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Zhanao Deng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • morphological cytological and molecular marker analyses of tapestry caladium variants reveal diverse genetic changes and enable association of leaf coloration pattern loci with molecular markers
    Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 2020
    Co-Authors: Zhe Cao, Zhanao Deng
    Abstract:

    Somaclonal variation and induced mutation are highly valuable sources of genetic variation for genetic improvement and research in horticultural crops; cellular and molecular characterization can greatly facilitate their uses in these areas. In the present study, 20 caladium variants were identified among ‘Tapestry’ plants that were regenerated from leaf cultures treated with or without colchicine. These variants showed changes in leaf main vein color and coloration pattern and were separated into ten groups based on leaf morphological changes. Five variants contained 3.3–9.7% more nuclear DNA than the wildtype and gained one, two or three chromosomes, while four variants contained 3.0–4.8% less nuclear DNA and lost one chromosome. Five, out of 22, simple sequence repeat-based molecular markers detected DNA banding pattern changes in 13 of the 20 variants. Two molecular markers (CaM24 and CaM62) detected DNA banding pattern changes in the same four variants, suggesting that these two markers may be located in the same chromosomal segment. Strong association between leaf characteristics (leaf blotching and main vein color) and molecular banding pattern changes with molecular marker CaM42 were observed in six variants, indicating that CaM42 may be associated with gene loci controlling leaf blotching and leaf main vein color in caladium. Detailed characterization of ‘Tapestry’ caladium variants revealed changes in nuclear DNA content, chromosome number and molecular marker banding pattern and associated gene loci controlling leaf characters with molecular markers.

  • De Novo Assembly, Annotation, and Characterization of Root Transcriptomes of Three Caladium Cultivars with a Focus on Necrotrophic Pathogen Resistance/Defense-Related Genes.
    International journal of molecular sciences, 2017
    Co-Authors: Zhe Cao, Zhanao Deng
    Abstract:

    Roots are vital to plant survival and crop yield, yet few efforts have been made to characterize the expressed genes in the roots of non-model plants (root transcriptomes). This study was conducted to sequence, assemble, annotate, and characterize the root transcriptomes of three caladium cultivars (Caladium × hortulanum) using RNA-Seq. The caladium cultivars used in this study have different levels of resistance to Pythiummyriotylum, the most damaging necrotrophic pathogen to caladium roots. Forty-six to 61 million clean reads were obtained for each caladium root transcriptome. De novo assembly of the reads resulted in approximately 130,000 unigenes. Based on bioinformatic analysis, 71,825 (52.3%) caladium unigenes were annotated for putative functions, 48,417 (67.4%) and 31,417 (72.7%) were assigned to Gene Ontology (GO) and Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), respectively, and 46,406 (64.6%) unigenes were assigned to 128 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. A total of 4518 distinct unigenes were observed only in Pythium-resistant "Candidum" roots, of which 98 seemed to be involved in disease resistance and defense responses. In addition, 28,837 simple sequence repeat sites and 44,628 single nucleotide polymorphism sites were identified among the three caladium cultivars. These root transcriptome data will be valuable for further genetic improvement of caladium and related aroids.

  • a single gene controls leaf background color in caladium araceae and is tightly linked to genes for leaf main vein color spotting and rugosity
    Horticulture research, 2017
    Co-Authors: Qian Yang, Zhanao Deng
    Abstract:

    Modern cultivated caladiums (Caladium×hortulanum) are grown for their long-lasting and colorful leaves. Understanding the mode of inheritance for caladium leaf characteristics is critical for plant breeders to select appropriate parents, predict progeny performance, estimate breeding population sizes needed, and increase breeding efficiencies. This study was conducted to determine the mode of inheritance of two leaf background colors (lemon and green) in caladium and to understand their relationships with four other important leaf characteristics including leaf shape, main vein color, spotting, and rugosity. Seven caladium cultivars and three breeding lines were used as parents in 19 crosses, and their progeny were phenotyped for segregation of leaf traits. Results showed that the two leaf background colors are controlled by a single nuclear locus, with two alleles, LEM and lem, which control the dominant lemon and the recessive green leaf background color, respectively. The lemon-colored cultivar ‘Miss Muffet’ and breeding lines UF-52 and UF-53 have a heterozygous genotype LEMlem. Chi-square tests showed that the leaf background color locus LEM is independent from the leaf shape locus F, but is tightly linked to three loci (S, V and RLF) controlling leaf spotting, main vein color, and rugosity in caladium. A linkage map that consists of four loci controlling major caladium leaf characteristics and extends ~15 cM was developed based on the observed recombination frequencies. This is the first report on the mode of inheritance of leaf background colors in caladium and in the Araceae family. The information gained in this study will be very useful for caladium breeding and study of the inheritance of leaf colors in other ornamental aroids, an important group of ornamental plants in the world. An analysis of the genes underlying leaf color in a popular ornamental enhances prospects for breeding novel color combinations. Cultivated Caladium species — known as ‘elephant ears’ — in the family Araceae are widely grown for their decorative leaves. Using a traditional crossbreeding approach, Zhanao Deng at the University of Florida, USA, and colleagues have explored the genetics of caladium background leaf color. They found the two main variants, lemon and green, are inherited in a simple ‘Mendelian’ fashion, with lemon dominant to green. They then checked for associations between leaf color and other traits. While leaf shape was inherited separately, leaf spotting, vein color and rugosity (texture) all appeared to be closely linked to background leaf color. This information will be useful for breeding not only caladiums, but also other understudied ornamental Araceae.

  • a single gene controls leaf background color in caladium araceae and is tightly linked to genes for leaf main vein color spotting and rugosity
    Horticulture research, 2017
    Co-Authors: Zhe Cao, Qian Yang, Shunzhao Sui, Zhanao Deng
    Abstract:

    Modern cultivated caladiums (Caladium×hortulanum) are grown for their long-lasting and colorful leaves. Understanding the mode of inheritance for caladium leaf characteristics is critical for plant breeders to select appropriate parents, predict progeny performance, estimate breeding population sizes needed, and increase breeding efficiencies. This study was conducted to determine the mode of inheritance of two leaf background colors (lemon and green) in caladium and to understand their relationships with four other important leaf characteristics including leaf shape, main vein color, spotting, and rugosity. Seven caladium cultivars and three breeding lines were used as parents in 19 crosses, and their progeny were phenotyped for segregation of leaf traits. Results showed that the two leaf background colors are controlled by a single nuclear locus, with two alleles, LEM and lem, which control the dominant lemon and the recessive green leaf background color, respectively. The lemon-colored cultivar 'Miss Muffet' and breeding lines UF-52 and UF-53 have a heterozygous genotype LEMlem. Chi-square tests showed that the leaf background color locus LEM is independent from the leaf shape locus F, but is tightly linked to three loci (S, V and RLF) controlling leaf spotting, main vein color, and rugosity in caladium. A linkage map that consists of four loci controlling major caladium leaf characteristics and extends ~15 cM was developed based on the observed recombination frequencies. This is the first report on the mode of inheritance of leaf background colors in caladium and in the Araceae family. The information gained in this study will be very useful for caladium breeding and study of the inheritance of leaf colors in other ornamental aroids, an important group of ornamental plants in the world.

  • Somaclonal variation in ‘Red Flash’ caladium: morphological, cytological and molecular characterization
    Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 2016
    Co-Authors: Zhe Cao, Qian Yang, Xiao-dong Cai, Suizhao Sui, Zhanao Deng
    Abstract:

    Somaclonal variation is a major concern to many applications of plant cell and tissue culture techniques, yet it could be a useful source of variation for plant genetic improvement. High frequencies of somaclonal variants were reported in caladium, but little was known about changes in caladium somaclonal variants at the cellular and molecular levels. Twenty-four somaclonal variants were identified among ‘Red Flash’ caladium plants regenerated from two types of leaf explants and on two media containing different auxins. Results showed that the type of leaf explants and auxin affected the occurrence of somaclonal variants in ‘Red Flash’. The highest percentage of variants (25.0 %) was observed among plants regenerated from mature leaf explants cultured on the media containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. These somaclonal variants exhibited considerable changes in leaf shape, coloring of the main veins, spots, margins, and leaf size, and could be separated into 10 somaclonal variant groups. Twelve variants contained 1.1–5.4 % less nuclear DNA and appeared to have lost one chromosome. Two variants contained 5.4–9.2 % less nuclear DNA and appeared to have lost two chromosomes. One variant contained 95.0 % more nuclear DNA and 2n = 58 chromosomes. Two SSR markers (CaM1 and CaM103) revealed DNA banding pattern changes in nine variants, including allele loss in eight variants and allele size change in one variant. These results suggested that several cytological and/or molecular causes were involved in the somaclonal variation in ‘Red Flash’ and chromosome number change was a frequent cause leading to a high frequency of aneuploids and marker allele loss. The CaM1-carrying chromosome seemed to be unstable and prone to loss during tissue culture.

Zhe Cao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • morphological cytological and molecular marker analyses of tapestry caladium variants reveal diverse genetic changes and enable association of leaf coloration pattern loci with molecular markers
    Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 2020
    Co-Authors: Zhe Cao, Zhanao Deng
    Abstract:

    Somaclonal variation and induced mutation are highly valuable sources of genetic variation for genetic improvement and research in horticultural crops; cellular and molecular characterization can greatly facilitate their uses in these areas. In the present study, 20 caladium variants were identified among ‘Tapestry’ plants that were regenerated from leaf cultures treated with or without colchicine. These variants showed changes in leaf main vein color and coloration pattern and were separated into ten groups based on leaf morphological changes. Five variants contained 3.3–9.7% more nuclear DNA than the wildtype and gained one, two or three chromosomes, while four variants contained 3.0–4.8% less nuclear DNA and lost one chromosome. Five, out of 22, simple sequence repeat-based molecular markers detected DNA banding pattern changes in 13 of the 20 variants. Two molecular markers (CaM24 and CaM62) detected DNA banding pattern changes in the same four variants, suggesting that these two markers may be located in the same chromosomal segment. Strong association between leaf characteristics (leaf blotching and main vein color) and molecular banding pattern changes with molecular marker CaM42 were observed in six variants, indicating that CaM42 may be associated with gene loci controlling leaf blotching and leaf main vein color in caladium. Detailed characterization of ‘Tapestry’ caladium variants revealed changes in nuclear DNA content, chromosome number and molecular marker banding pattern and associated gene loci controlling leaf characters with molecular markers.

  • De Novo Assembly, Annotation, and Characterization of Root Transcriptomes of Three Caladium Cultivars with a Focus on Necrotrophic Pathogen Resistance/Defense-Related Genes.
    International journal of molecular sciences, 2017
    Co-Authors: Zhe Cao, Zhanao Deng
    Abstract:

    Roots are vital to plant survival and crop yield, yet few efforts have been made to characterize the expressed genes in the roots of non-model plants (root transcriptomes). This study was conducted to sequence, assemble, annotate, and characterize the root transcriptomes of three caladium cultivars (Caladium × hortulanum) using RNA-Seq. The caladium cultivars used in this study have different levels of resistance to Pythiummyriotylum, the most damaging necrotrophic pathogen to caladium roots. Forty-six to 61 million clean reads were obtained for each caladium root transcriptome. De novo assembly of the reads resulted in approximately 130,000 unigenes. Based on bioinformatic analysis, 71,825 (52.3%) caladium unigenes were annotated for putative functions, 48,417 (67.4%) and 31,417 (72.7%) were assigned to Gene Ontology (GO) and Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), respectively, and 46,406 (64.6%) unigenes were assigned to 128 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. A total of 4518 distinct unigenes were observed only in Pythium-resistant "Candidum" roots, of which 98 seemed to be involved in disease resistance and defense responses. In addition, 28,837 simple sequence repeat sites and 44,628 single nucleotide polymorphism sites were identified among the three caladium cultivars. These root transcriptome data will be valuable for further genetic improvement of caladium and related aroids.

  • a single gene controls leaf background color in caladium araceae and is tightly linked to genes for leaf main vein color spotting and rugosity
    Horticulture research, 2017
    Co-Authors: Zhe Cao, Qian Yang, Shunzhao Sui, Zhanao Deng
    Abstract:

    Modern cultivated caladiums (Caladium×hortulanum) are grown for their long-lasting and colorful leaves. Understanding the mode of inheritance for caladium leaf characteristics is critical for plant breeders to select appropriate parents, predict progeny performance, estimate breeding population sizes needed, and increase breeding efficiencies. This study was conducted to determine the mode of inheritance of two leaf background colors (lemon and green) in caladium and to understand their relationships with four other important leaf characteristics including leaf shape, main vein color, spotting, and rugosity. Seven caladium cultivars and three breeding lines were used as parents in 19 crosses, and their progeny were phenotyped for segregation of leaf traits. Results showed that the two leaf background colors are controlled by a single nuclear locus, with two alleles, LEM and lem, which control the dominant lemon and the recessive green leaf background color, respectively. The lemon-colored cultivar 'Miss Muffet' and breeding lines UF-52 and UF-53 have a heterozygous genotype LEMlem. Chi-square tests showed that the leaf background color locus LEM is independent from the leaf shape locus F, but is tightly linked to three loci (S, V and RLF) controlling leaf spotting, main vein color, and rugosity in caladium. A linkage map that consists of four loci controlling major caladium leaf characteristics and extends ~15 cM was developed based on the observed recombination frequencies. This is the first report on the mode of inheritance of leaf background colors in caladium and in the Araceae family. The information gained in this study will be very useful for caladium breeding and study of the inheritance of leaf colors in other ornamental aroids, an important group of ornamental plants in the world.

  • Somaclonal variation in ‘Red Flash’ caladium: morphological, cytological and molecular characterization
    Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 2016
    Co-Authors: Zhe Cao, Qian Yang, Xiao-dong Cai, Suizhao Sui, Zhanao Deng
    Abstract:

    Somaclonal variation is a major concern to many applications of plant cell and tissue culture techniques, yet it could be a useful source of variation for plant genetic improvement. High frequencies of somaclonal variants were reported in caladium, but little was known about changes in caladium somaclonal variants at the cellular and molecular levels. Twenty-four somaclonal variants were identified among ‘Red Flash’ caladium plants regenerated from two types of leaf explants and on two media containing different auxins. Results showed that the type of leaf explants and auxin affected the occurrence of somaclonal variants in ‘Red Flash’. The highest percentage of variants (25.0 %) was observed among plants regenerated from mature leaf explants cultured on the media containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. These somaclonal variants exhibited considerable changes in leaf shape, coloring of the main veins, spots, margins, and leaf size, and could be separated into 10 somaclonal variant groups. Twelve variants contained 1.1–5.4 % less nuclear DNA and appeared to have lost one chromosome. Two variants contained 5.4–9.2 % less nuclear DNA and appeared to have lost two chromosomes. One variant contained 95.0 % more nuclear DNA and 2n = 58 chromosomes. Two SSR markers (CaM1 and CaM103) revealed DNA banding pattern changes in nine variants, including allele loss in eight variants and allele size change in one variant. These results suggested that several cytological and/or molecular causes were involved in the somaclonal variation in ‘Red Flash’ and chromosome number change was a frequent cause leading to a high frequency of aneuploids and marker allele loss. The CaM1-carrying chromosome seemed to be unstable and prone to loss during tissue culture.

  • Induction, regeneration and characterization of tetraploids and variants in ‘Tapestry’ caladium
    Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 2014
    Co-Authors: Xiao-dong Cai, Zhe Cao, Zhanao Deng
    Abstract:

    Caladium (Caladium × hortulanum Birdsey) is an important ornamental aroid that is valued for its long-lasting colorful foliage. Genetic improvement and cultivar development in caladium have been primarily achieved through sexual hybridization, and there is a strong need to explore in vitro-based approaches to generate novel phenotypic variations in caladium. This study was conducted to develop an efficient in vitro chromosome doubling technique for caladium, to assess the effects of chromosome doubling on caladium leaf morphology, and to identify promising caladium tetraploids for breeding. Leaf segments of ‘Tapestry’ caladium were pre-cultured in vitro, treated with colchicine, and then cultured to regenerate tetraploid plants. Out of 501 established plants, 56 showed considerable variation from the wildtype in leaf shape, color, coloration pattern, and/or thickness. Ploidy analysis showed that 48 appeared to be tetraploids, and the remaining eight appeared to be diploids. In two treatments with 0.1 or 0.2 % (w/v) colchicine for 4 days, 13.74 and 24.14 % of the regenerated plants were tetraploids. Caladium tetraploids exhibited round and thick leaves with thick petioles. These morphological changes were a reliable morphological indicator for visual screening for tetraploids in caladium. Based on observed morphological changes, the eight diploid variants were categorized into five variant types (VT1–VT5), and the 48 tetraploid variants were categorized into another five variant types (VT6–VT10). Most caladium plants in VT1, VT2, VT3, VT6, and VT7 showed much improved ornamental values and held potential as promising new selections for container and landscape performance trials and tuber yield tests. Nuclear DNA content and chromosome number analysis were conducted on 17 representative variants; results revealed the two diploid variants had gained one or two additional chromosomes, one tetraploid variant gained four additional chromosomes, and two tetraploid variants lost two or four chromosomes. These results demonstrate for the first time in caladium that in vitro induction of tetraploids is a very powerful tool for generating novel phenotypes for genetic improvement and breeding and that chromosome gain or loss is a common type of cytological variation in caladium.

Brent K. Harbaugh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • uf 4412 and uf 4424 red lance leaved caladium cultivars
    Hortscience, 2013
    Co-Authors: Zhanao Deng, Brent K. Harbaugh, Natalia A. Peres
    Abstract:

    Cultivated caladiums (Caladium 3hortulanum Birdsey, Araceae Juss.) are valued for their colorful and variable-shaped leaves (Harbaugh and Tjia, 1985; Wilfret, 1993). Cultivars generally are divided into three groups according to leaf shape and size: fancy-, lance-, and strap-leaved (Wilfret, 1986). Fancy-leaved caladiums produce large round–ovate to triangular leaves with three main veins, two large basal lobes partially to fully joined, and a petiole attached to the back of the leaf blade. Strap-leaved caladiums have linear leaves with one main vein and no obvious basal lobes. Lance-leaved caladiums produce leaves intermediate between fancy and strap types: leaves sagittate to cordate–lanceolate in shape, basal lobes obvious to barely obvious, and petioles attached to the base of the leaves (Deng and Harbaugh, 2006a). The majority of caladium cultivars in commercial production are fancy-leaved (Bell et al., 1998; Deng et al., 2011). However, there has been an increasing demand for lanceleaved cultivars. Florida growers, the primary supplier of caladium tubers used in the world, reported greater than 50% more acres used for producing lance-leaved caladiums in 2008 than in 1998 (Bell et al., 1998; Deng and Alleyne, 2009; Deng et al., 2011). Plants of lance-leaved cultivars generally are more compact with smaller leaves and shorter petioles than fancy-leaved caladiums. Tubers produced by lance-leaved caladiums tend to be more branched (Deng and Harbaugh, 2008). Therefore, lance-leaved caladiums are adaptable to different container sizes, do not require tuber de-eyeing for pot plant production, and are less expensive and easier to ship from production sites to markets. These characteristics result in significant benefits to growers producing and marketing potted caladium plants (Deng and Harbaugh, 2008). Lance-leaved caladiums may be more resilient to wind damage, drought, sunburn, and shading than fancy-leaved caladiums and may do better than the latter in the landscape when such stresses occur (Deng and Harbaugh, 2008). However, many lance-leaved caladiums often produce small tubers (Wilfret, 1983). Tubers are both the planting stock and the crop for caladium growers. Thus, tuber yield is one of the most important factors determining a cultivar’s economic value for commercial production of caladium tubers. Growers cannot produce cultivars profitably without adequate tuber yield and have to eliminate them from commercial production. Thus, developing new lance-leaved caladium cultivars with adequate tuber yield potential has been a priority breeding objective for the University of Florida (UF) caladium breeding program since its beginning in 1976. Currently, ‘Florida Sweetheart’ is the most popular lance-leaved commercial cultivar of any color, and ‘Florida Red Ruffles’ is the most popular red lance-leaved commercial cultivar among caladium growers, greenhouse growers, and nurseries (Bell et al., 1998; Deng and Alleyne, 2009; Deng et al., 2011). Both cultivars were introduced by the UF caladium breeding program. Plants of ‘Florida Sweetheart’ are compact and produce wide lance leaves with a rosy color and relatively large tubers (Wilfret, 1991a). ‘Florida Red Ruffles’ has a compact, upright growth habit and excellent sunburn tolerance (Wilfret 1991b). UF 4412 (Fig. 1) and UF 4424 (Fig. 2) are attractive lance-leaved cultivars with novel, distinct combinations of plant and foliar characteristics. UF 4412 leaves are heartshaped like ‘Florida Sweetheart’ but have a large red center and numerous netted red veins. UF 4412 plants are taller and produce longer and wider leaves than ‘Florida Sweetheart’ plants. UF 4424 leaves are cordate– lanceolate-like ‘Florida Red Ruffles’ leaves but have a large, glossy, red center and numerous red, thick veins. UF 4412 and UF 4424 were comparable or superior in replicated field, greenhouse, and landscape trials

  • Leaf Blotching in Caladium (Araceae) Is Under Simple Genetic Control and Tightly Linked to Vein Color
    HortScience, 2009
    Co-Authors: Zhanao Deng, Brent K. Harbaugh
    Abstract:

    Cultivated caladiums (Caladium ·hortulanum Birdsey) are valued as important pot and landscape plants because of their bright, colorful leaves. Improving leaf characteristics or generating new combinations of these characteristics has been one of the most important breeding objectives in caladium. A major leaf characteristic in caladium is leaf blotching, the presence of numerous irregularly shaped color areas between major veins on leaf blades. This pattern of coloration in combination with bright colors has resulted in the popularity of a number of caladium cultivars. In this study, controlled crosses were made among three blotched and six nonblotched caladium cultivars. Their progeny were analyzed to understand the mode of inheritance of leaf blotching and its genetic relationship with the color of main leaf veins. Progeny of selfing nonblotched or crossing nonblotched cultivars were all nonblotched; selfing blotched cultivars (Carolyn Whorton, White Christmas, and Florida Blizzard) or crossing 'Florida Blizzard' and 'Carolyn Whorton' resulted in a 3:1 ratio (blotched:non- blotched); and progeny from crosses between blotched and nonblotched cultivars segregated in a 1:1 ratio (blotched:nonblotched). These results indicate that leaf blotching is controlled by a single nuclear locus with two alleles (B and b). x 2 analysis of the joint segregation between leaf blotching and vein color (V) in five crosses showed that the blotching allele Bis linked to the green vein alleleV g . 'Carolyn Whorton', 'White Christmas', and 'Florida Blizzard' are heterozygous for leaf blotching, and their genotype for leaf blotching and vein color (V r , V w , and V g for red, white, and green veins, respectively) are V r b//V g B, V g b//V g B, and V w b//V g B, respectively. This information will be valuable for planning crosses and breeding populations to develop new blotched caladium cultivars. The information gainedin thisstudy may be helpful for understanding the inheritance of similar traits in other aroids.

  • Inheritance of Leaf Spots and Their Genetic Relationships with Leaf Shape and Vein Color in Caladium
    Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 2008
    Co-Authors: Zhanao Deng, Fahrettin Goktepe, Brent K. Harbaugh
    Abstract:

    The ornamental value of caladium (Caladium ·hortulanum Birdsey) depends to a large extent on its foliar characteristics. Efficient genetic improvement of caladium foliar characteristics requires a good understanding of the inheritance of these traits, including leaf shape, color, and spots. This study was conducted to determine the inheritance of leaf spots in caladium and to understand their relationships with leaf shape and main vein color. Eighteen controlled crosses were made amongeight commercial cultivars expressing red or noleaf spots, and progeny of these crosses were observed for segregation of leaf spots as well as leaf shape and vein color. A single locus with two alleles is shown to be responsible for the presence or absence of leaf spots in caladium, with the presence allele (S) dominant over the absence allele (s). The major spotted commercial cultivar Gingerland is heterozygous for this trait. Leafspotsareinheritedindependentlyfromleafshape,buttheyarecloselylinkedwiththecolorofthemainleafveins. The recombination frequencies between the leaf spot locus and the main vein color locus ranged from 0.0% to 8.9% with the crosses or the parental cultivars used, with an average of 4.4%. Leaf spots and vein colors represent the first linkage group of ornamental traits in caladium and possibly in other ornamental aroids. The knowledge gained in this study will be valuable when it comes to determine what crosses to make for development of new cultivars. It may be also useful to those interested in determining the inheritance of similar traits in other ornamental plants, including other ornamental aroids such as dieffenbachia (Dieffenbachia Schott).

  • Assessment of Genetic Diversity and Relationships Among Caladium Cultivars and Species Using Molecular Markers
    Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 2007
    Co-Authors: Zhanao Deng, Fahrettin Goktepe, Brent K. Harbaugh
    Abstract:

    Caladium (Caladium ·hortulanum Birdsey) is an important aroid widely used in the ornamental plant industry. Concerns have been raised about possible loss of genetic diversity due to a drastic decline in the number of cultivars in the last century. This study assessed genetic diversity and relationships among caladium cultivars and species accessions. Forty-five major cultivars and 14 species accessions were analyzed based on 297 DNA fragments produced by the target-region amplification polymorphism marker system. A low level of diversity (44.4% polymorphism) was exhibited in cultivars, while a high level of diversity (96.8% polymorphism) was present among seven accessions of Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent., Caladium marmoratum Mathieu, Caladium picturatum C. Koch, and Caladium schomburgkii Schott. A small percentage (7.6%) of DNA fragments was present in cultivars but absent in the seven species accessions, while a high percentage (32.2%) of DNA fragments was present in the seven species accessions but absent in cultivars. Cultivars shared a higher level of similarity at the molecular level with an average Jaccard coefficient at 0.802, formed a large group in cluster analysis, and concentrated in the scatter plot from a principal-coordinate analysis. Two accessions of C. bicolor and C. schomburgkii were very similar to cultivars with Jaccard similarity coefficients from 0.531 to 0.771, while the rest of the species accessions had small similarity coefficients with cultivars (0.060 to 0.386). Caladium steudnirifolium Engler and Caladium lindenii (AndrMadison were very dissimilar to C. bicolor, C. marmoratum, C. picturatum, and C. schomburgkii, with Jaccard similarity coefficients from 0.149 to 0.237 (C. steudnirifolium) and from 0.060 to 0.118 (C. lindenii). There is a limited amount of molecular diversity in caladium cultivars, but the great repertoire of unique genes in species accessions could be used to enhance the diversity in future cultivars and reduce potential genetic vulnerability. Caladiums (Caladium Vent.) are members of the aroid family, widely grown as potted or bedding plants in the landscape. Commercial plants are generally forced from tubers. Over 95% of the tubers used worldwide are produced in Florida

  • Toward Breeding for Resistance to Fusarium Tuber Rot in Caladium: Inoculation Technique and Sources of Resistance
    HortScience, 2007
    Co-Authors: Fahrettin Goktepe, Zhanao Deng, Brent K. Harbaugh, Natalia A. Peres, T. E. Seijo, Robert J. Mcgovern
    Abstract:

    Fusarium tuber rot, incited by Fusarium solani, is the major cause of losses of tuber quality and quantity in caladium (Caladium ·hortulanum) during storage and production. To develop a reliable inoculation method for evaluating cultivar suscepti- bility to Fusarium tuber rot and identifying sources of resistance, the effect of temperature on the mycelial growth of F. solani in vitro and on tuber rot in vivo was examined.TheoptimaltemperaturewasthenusedtostudytheaggressivenessofF.solani isolates. The effect of temperature (13, 18, 23, 28, and 33 8C) on radial mycelial growth of nine F. solani isolates in vitro was determined, and all responded similarly to temperature variables, with optimal growth predicted to be at 30.5 8C. The relationship of these temperatures to disease development was then determined for the most aggressive F. solani isolate 05-20 and it was found that disease development in inoculated tubers was greatest at low temperatures (13 and 18 8C). Cold damage to tubers was observed at 13 8C; therefore, 18 8C was chosen for all future disease screening. The aggressiveness of nine isolates was tested on two caladium cultivars. Significant differ- ences among isolates were observed for the diameter of rotted tissue in both cultivars, indicating that choice of isolate was important for screening. Isolates 05-20 and 05-257 were highly aggressive on both cultivars. Tubers of 17 commercial caladium cultivars were inoculated withthree isolates (04-03, 05-20, and 05-527) and incubated at 18 8C. The interaction between isolates and cultivars was highly significant (P < 0.0001), indicating that cultivars were not equally susceptible to different pathogenic isolates of F. solani. Lesion diameters differed significantly (P < 0.0001) among cultivars/isolates and ranged from 9.5 mm ('Rosebud' and 'White Christmas' for isolate 04-03) to 23.9 mm ('Carolyn Whorton' for isolate 05-20). The cultivars were ranked for susceptibility to tuber rot within each isolate and the normalized total rank for the three isolates was used to place cultivars into four categories: resistant ('Candidum', 'Rosebud', 'White Christmas', 'Florida Sweetheart', and 'Aaron'), moderately resistant ('White Wing' and 'Red Flash'), susceptible ('Candidum Jr.', 'White Queen', 'Red Frill', 'Florida Cardinal', 'Miss Muffet', and 'Postman Joyner'), and highly susceptible ('Fannie Munson', 'Gingerland', 'Frieda Hemple', and 'Carolyn Whorton'). The availability of these sources of host plant resistance, aggressive isolates, and resistance assessment techniques will facilitate the development of new Fusarium-resistant caladium cultivars.

Qian Yang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a single gene controls leaf background color in caladium araceae and is tightly linked to genes for leaf main vein color spotting and rugosity
    Horticulture research, 2017
    Co-Authors: Qian Yang, Zhanao Deng
    Abstract:

    Modern cultivated caladiums (Caladium×hortulanum) are grown for their long-lasting and colorful leaves. Understanding the mode of inheritance for caladium leaf characteristics is critical for plant breeders to select appropriate parents, predict progeny performance, estimate breeding population sizes needed, and increase breeding efficiencies. This study was conducted to determine the mode of inheritance of two leaf background colors (lemon and green) in caladium and to understand their relationships with four other important leaf characteristics including leaf shape, main vein color, spotting, and rugosity. Seven caladium cultivars and three breeding lines were used as parents in 19 crosses, and their progeny were phenotyped for segregation of leaf traits. Results showed that the two leaf background colors are controlled by a single nuclear locus, with two alleles, LEM and lem, which control the dominant lemon and the recessive green leaf background color, respectively. The lemon-colored cultivar ‘Miss Muffet’ and breeding lines UF-52 and UF-53 have a heterozygous genotype LEMlem. Chi-square tests showed that the leaf background color locus LEM is independent from the leaf shape locus F, but is tightly linked to three loci (S, V and RLF) controlling leaf spotting, main vein color, and rugosity in caladium. A linkage map that consists of four loci controlling major caladium leaf characteristics and extends ~15 cM was developed based on the observed recombination frequencies. This is the first report on the mode of inheritance of leaf background colors in caladium and in the Araceae family. The information gained in this study will be very useful for caladium breeding and study of the inheritance of leaf colors in other ornamental aroids, an important group of ornamental plants in the world. An analysis of the genes underlying leaf color in a popular ornamental enhances prospects for breeding novel color combinations. Cultivated Caladium species — known as ‘elephant ears’ — in the family Araceae are widely grown for their decorative leaves. Using a traditional crossbreeding approach, Zhanao Deng at the University of Florida, USA, and colleagues have explored the genetics of caladium background leaf color. They found the two main variants, lemon and green, are inherited in a simple ‘Mendelian’ fashion, with lemon dominant to green. They then checked for associations between leaf color and other traits. While leaf shape was inherited separately, leaf spotting, vein color and rugosity (texture) all appeared to be closely linked to background leaf color. This information will be useful for breeding not only caladiums, but also other understudied ornamental Araceae.

  • a single gene controls leaf background color in caladium araceae and is tightly linked to genes for leaf main vein color spotting and rugosity
    Horticulture research, 2017
    Co-Authors: Zhe Cao, Qian Yang, Shunzhao Sui, Zhanao Deng
    Abstract:

    Modern cultivated caladiums (Caladium×hortulanum) are grown for their long-lasting and colorful leaves. Understanding the mode of inheritance for caladium leaf characteristics is critical for plant breeders to select appropriate parents, predict progeny performance, estimate breeding population sizes needed, and increase breeding efficiencies. This study was conducted to determine the mode of inheritance of two leaf background colors (lemon and green) in caladium and to understand their relationships with four other important leaf characteristics including leaf shape, main vein color, spotting, and rugosity. Seven caladium cultivars and three breeding lines were used as parents in 19 crosses, and their progeny were phenotyped for segregation of leaf traits. Results showed that the two leaf background colors are controlled by a single nuclear locus, with two alleles, LEM and lem, which control the dominant lemon and the recessive green leaf background color, respectively. The lemon-colored cultivar 'Miss Muffet' and breeding lines UF-52 and UF-53 have a heterozygous genotype LEMlem. Chi-square tests showed that the leaf background color locus LEM is independent from the leaf shape locus F, but is tightly linked to three loci (S, V and RLF) controlling leaf spotting, main vein color, and rugosity in caladium. A linkage map that consists of four loci controlling major caladium leaf characteristics and extends ~15 cM was developed based on the observed recombination frequencies. This is the first report on the mode of inheritance of leaf background colors in caladium and in the Araceae family. The information gained in this study will be very useful for caladium breeding and study of the inheritance of leaf colors in other ornamental aroids, an important group of ornamental plants in the world.

  • Somaclonal variation in ‘Red Flash’ caladium: morphological, cytological and molecular characterization
    Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 2016
    Co-Authors: Zhe Cao, Qian Yang, Xiao-dong Cai, Suizhao Sui, Zhanao Deng
    Abstract:

    Somaclonal variation is a major concern to many applications of plant cell and tissue culture techniques, yet it could be a useful source of variation for plant genetic improvement. High frequencies of somaclonal variants were reported in caladium, but little was known about changes in caladium somaclonal variants at the cellular and molecular levels. Twenty-four somaclonal variants were identified among ‘Red Flash’ caladium plants regenerated from two types of leaf explants and on two media containing different auxins. Results showed that the type of leaf explants and auxin affected the occurrence of somaclonal variants in ‘Red Flash’. The highest percentage of variants (25.0 %) was observed among plants regenerated from mature leaf explants cultured on the media containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. These somaclonal variants exhibited considerable changes in leaf shape, coloring of the main veins, spots, margins, and leaf size, and could be separated into 10 somaclonal variant groups. Twelve variants contained 1.1–5.4 % less nuclear DNA and appeared to have lost one chromosome. Two variants contained 5.4–9.2 % less nuclear DNA and appeared to have lost two chromosomes. One variant contained 95.0 % more nuclear DNA and 2n = 58 chromosomes. Two SSR markers (CaM1 and CaM103) revealed DNA banding pattern changes in nine variants, including allele loss in eight variants and allele size change in one variant. These results suggested that several cytological and/or molecular causes were involved in the somaclonal variation in ‘Red Flash’ and chromosome number change was a frequent cause leading to a high frequency of aneuploids and marker allele loss. The CaM1-carrying chromosome seemed to be unstable and prone to loss during tissue culture.

Irving A Mendelssohn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Nutrient and growth responses of cattail (Typha domingensis) to redox intensity and phosphate availability
    2020
    Co-Authors: Jørgen Lissner, Hans Brix, Irving A Mendelssohn, Karen L Mckee, Shi Li Miao
    Abstract:

    † Background and Aims In the Florida Everglades, the expansion of cattail (Typha domingensis) into areas once dominated by sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense) has been attributed to altered hydrology and phosphorus (P) enrichment. The objective of this study was to quantify the interactive effects of P availability and soil redox potential (Eh) on the growth and nutrient responses of Typha, which may help to explain its expansion. † Methods The study examined the growth and nutrient responses of Typha to the interactive effects of P availability (10, 80 and 500 mg P L 21 ) and Eh level (2150, þ150 and þ600 mV). Plants were grown hydroponically in a factorial experiment using titanium (Ti 3þ ) citrate as a redox buffer. † Key Results Relative growth rate, elongation, root-supported tissue/root ratio, leaf length, lateral root length and biomass, as well as tissue nutrient concentrations, were all adversely affected by low Eh conditions. P availability compensated for the negative effect of low Eh for all these variables except that low P stimulated root length and nutrient use efficiency. The most growth-promoting treatment combination was 500 mg P L 21 / þ 600 mV. † Conclusions These results, plus previous data on Cladium responses to P/Eh combinations, document that high P availability and low Eh should benefit Typha more than Cladium as the growth and tissue nutrients of the former species responded more to excess P, even under highly reduced conditions. Therefore, the interactive effects of P enrichment and Eh appear to be linked to the expansion of Typha in the Everglades Water Conservation Area 2A, where both low Eh and enhanced phosphate availability have co-occurred during recent decades

  • root phosphatase activity in Cladium jamaicense and typha domingensis grown in everglades soil at ambient and elevated phosphorus levels
    Wetlands, 2002
    Co-Authors: Nathan L Kuhn, Bent Lorenzen, Hans Brix, Irving A Mendelssohn, Karen L Mckee, Shi Li Miao
    Abstract:

    Activity of root phosphatase was examined in Cladium jamaicense (sawgrass) and Typha domingensis (cattail) grown under controlled conditions in Everglades peat with different inorganic P availabilities and flooding regimes. Cladium root phosphatase activity was significantly greater than for Typha when both were subjected to relatively low inorganic phosphorus concentrations (10 to 80 μg l−1) in the interstitial water, indicating a greater potential for Cladium to use organic phosphorus compounds as a phosphate source. When inorganic phosphorus concentration was elevated (500 μg l−1), internal root phosphate concentrations increased and root phosphatase activities decreased in both species to similar levels. Thus, root phosphatase activity in these species is induced by low ambient inorganic phosphate concentrations. The relatively greater ability of Cladium to hydrolyze organic phosphorus compounds indicates that it is physiologically better adapted to peat-based, low inorganic phosphorus conditions and helps explain this species’ historic dominance in peat-based Everglades soils.

  • growth biomass allocation and nutrient use efficiency in Cladium jamaicense and typha domingensis as affected by phosphorus and oxygen availability
    Aquatic Botany, 2001
    Co-Authors: Bent Lorenzen, Hans Brix, Irving A Mendelssohn, Karen L Mckee, Shi Li Miao
    Abstract:

    Abstract The effects of phosphorus (P) and oxygen availability on growth, biomass allocation and nutrient use efficiency in Cladium jamaicense Crantz and Typha domingensis Pers. were studied in a growth facility equipped with steady-state hydroponic rhizotrons. The treatments included four P concentrations (10, 40, 80 and 500 μg l −1 ) and two oxygen concentration (8.0 and 2  l −1 ) in the culture solutions. In Cladium , no clear relationship was found between P availability and growth rate (19–37 mg g −1  d −1 ), the above to below ground biomass ratio ( A / B ) (mean=4.6), or nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) (mean=72 g dry weight g −1  N). However, the ratio between root supported tissue (leaves, rhizomes and ramets) and root biomass ( S / R ) (5.6–8) increased with P availability. In contrast, the growth rate (48–89 mg g −1  d −1 ) and the biomass ratios A / B (2.4–6.1) and S / R (5.4–10.3) of Typha increased with P availability, while NUE (71–30 g dry weight g −1  N) decreased. The proportion of root laterals was similar in the two species, but Typha had thinner root laterals (diameter=186 μm) than Cladium (diameter=438 μm) indicating a larger root surface area in Typha . The two species had a similar P use efficiency (PUE) at 10 μg P l −1 (mean=1134 g dry weight g −1  P) and at 40 and 80 μg P l −1 (mean=482 dry weight g −1  P) but the N/P ratio indicated imbalances in nutrient uptake at a higher P concentration (40 μg P l −1 ) in Typha than in Cladium (10 μg P l −1 ). The two species had similar root specific P accumulation rate at the two lowest P levels, whereas Typha had 3–13-fold higher P uptake rates at the two highest P levels, indicating a higher nutrient uptake capacity in Typha . The experimental oxygen concentration in the rhizosphere had only limited effect on the growth of the two species and had little effect on biomass partitioning and nutrient use efficiency. The aerenchyma in these species was probably sufficient to maintain adequate root oxygenation under partially oxygen depleted conditions. Cladium had characteristics typical for plants from nutrient poor habitats, which included slow growth rate, low capacity for P uptake and relatively inflexible biomass partitioning in response to increased P availability. In contrast, Typha demonstrated a high degree of flexibility in growth, biomass partitioning, and nutrient accumulation to P availability, similar to species from nutrient rich habitats. Although the N/P ratio indicated that Typha was more nutrient stressed at the low P levels, Typha had a higher capacity for P uptake and was more competitive than Cladium at the applied P concentrations.

  • growth biomass allocation and nutrient use efficiency in Cladium jamaicense and typha domingensis as affected by phosphorus and oxygen availability
    Aquatic Botany, 2001
    Co-Authors: Bent Lorenzen, Hans Brix, Irving A Mendelssohn, Karen L Mckee, Shi Li Miao
    Abstract:

    Abstract The effects of phosphorus (P) and oxygen availability on growth, biomass allocation and nutrient use efficiency in Cladium jamaicense Crantz and Typha domingensis Pers. were studied in a growth facility equipped with steady-state hydroponic rhizotrons. The treatments included four P concentrations (10, 40, 80 and 500 μg l −1 ) and two oxygen concentration (8.0 and 2  l −1 ) in the culture solutions. In Cladium , no clear relationship was found between P availability and growth rate (19–37 mg g −1  d −1 ), the above to below ground biomass ratio ( A / B ) (mean=4.6), or nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) (mean=72 g dry weight g −1  N). However, the ratio between root supported tissue (leaves, rhizomes and ramets) and root biomass ( S / R ) (5.6–8) increased with P availability. In contrast, the growth rate (48–89 mg g −1  d −1 ) and the biomass ratios A / B (2.4–6.1) and S / R (5.4–10.3) of Typha increased with P availability, while NUE (71–30 g dry weight g −1  N) decreased. The proportion of root laterals was similar in the two species, but Typha had thinner root laterals (diameter=186 μm) than Cladium (diameter=438 μm) indicating a larger root surface area in Typha . The two species had a similar P use efficiency (PUE) at 10 μg P l −1 (mean=1134 g dry weight g −1  P) and at 40 and 80 μg P l −1 (mean=482 dry weight g −1  P) but the N/P ratio indicated imbalances in nutrient uptake at a higher P concentration (40 μg P l −1 ) in Typha than in Cladium (10 μg P l −1 ). The two species had similar root specific P accumulation rate at the two lowest P levels, whereas Typha had 3–13-fold higher P uptake rates at the two highest P levels, indicating a higher nutrient uptake capacity in Typha . The experimental oxygen concentration in the rhizosphere had only limited effect on the growth of the two species and had little effect on biomass partitioning and nutrient use efficiency. The aerenchyma in these species was probably sufficient to maintain adequate root oxygenation under partially oxygen depleted conditions. Cladium had characteristics typical for plants from nutrient poor habitats, which included slow growth rate, low capacity for P uptake and relatively inflexible biomass partitioning in response to increased P availability. In contrast, Typha demonstrated a high degree of flexibility in growth, biomass partitioning, and nutrient accumulation to P availability, similar to species from nutrient rich habitats. Although the N/P ratio indicated that Typha was more nutrient stressed at the low P levels, Typha had a higher capacity for P uptake and was more competitive than Cladium at the applied P concentrations.

  • fate of oxygen losses from typha domingensis typhaceae and Cladium jamaicense cyperaceae and consequences for root metabolism
    American Journal of Botany, 2000
    Co-Authors: Abad Chabbi, Karen L Mckee, Irving A Mendelssohn
    Abstract:

    The objective of this work was to determine whether radial oxygen loss (ROL) from roots of Typha domingensis and Cladium jamaicense creates an internal oxygen deficiency or, conversely, indicates adequate internal aeration and leakage of excess oxygen to the rhizosphere. Methylene blue in agar was used to visualize the pattern of ROL from roots, and oxidation of a titanium-citrate solution was used to quantify rates of oxygen leakage. Typha's roots had a higher porosity than Cladium's and responded to flooding treatment by increasing cortical air space, particularly near the root tips. A greater oxygen release, which occurred along the subapical root axis, and an increase in rhizosphere redox potential (E(h)) over time were associated with the well-developed aerenchyma system in Typha. Typha roots, regardless of oxygen release pattern, showed low or undetectable alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity or ethanol concentrations, indicating that ROL did not cause internal deficiencies. Cladium roots also released oxygen, but this loss primarily occurred at the root tips and was accompanied by increased root ADH activity and ethanol concentrations. These results support the hypothesis that oxygen release by Cladium is accompanied by internal deficiencies of oxygen sufficient to stimulate alcoholic fermentation and helps explain Cladium's lesser flood tolerance in comparison with Typha.