younger adults as the mainstay. Sustainability in the City Centre context appears best served by a majority of young adult residents, ameliorated by a sizeable proportion of older adults, and an absence of households with children. Grandiose government sustainability aims of creati...
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Exploring the attractions of City Centre living: evidence and policy implications in British cities
Geoforum, 2004Co-Authors: Andrew Tallon, Rosemary D F BromleyAbstract:Abstract The British City Centre has been the focus of dynamic housing development and repopulation strategies as a key dimension of the government's urban renaissance programme. Through large scale interview surveys in the provincial City Centres of Bristol and Swansea, this paper explores the positive and negative features of City Centre living, and how these vary amongst a range of social and physical characteristics. The findings suggest that the practical and mundane attractions of City Centre living are more important than the more widely publicised lifestyle and cultural attractions of the City Centre commonly emphasised in the gentrification literature. Moreover, the research points to differences in attitudes between age groups, with younger adults placing greater value on the range of social and cultural activities in the City Centre, whilst older people express high levels of satisfaction with the attractiveness of the environment. A number of policy implications emerge to encourage inclusive marketing strategies within the continued urban renaissance, particularly to challenge the negative perceptions and promote the varied attractions of City Centre living to a mix of social groups.