The Experts below are selected from a list of 3522 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Pacheco Cipriano, Imer Abraham - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
“Remoción de metales mediante el sistema de autodepuración natural con Kindbergia Praelonga (hedw.) Ochyra y Cladophora spp. kuetz, del agua del río Huaura, Churin, distrito de Pachangara, provincia de Oyon, 2018”
'Universidad Cesar Vallejo', 2018Co-Authors: Pacheco Cipriano, Imer AbrahamAbstract:La autodepuración natural con hidrofitas de los ecosistemas acuáticos formados a raíz de su propia adaptación beneficia a los ríos, este caso se cumple la autodepuración natural de las aguas del rio Huaura que son impactadas por la minería. El sistema de autodepuración natural favorece a la salud de la población, economía, agricultura. Se denomina sistema de autodepuración natural al proceso de tratamiento con hidrofitas, el cual es innovador, rentable y eficiente. El objetivo fue determinar el nivel de remoción de metales con las hidrofitas Kindbergia praelonga y Cladophora spp Kuetz mediante el sistema de autodepuración natural de las aguas del río Huaura en Churin. El método se realizó mediante el diseño experimental, las hidrofitas fueron las especies Kindbergia praelonga que tiene un crecimiento por ramificaciones pinnadas, típicamente de 1 -3 cm de largo, triangulares, las hojas del tallo son 1 -1.5 mm de largo, la maduración de los esporofitos ocurre en la primavera. Los esporofitos son de color marrón rojizo cuando están maduros. Y la Cladophora spp Kuetz, con filamentos y ramificación regular, se desarrolla con forma circular, los filamentos pueden crecer hasta 13 cm de largo. Su generación es de forma asexual. Se usó 16 L de agua del río Huaura para el experimento. Se analizó 30 elementos en muestras de agua e hidrofitas, se usó el método SMEWW-APHA- AWWA-WEF Part 3030B, 3030K 3125B, 22Ed. 2012, por ICP, antes, durante y después del tratamiento, usando 2 recipientes de vidrio de profundidad 0.25 m, ancho 0.20 m y largo 0.40 m haciendo un volumen de 20 L de capacidad y un área de 0.08 m2. Se utilizó el 60 % de su altura total. Se implanto las hidrofitas en ambos recipientes de vidrio controlando las concentraciones iniciales por metales totales, a los 7, 14 y 21 días, a 18 °C. Los resultados reportan que el promedio del % eficiencia de la Hidrofita Kindbergia Praelonga es 69.32% y que el promedio del % eficiencia de la Hidrofita Cladophora es 90.53%; demostrando que la eficiencia de las Hidrofitas Kindbergia Praelonga y Cladophora es más del 60% mediante el sistema de autodepuración natural de metales en el agua del río Huaura, distrito de Pachangara, provincia de Oyon
-
“Remoción de metales mediante el sistema de autodepuración natural con Kindbergia Praelonga (hedw.) Ochyra y Cladophora spp. kuetz, del agua del río Huaura, Churin, distrito de Pachangara, provincia de Oyon, 2018”
'Universidad Cesar Vallejo', 2018Co-Authors: Pacheco Cipriano, Imer AbrahamAbstract:TesisLima NorteEscuela Profesional de Ingeniería AmbientalConservación de Recursos NaturalesLa autodepuración natural con hidrofitas de los ecosistemas acuáticos formados a raíz de su propia adaptación beneficia a los ríos, este caso se cumple la autodepuración natural de las aguas del rio Huaura que son impactadas por la minería. El sistema de autodepuración natural favorece a la salud de la población, economía, agricultura. Se denomina sistema de autodepuración natural al proceso de tratamiento con hidrofitas, el cual es innovador, rentable y eficiente. El objetivo fue determinar el nivel de remoción de metales con las hidrofitas Kindbergia praelonga y Cladophora spp Kuetz mediante el sistema de autodepuración natural de las aguas del río Huaura en Churin. El método se realizó mediante el diseño experimental, las hidrofitas fueron las especies Kindbergia praelonga que tiene un crecimiento por ramificaciones pinnadas, típicamente de 1 -3 cm de largo, triangulares, las hojas del tallo son 1 -1.5 mm de largo, la maduración de los esporofitos ocurre en la primavera. Los esporofitos son de color marrón rojizo cuando están maduros. Y la Cladophora spp Kuetz, con filamentos y ramificación regular, se desarrolla con forma circular, los filamentos pueden crecer hasta 13 cm de largo. Su generación es de forma asexual. Se usó 16 L de agua del río Huaura para el experimento. Se analizó 30 elementos en muestras de agua e hidrofitas, se usó el método SMEWW-APHA- AWWA-WEF Part 3030B, 3030K 3125B, 22Ed. 2012, por ICP, antes, durante y después del tratamiento, usando 2 recipientes de vidrio de profundidad 0.25 m, ancho 0.20 m y largo 0.40 m haciendo un volumen de 20 L de capacidad y un área de 0.08 m2. Se utilizó el 60 % de su altura total. Se implanto las hidrofitas en ambos recipientes de vidrio controlando las concentraciones iniciales por metales totales, a los 7, 14 y 21 días, a 18 °C. Los resultados reportan que el promedio del % eficiencia de la Hidrofita Kindbergia Praelonga es 69.32% y que el promedio del % eficiencia de la Hidrofita Cladophora es 90.53%; demostrando que la eficiencia de las Hidrofitas Kindbergia Praelonga y Cladophora es más del 60% mediante el sistema de autodepuración natural de metales en el agua del río Huaura, distrito de Pachangara, provincia de Oyon
Michael J Sadowsky - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
virulence and biodegradation potential of dynamic microbial communities associated with decaying Cladophora in great lakes
Science of The Total Environment, 2017Co-Authors: Dawn A Shively, Muruleedhara N Byappanahalli, Richard L. Whitman, Satoshi Ishii, Chan Lan Chun, Julie R Peller, Christopher Staley, Qian Zhang, Michael J SadowskyAbstract:Abstract Cladophora mats that accumulate and decompose along shorelines of the Great Lakes create potential threats to the health of humans and wildlife. The decaying algae create a low oxygen and redox potential environment favoring growth and persistence of anaerobic microbial populations, including Clostridium botulinum , the causal agent of botulism in humans, birds, and other wildlife. In addition to the diverse population of microbes, a dynamic chemical environment is generated, which involves production of numerous organic and inorganic substances, many of which are believed to be toxic to the sand and aquatic biotic communities. In this study, we used 16S-rDNA-based-amplicon sequencing and microfluidic-based quantitative PCR approaches to characterize the bacterial community structure and the abundances of human pathogens associated with Cladophora at different stages (up to 90 days) of algal decay in laboratory microcosms. Oxygen levels were largely depleted after a few hours of incubation. As Cladophora decayed, the algal microbial biodiversity decreased within 24 h, and the mat transitioned from an aerobic to anaerobic environment. There were increasing abundances of enteric and pathogenic bacteria during decomposition of Cladophora , including Acinetobacter , Enterobacter , Kluyvera , Cedecea , and others. In contrast, there were no or very few sequences ( Cladophora samples. Principal coordinate analysis indicated that the bacterial community structure was dynamic and changed significantly with decay time. Knowledge of microbial communities and chemical composition of decaying algal mats is critical to our further understanding of the role that Cladophora plays in a beach ecosystem's structure and function, including the algal role in trophic interactions. Based on these findings, public and environmental health concerns should be considered when decaying Cladophora mats accumulate Great Lakes shorelines.
-
association of toxin producing clostridium botulinum with the macroalga Cladophora in the great lakes
Environmental Science & Technology, 2013Co-Authors: Chan Lan Chun, Muruleedhara N Byappanahalli, Richard L. Whitman, Julie R Peller, Urs Ochsner, William H Tepp, Guangyun Lin, Eric A Johnson, Michael J SadowskyAbstract:Avian botulism, a paralytic disease of birds, often occurs on a yearly cycle and is increasingly becoming more common in the Great Lakes. Outbreaks are caused by bird ingestion of neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum, a spore-forming, gram-positive, anaerobe. The nuisance, macrophytic, green alga Cladophora (Chlorophyta; mostly Cladophora glomerata L. )i s a potential habitat for the growth of C. botulinum. A high incidence of botulism in shoreline birds at Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore (SLBE) in Lake Michigan coincides with increasingly massive accumulations of Cladophora in nearshore waters. In this study, free-floating algal mats were collected from SLBE and other shorelines of the Great Lakes between June and October 2011. The abundance of C. botulinum in algal mats was quantified and the type of botulism neurotoxin (bont) genes associated with this organism were determined by using most-probable-number PCR (MPN-PCR) and five distinct bont gene-specific primers (A, B, C, E, and F). The MPN-PCR results showed that 16 of 22 (73%) algal mats from the SLBE and 23 of 31(74%) algal mats from other shorelines of the Great Lakes contained the bont type E (bont/E) gene. C. botulinum was present up to 15 000 MPN per gram dried algae based on gene copies of bont/E. In addition, genes for bont/A and bont/B, which are commonly associated with human diseases, were detected in a few algal samples. Moreover, C. botulinum was present as vegetative cells rather than as dormant spores in Cladophora mats. Mouse toxin assays done using supernatants from enrichment of Cladophora containing high densities of C. botulinum (>1000 MPN/g dried algae) showed that Cladophora-borne C. botulinum were toxin-producing species (BoNT/E). Our results indicate that Cladophora provides a habitat for C. botulinum, warranting additional studies to better understand the relationship between this bacterium and the alga, and how this interaction potentially contributes to botulism outbreaks in birds.
-
population structure of Cladophora borne escherichia coli in nearshore water of lake michigan
Water Research, 2007Co-Authors: Muruleedhara N Byappanahalli, Dawn A Shively, Richard L. Whitman, Satoshi Ishii, John Ferguson, Michael J SadowskyAbstract:We previously reported that the macrophytic green alga Cladophora harbors high densities (up to 106 colony-forming units/g dry weight) of the fecal indicator bacteria, Escherichia coli and enterococci, in shoreline waters of Lake Michigan. However, the population structure and genetic relatedness of Cladophora-borne indicator bacteria remain poorly understood. In this study, 835 E. coli isolates were collected from Cladophora tufts (mats) growing on rocks from a breakwater located within the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in northwest Indiana. The horizontal fluorophore enhanced rep-PCR (HFERP) DNA fingerprinting technique was used to determine the genetic relatedness of the isolates to each other and to those in a library of E. coli DNA fingerprints. While the E. coli isolates from Cladophora showed a high degree of genetic relatedness (⩾92% similarity), in most cases, however, the isolates were genetically distinct. The Shannon diversity index for the population was very high (5.39). Both spatial and temporal influences contributed to the genetic diversity. There was a strong association of isolate genotypes by location (79% and 80% for lake- and ditch-side samplings, respectively), and isolates collected from 2002 were distinctly different from those obtained in 2003. Cladophora-borne E. coli isolates represented a unique group, which was distinct from other E. coli isolates in the DNA fingerprint library tested. Taken together, these results indicate that E. coli strains associated with Cladophora may be a recurring source of indicator bacteria to the nearshore beach.
-
Cladophora chlorophyta spp harbor human bacterial pathogens in nearshore water of lake michigan
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2006Co-Authors: Satoshi Ishii, Dawn A Shively, Muruleedhara N Byappanahalli, Richard L. Whitman, Tao Yan, Michael J SadowskyAbstract:Cladophora glomerata, a macrophytic green alga, is commonly found in the Great Lakes, and significant accumulations occur along shorelines during the summer months. Recently, Cladophora has been shown to harbor high densities of the fecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and enterococci. Cladophora may also harbor human pathogens; however, until now, no studies to address this question have been performed. In the present study, we determined whether attached Cladophora, obtained from the Lake Michigan and Burns Ditch (Little Calumet River, Indiana) sides of a breakwater during the summers of 2004 and 2005, harbored the bacterial pathogens Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter. The presence of potential pathogens and numbers of organisms were determined by using cultural methods and by using conventional PCR, most-probable-number PCR (MPN-PCR), and quantitative PCR (QPCR) performed with genus- and toxin-specific primers and probes. While Shigella and STEC were detected in 100% and 25%, respectively, of the algal samples obtained near Burns Ditch in 2004, the same pathogens were not detected in samples collected in 2005. MPN-PCR and QPCR allowed enumeration of Salmonella in 40 to 80% of the ditch- and lakeside samples, respectively, and the densities were up to 1.6 x 10(3) cells per g Cladophora. Similarly, these PCR methods allowed enumeration of up to 5.4 x 10(2) Campylobacter cells/g Cladophora in 60 to 100% of lake- and ditchside samples. The Campylobacter densities were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the lakeside Cladophora samples than in the ditchside Cladophora samples. DNA fingerprint analyses indicated that genotypically identical Salmonella isolates were associated with geographically and temporally distinct Cladophora samples. However, Campylobacter isolates were genetically diverse. Since animal hosts are thought to be the primary habitat for Campylobacter and Salmonella species, our results suggest that Cladophora is a likely secondary habitat for pathogenic bacteria in Lake Michigan and that the association of these bacteria with Cladophora warrants additional studies to assess the potential health impact on beach users.
-
growth and survival of escherichia coli and enterococci populations in the macro alga Cladophora chlorophyta
FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2003Co-Authors: Muruleedhara N Byappanahalli, Dawn A Shively, Meredith B. Nevers, Michael J Sadowsky, Richard L. WhitmanAbstract:The macro-alga Cladophora glomerata is found in streams and lakes worldwide. High concentrations of Escherichia coli and enterococci have been reported in Cladophora along the Lake Michigan shore. The objective of this study was to determine if Cladophora supported growth of these indicator bacteria. Algal leachate readily supported in vitro multiplication of E. coli and enterococci, suggesting that leachates contain necessary growth-promoting substances. Growth was directly related to the concentration of algal leachate. E. coli survived for over 6 months in dried Cladophora stored at 4°C; residual E. coli grew after mat rehydration, reaching a carrying capacity of 8 log CFU g−1 in 48 h. Results of this study also show that the E. coli strains associated with Cladophora are highly related; in most instances they are genetically different from each other, suggesting that the relationship between E. coli and Cladophora may be casual. These findings indicate that Cladophora provides a suitable environment for indicator bacteria to persist for extended periods and to grow under natural conditions.
Randolph S Currah - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
phialide arrangement and character evolution in the helotialean anamorph genera cadophora and phialocephala
Mycologia, 2012Co-Authors: Jocelyn C Hall, Randolph S CurrahAbstract:The dematiaceous hyphomycete genera Cadophora and Phialocephala are anamorphs associated with mollisioid inoperculate discomycetes (Helotiales) and are delineated based on the complexity of the phialide arrangement with members of Cadophora producing solitary phialides and species of Phialocephala producing complex heads of multiple phialides. A third phylogenetically related taxon, Leptodontidium orchidicola, produces mostly indehiscent conidia that may represent non-functional phialides. Morphological characteristics of both sexual and asexual states of these and other fungi in a focal group of helotialean taxa were re-examined, in light of relationships shown by molecular phylogenetic analyses of rDNA ITS sequences, to determine the evolutionary significance of phialide arrangement. The focal species of Phialocephala formed a monophyletic clade, while five of six species of Cadophora including the type were in a separate clade along with L. orchidicola. C. finlandica was placed in a third clade with sp...
-
phialide arrangement and character evolution in the helotialean anamorph genera cadophora and phialocephala
Mycologia, 2012Co-Authors: Melissa J Day, Jocelyn C Hall, Randolph S CurrahAbstract:The dematiaceous hyphomycete genera Cadophora and Phialocephala are anamorphs associated with mollisioid inoperculate discomycetes (Helotiales) and are delineated based on the complexity of the phialide arrangement with members of Cadophora producing solitary phialides and species of Phialocephala producing complex heads of multiple phialides. A third phylogenetically related taxon, Leptodontidium orchidicola, produces mostly indehiscent conidia that may represent non-functional phialides. Morphological characteristics of both sexual and asexual states of these and other fungi in a focal group of helotialean taxa were re-examined, in light of relationships shown by molecular phylogenetic analyses of rDNA ITS sequences, to determine the evolutionary significance of phialide arrangement. The focal species of Phialocephala formed a monophyletic clade, while five of six species of Cadophora including the type were in a separate clade along with L. orchidicola. C. finlandica was placed in a third clade with species of Meliniomyces and Rhizoscyphus. We hypothesized that the ancestral state for species in Cadophora and Phialocephala is the production of sclerotium-like heads of multiple phialides, which has been retained in most species assignable to Phialocephala. A reduction to solitary phialides occurred in the lineage leading to the clade containing most of the Cadophora species. Two possible reductions to non-functional phialides were identified: one in the Meliniomyces-C. finlandica-Chloridium paucisporum clade and another in the L. orchidicola and Mollisia "rhizophila": clade. A reversion to increased phialide complexity might have occurred in the clade containing C. finlandica and Ch. paucisporum. Our data and analyses also show a previously unrecognized relationship between teleomorph and anamorph morphology in that Mollisia species with smaller asci would be expected to have Phialocephala states while those with larger asci would be expected to have Cadophora states. Based on morphology and phylogenetic placement, L. orchidicola and C. hiberna are transferred respectively to Cadophora and Phialocephala.
Muruleedhara N Byappanahalli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
virulence and biodegradation potential of dynamic microbial communities associated with decaying Cladophora in great lakes
Science of The Total Environment, 2017Co-Authors: Dawn A Shively, Muruleedhara N Byappanahalli, Richard L. Whitman, Satoshi Ishii, Chan Lan Chun, Julie R Peller, Christopher Staley, Qian Zhang, Michael J SadowskyAbstract:Abstract Cladophora mats that accumulate and decompose along shorelines of the Great Lakes create potential threats to the health of humans and wildlife. The decaying algae create a low oxygen and redox potential environment favoring growth and persistence of anaerobic microbial populations, including Clostridium botulinum , the causal agent of botulism in humans, birds, and other wildlife. In addition to the diverse population of microbes, a dynamic chemical environment is generated, which involves production of numerous organic and inorganic substances, many of which are believed to be toxic to the sand and aquatic biotic communities. In this study, we used 16S-rDNA-based-amplicon sequencing and microfluidic-based quantitative PCR approaches to characterize the bacterial community structure and the abundances of human pathogens associated with Cladophora at different stages (up to 90 days) of algal decay in laboratory microcosms. Oxygen levels were largely depleted after a few hours of incubation. As Cladophora decayed, the algal microbial biodiversity decreased within 24 h, and the mat transitioned from an aerobic to anaerobic environment. There were increasing abundances of enteric and pathogenic bacteria during decomposition of Cladophora , including Acinetobacter , Enterobacter , Kluyvera , Cedecea , and others. In contrast, there were no or very few sequences ( Cladophora samples. Principal coordinate analysis indicated that the bacterial community structure was dynamic and changed significantly with decay time. Knowledge of microbial communities and chemical composition of decaying algal mats is critical to our further understanding of the role that Cladophora plays in a beach ecosystem's structure and function, including the algal role in trophic interactions. Based on these findings, public and environmental health concerns should be considered when decaying Cladophora mats accumulate Great Lakes shorelines.
-
association of toxin producing clostridium botulinum with the macroalga Cladophora in the great lakes
Environmental Science & Technology, 2013Co-Authors: Chan Lan Chun, Muruleedhara N Byappanahalli, Richard L. Whitman, Julie R Peller, Urs Ochsner, William H Tepp, Guangyun Lin, Eric A Johnson, Michael J SadowskyAbstract:Avian botulism, a paralytic disease of birds, often occurs on a yearly cycle and is increasingly becoming more common in the Great Lakes. Outbreaks are caused by bird ingestion of neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum, a spore-forming, gram-positive, anaerobe. The nuisance, macrophytic, green alga Cladophora (Chlorophyta; mostly Cladophora glomerata L. )i s a potential habitat for the growth of C. botulinum. A high incidence of botulism in shoreline birds at Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore (SLBE) in Lake Michigan coincides with increasingly massive accumulations of Cladophora in nearshore waters. In this study, free-floating algal mats were collected from SLBE and other shorelines of the Great Lakes between June and October 2011. The abundance of C. botulinum in algal mats was quantified and the type of botulism neurotoxin (bont) genes associated with this organism were determined by using most-probable-number PCR (MPN-PCR) and five distinct bont gene-specific primers (A, B, C, E, and F). The MPN-PCR results showed that 16 of 22 (73%) algal mats from the SLBE and 23 of 31(74%) algal mats from other shorelines of the Great Lakes contained the bont type E (bont/E) gene. C. botulinum was present up to 15 000 MPN per gram dried algae based on gene copies of bont/E. In addition, genes for bont/A and bont/B, which are commonly associated with human diseases, were detected in a few algal samples. Moreover, C. botulinum was present as vegetative cells rather than as dormant spores in Cladophora mats. Mouse toxin assays done using supernatants from enrichment of Cladophora containing high densities of C. botulinum (>1000 MPN/g dried algae) showed that Cladophora-borne C. botulinum were toxin-producing species (BoNT/E). Our results indicate that Cladophora provides a habitat for C. botulinum, warranting additional studies to better understand the relationship between this bacterium and the alga, and how this interaction potentially contributes to botulism outbreaks in birds.
-
population structure of Cladophora borne escherichia coli in nearshore water of lake michigan
Water Research, 2007Co-Authors: Muruleedhara N Byappanahalli, Dawn A Shively, Richard L. Whitman, Satoshi Ishii, John Ferguson, Michael J SadowskyAbstract:We previously reported that the macrophytic green alga Cladophora harbors high densities (up to 106 colony-forming units/g dry weight) of the fecal indicator bacteria, Escherichia coli and enterococci, in shoreline waters of Lake Michigan. However, the population structure and genetic relatedness of Cladophora-borne indicator bacteria remain poorly understood. In this study, 835 E. coli isolates were collected from Cladophora tufts (mats) growing on rocks from a breakwater located within the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in northwest Indiana. The horizontal fluorophore enhanced rep-PCR (HFERP) DNA fingerprinting technique was used to determine the genetic relatedness of the isolates to each other and to those in a library of E. coli DNA fingerprints. While the E. coli isolates from Cladophora showed a high degree of genetic relatedness (⩾92% similarity), in most cases, however, the isolates were genetically distinct. The Shannon diversity index for the population was very high (5.39). Both spatial and temporal influences contributed to the genetic diversity. There was a strong association of isolate genotypes by location (79% and 80% for lake- and ditch-side samplings, respectively), and isolates collected from 2002 were distinctly different from those obtained in 2003. Cladophora-borne E. coli isolates represented a unique group, which was distinct from other E. coli isolates in the DNA fingerprint library tested. Taken together, these results indicate that E. coli strains associated with Cladophora may be a recurring source of indicator bacteria to the nearshore beach.
-
Cladophora chlorophyta spp harbor human bacterial pathogens in nearshore water of lake michigan
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2006Co-Authors: Satoshi Ishii, Dawn A Shively, Muruleedhara N Byappanahalli, Richard L. Whitman, Tao Yan, Michael J SadowskyAbstract:Cladophora glomerata, a macrophytic green alga, is commonly found in the Great Lakes, and significant accumulations occur along shorelines during the summer months. Recently, Cladophora has been shown to harbor high densities of the fecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and enterococci. Cladophora may also harbor human pathogens; however, until now, no studies to address this question have been performed. In the present study, we determined whether attached Cladophora, obtained from the Lake Michigan and Burns Ditch (Little Calumet River, Indiana) sides of a breakwater during the summers of 2004 and 2005, harbored the bacterial pathogens Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter. The presence of potential pathogens and numbers of organisms were determined by using cultural methods and by using conventional PCR, most-probable-number PCR (MPN-PCR), and quantitative PCR (QPCR) performed with genus- and toxin-specific primers and probes. While Shigella and STEC were detected in 100% and 25%, respectively, of the algal samples obtained near Burns Ditch in 2004, the same pathogens were not detected in samples collected in 2005. MPN-PCR and QPCR allowed enumeration of Salmonella in 40 to 80% of the ditch- and lakeside samples, respectively, and the densities were up to 1.6 x 10(3) cells per g Cladophora. Similarly, these PCR methods allowed enumeration of up to 5.4 x 10(2) Campylobacter cells/g Cladophora in 60 to 100% of lake- and ditchside samples. The Campylobacter densities were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the lakeside Cladophora samples than in the ditchside Cladophora samples. DNA fingerprint analyses indicated that genotypically identical Salmonella isolates were associated with geographically and temporally distinct Cladophora samples. However, Campylobacter isolates were genetically diverse. Since animal hosts are thought to be the primary habitat for Campylobacter and Salmonella species, our results suggest that Cladophora is a likely secondary habitat for pathogenic bacteria in Lake Michigan and that the association of these bacteria with Cladophora warrants additional studies to assess the potential health impact on beach users.
-
growth and survival of escherichia coli and enterococci populations in the macro alga Cladophora chlorophyta
FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2003Co-Authors: Muruleedhara N Byappanahalli, Dawn A Shively, Meredith B. Nevers, Michael J Sadowsky, Richard L. WhitmanAbstract:The macro-alga Cladophora glomerata is found in streams and lakes worldwide. High concentrations of Escherichia coli and enterococci have been reported in Cladophora along the Lake Michigan shore. The objective of this study was to determine if Cladophora supported growth of these indicator bacteria. Algal leachate readily supported in vitro multiplication of E. coli and enterococci, suggesting that leachates contain necessary growth-promoting substances. Growth was directly related to the concentration of algal leachate. E. coli survived for over 6 months in dried Cladophora stored at 4°C; residual E. coli grew after mat rehydration, reaching a carrying capacity of 8 log CFU g−1 in 48 h. Results of this study also show that the E. coli strains associated with Cladophora are highly related; in most instances they are genetically different from each other, suggesting that the relationship between E. coli and Cladophora may be casual. These findings indicate that Cladophora provides a suitable environment for indicator bacteria to persist for extended periods and to grow under natural conditions.
Richard L. Whitman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
virulence and biodegradation potential of dynamic microbial communities associated with decaying Cladophora in great lakes
Science of The Total Environment, 2017Co-Authors: Dawn A Shively, Muruleedhara N Byappanahalli, Richard L. Whitman, Satoshi Ishii, Chan Lan Chun, Julie R Peller, Christopher Staley, Qian Zhang, Michael J SadowskyAbstract:Abstract Cladophora mats that accumulate and decompose along shorelines of the Great Lakes create potential threats to the health of humans and wildlife. The decaying algae create a low oxygen and redox potential environment favoring growth and persistence of anaerobic microbial populations, including Clostridium botulinum , the causal agent of botulism in humans, birds, and other wildlife. In addition to the diverse population of microbes, a dynamic chemical environment is generated, which involves production of numerous organic and inorganic substances, many of which are believed to be toxic to the sand and aquatic biotic communities. In this study, we used 16S-rDNA-based-amplicon sequencing and microfluidic-based quantitative PCR approaches to characterize the bacterial community structure and the abundances of human pathogens associated with Cladophora at different stages (up to 90 days) of algal decay in laboratory microcosms. Oxygen levels were largely depleted after a few hours of incubation. As Cladophora decayed, the algal microbial biodiversity decreased within 24 h, and the mat transitioned from an aerobic to anaerobic environment. There were increasing abundances of enteric and pathogenic bacteria during decomposition of Cladophora , including Acinetobacter , Enterobacter , Kluyvera , Cedecea , and others. In contrast, there were no or very few sequences ( Cladophora samples. Principal coordinate analysis indicated that the bacterial community structure was dynamic and changed significantly with decay time. Knowledge of microbial communities and chemical composition of decaying algal mats is critical to our further understanding of the role that Cladophora plays in a beach ecosystem's structure and function, including the algal role in trophic interactions. Based on these findings, public and environmental health concerns should be considered when decaying Cladophora mats accumulate Great Lakes shorelines.
-
association of toxin producing clostridium botulinum with the macroalga Cladophora in the great lakes
Environmental Science & Technology, 2013Co-Authors: Chan Lan Chun, Muruleedhara N Byappanahalli, Richard L. Whitman, Julie R Peller, Urs Ochsner, William H Tepp, Guangyun Lin, Eric A Johnson, Michael J SadowskyAbstract:Avian botulism, a paralytic disease of birds, often occurs on a yearly cycle and is increasingly becoming more common in the Great Lakes. Outbreaks are caused by bird ingestion of neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum, a spore-forming, gram-positive, anaerobe. The nuisance, macrophytic, green alga Cladophora (Chlorophyta; mostly Cladophora glomerata L. )i s a potential habitat for the growth of C. botulinum. A high incidence of botulism in shoreline birds at Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore (SLBE) in Lake Michigan coincides with increasingly massive accumulations of Cladophora in nearshore waters. In this study, free-floating algal mats were collected from SLBE and other shorelines of the Great Lakes between June and October 2011. The abundance of C. botulinum in algal mats was quantified and the type of botulism neurotoxin (bont) genes associated with this organism were determined by using most-probable-number PCR (MPN-PCR) and five distinct bont gene-specific primers (A, B, C, E, and F). The MPN-PCR results showed that 16 of 22 (73%) algal mats from the SLBE and 23 of 31(74%) algal mats from other shorelines of the Great Lakes contained the bont type E (bont/E) gene. C. botulinum was present up to 15 000 MPN per gram dried algae based on gene copies of bont/E. In addition, genes for bont/A and bont/B, which are commonly associated with human diseases, were detected in a few algal samples. Moreover, C. botulinum was present as vegetative cells rather than as dormant spores in Cladophora mats. Mouse toxin assays done using supernatants from enrichment of Cladophora containing high densities of C. botulinum (>1000 MPN/g dried algae) showed that Cladophora-borne C. botulinum were toxin-producing species (BoNT/E). Our results indicate that Cladophora provides a habitat for C. botulinum, warranting additional studies to better understand the relationship between this bacterium and the alga, and how this interaction potentially contributes to botulism outbreaks in birds.
-
population structure of Cladophora borne escherichia coli in nearshore water of lake michigan
Water Research, 2007Co-Authors: Muruleedhara N Byappanahalli, Dawn A Shively, Richard L. Whitman, Satoshi Ishii, John Ferguson, Michael J SadowskyAbstract:We previously reported that the macrophytic green alga Cladophora harbors high densities (up to 106 colony-forming units/g dry weight) of the fecal indicator bacteria, Escherichia coli and enterococci, in shoreline waters of Lake Michigan. However, the population structure and genetic relatedness of Cladophora-borne indicator bacteria remain poorly understood. In this study, 835 E. coli isolates were collected from Cladophora tufts (mats) growing on rocks from a breakwater located within the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in northwest Indiana. The horizontal fluorophore enhanced rep-PCR (HFERP) DNA fingerprinting technique was used to determine the genetic relatedness of the isolates to each other and to those in a library of E. coli DNA fingerprints. While the E. coli isolates from Cladophora showed a high degree of genetic relatedness (⩾92% similarity), in most cases, however, the isolates were genetically distinct. The Shannon diversity index for the population was very high (5.39). Both spatial and temporal influences contributed to the genetic diversity. There was a strong association of isolate genotypes by location (79% and 80% for lake- and ditch-side samplings, respectively), and isolates collected from 2002 were distinctly different from those obtained in 2003. Cladophora-borne E. coli isolates represented a unique group, which was distinct from other E. coli isolates in the DNA fingerprint library tested. Taken together, these results indicate that E. coli strains associated with Cladophora may be a recurring source of indicator bacteria to the nearshore beach.
-
Cladophora chlorophyta spp harbor human bacterial pathogens in nearshore water of lake michigan
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2006Co-Authors: Satoshi Ishii, Dawn A Shively, Muruleedhara N Byappanahalli, Richard L. Whitman, Tao Yan, Michael J SadowskyAbstract:Cladophora glomerata, a macrophytic green alga, is commonly found in the Great Lakes, and significant accumulations occur along shorelines during the summer months. Recently, Cladophora has been shown to harbor high densities of the fecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and enterococci. Cladophora may also harbor human pathogens; however, until now, no studies to address this question have been performed. In the present study, we determined whether attached Cladophora, obtained from the Lake Michigan and Burns Ditch (Little Calumet River, Indiana) sides of a breakwater during the summers of 2004 and 2005, harbored the bacterial pathogens Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter. The presence of potential pathogens and numbers of organisms were determined by using cultural methods and by using conventional PCR, most-probable-number PCR (MPN-PCR), and quantitative PCR (QPCR) performed with genus- and toxin-specific primers and probes. While Shigella and STEC were detected in 100% and 25%, respectively, of the algal samples obtained near Burns Ditch in 2004, the same pathogens were not detected in samples collected in 2005. MPN-PCR and QPCR allowed enumeration of Salmonella in 40 to 80% of the ditch- and lakeside samples, respectively, and the densities were up to 1.6 x 10(3) cells per g Cladophora. Similarly, these PCR methods allowed enumeration of up to 5.4 x 10(2) Campylobacter cells/g Cladophora in 60 to 100% of lake- and ditchside samples. The Campylobacter densities were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the lakeside Cladophora samples than in the ditchside Cladophora samples. DNA fingerprint analyses indicated that genotypically identical Salmonella isolates were associated with geographically and temporally distinct Cladophora samples. However, Campylobacter isolates were genetically diverse. Since animal hosts are thought to be the primary habitat for Campylobacter and Salmonella species, our results suggest that Cladophora is a likely secondary habitat for pathogenic bacteria in Lake Michigan and that the association of these bacteria with Cladophora warrants additional studies to assess the potential health impact on beach users.
-
growth and survival of escherichia coli and enterococci populations in the macro alga Cladophora chlorophyta
FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2003Co-Authors: Muruleedhara N Byappanahalli, Dawn A Shively, Meredith B. Nevers, Michael J Sadowsky, Richard L. WhitmanAbstract:The macro-alga Cladophora glomerata is found in streams and lakes worldwide. High concentrations of Escherichia coli and enterococci have been reported in Cladophora along the Lake Michigan shore. The objective of this study was to determine if Cladophora supported growth of these indicator bacteria. Algal leachate readily supported in vitro multiplication of E. coli and enterococci, suggesting that leachates contain necessary growth-promoting substances. Growth was directly related to the concentration of algal leachate. E. coli survived for over 6 months in dried Cladophora stored at 4°C; residual E. coli grew after mat rehydration, reaching a carrying capacity of 8 log CFU g−1 in 48 h. Results of this study also show that the E. coli strains associated with Cladophora are highly related; in most instances they are genetically different from each other, suggesting that the relationship between E. coli and Cladophora may be casual. These findings indicate that Cladophora provides a suitable environment for indicator bacteria to persist for extended periods and to grow under natural conditions.