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Li Qiang Qin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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erectile dysfunction and risk of cardiovascular disease meta analysis of prospective Cohort Studies
Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2011Co-Authors: Jia Yi Dong, Yonghong Zhang, Li Qiang QinAbstract:Objectives Our goal was to evaluate the association between erectile dysfunction (ED) and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality by conducting a meta-analysis of prospective Cohort Studies. Background Observational Studies suggest an association between ED and the incidence of CVD. However, whether ED is an independent risk factor of CVD remains controversial. Methods The PubMed database was searched through January 2011 to identify Studies that met pre-stated inclusion criteria. Reference lists of retrieved articles were also reviewed. Two authors independently extracted information on the designs of the Studies, the characteristics of the study participants, exposure and outcome assessments, and control for potential confounding factors. Either a fixed- or a random-effects model was used to calculate the overall combined risk estimates. Results Twelve prospective Cohort Studies involving 36,744 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The overall combined relative risks for men with ED compared with the reference group were 1.48 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25 to 1.74) for CVD, 1.46 (95% CI: 1.31 to 1.63) for coronary heart disease, 1.35 (95% CI: 1.19 to 1.54) for stroke, and 1.19 (95% CI: 1.05 to 1.34) for all-cause mortality. Sensitivity analysis restricted to Studies with control for conventional cardiovascular risk factors yielded similar results. No evidence of publication bias was observed. Conclusions This meta-analysis of prospective Cohort Studies suggests that ED significantly increases the risk of CVD, coronary heart disease, stroke, and all-cause mortality, and the increase is probably independent of conventional cardiovascular risk factors.
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Magnesium Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Meta-analysis of prospective Cohort Studies
Diabetes Care, 2011Co-Authors: Jia Yi Dong, Pengcheng Xun, Li Qiang QinAbstract:OBJECTIVE Emerging epidemiological evidence suggests that higher magnesium intake may reduce diabetes incidence. We aimed to examine the association between magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes by conducting a meta-analysis of prospective Cohort Studies. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a PubMed database search through January 2011 to identify prospective Cohort Studies of magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes. Reference lists of retrieved articles were also reviewed. A random-effects model was used to compute the summary risk estimates. RESULTS Meta-analysis of 13 prospective Cohort Studies involving 536,318 participants and 24,516 cases detected a significant inverse association between magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes (relative risk [RR] 0.78 [95% CI 0.73–0.84]). This association was not substantially modified by geographic region, follow-up length, sex, or family history of type 2 diabetes. A significant inverse association was observed in overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m 2 ) but not in normal-weight individuals (BMI 2 ), although test for interaction was not statistically significant ( P interaction = 0.13). In the dose-response analysis, the summary RR of type 2 diabetes for every 100 mg/day increment in magnesium intake was 0.86 (95% CI 0.82–0.89). Sensitivity analyses restricted to Studies with adjustment for cereal fiber intake yielded similar results. Little evidence of publication bias was observed. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis provides further evidence supporting that magnesium intake is significantly inversely associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in a dose-response manner.
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Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of breast cancer: meta-analysis of prospective Cohort Studies.
Breast cancer research and treatment, 2011Co-Authors: Jia Yi Dong, Li Qiang QinAbstract:Consumption diets of high glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) may increase the risk of breast cancer. We aimed to conduct a meta-analysis of prospective Cohort Studies to evaluate the associations between dietary GI and GL and risk of breast cancer. We searched the PubMed database for relevant Studies through November 2010, with no restrictions. We included prospective Cohort Studies that reported relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations of dietary GI and GL with breast cancer risk. Summary RRs were calculated using both fixed- and random-effects models. We identified 10 prospective Cohort Studies eligible for analysis, involving 15,839 cases and 577,538 participants. The summary RR of breast cancer for the highest GI intake compared with the lowest was 1.08 (95% CI: 1.02-1.14), with no evidence of heterogeneity (P = 0.72, I (2) = 0%). For GL, the summary RR was 1.04 (95% CI: 0.95-1.15), and substantial heterogeneity was observed (P = 0.02, I (2) = 55.6%). The GI and GL and breast cancer associations did not significantly modified by geographic region, length of follow-up, number of cases, or menopausal status at baseline. Dose-response analysis was not performed due to limited number of eligible Studies. There was no evidence of publication bias. In summary, the present meta-analysis of prospective Cohort Studies suggests that high dietary GI is associated with a significantly increased risk of breast cancer. However, there is no significant association between dietary GL and breast cancer risk.
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Dairy consumption and risk of breast cancer: A meta-analysis of prospective Cohort Studies
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 2011Co-Authors: Jia Yi Dong, Ka He, Lijun Zhang, Li Qiang QinAbstract:Epidemiologic findings are inconsistent regarding risk for breast cancer related to dairy consumption. We performed a meta-analysis of prospective Cohort Studies to examine the association between diary product consump-tion and risk of breast cancer. A PubMed database search through January 2011 was performed for relevant Studies. We included prospective Cohort Studies that reported rela-tive risks with 95% confidence intervals for the association of dairy consumption and breast cancer risk. A random effects model was used to calculate the summary risk estimates. We identified 18 prospective Cohort Studies eli-gible for analysis, involving 24,187 cases and 1,063,471 participants. The summary relative risk of breast cancer for the highest intake of total dairy food compared with the lowest was 0.85 (95% confidence interval: 0.76–0.95), with evidence of heterogeneity (P = 0.01, I 2 = 54.5%). For milk consumption, the summary relative risk was 0.91 (95% confidence interval: 0.80–1.02), and substantial het-erogeneity was observed (P = 0.003, I 2 = 59.7%). Sub-group analyses based on limited numbers of Studies suggested that the associations were somewhat stronger for low-fat dairy intake than for high-fat dairy intake and for premenopausal women than for postmenopausal women. There was a significant dose–response relationship of total dairy food, but not milk, consumption with breast cancer risk. Little evidence of publication bias was observed. In conclusion, findings of the present meta-analysis indicate that increased consumption of total dairy food, but not milk, may be associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer.
Jia Yi Dong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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dietary fiber intake and stroke risk a meta analysis of prospective Cohort Studies
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2013Co-Authors: Guochong Chen, Jia Yi Dong, Z Pang, Q F LiuAbstract:Epidemiological Studies have suggested that dietary fiber intake may be associated with a decreased risk of stroke, but the findings have been inconsistent. We aimed to assess this association by conducting a meta-analysis of prospective Cohort Studies. We performed a literature search on PubMed database through July 2012 to indentify prospective Studies of dietary fiber intake in relation to risk of stroke. We also comprehensively reviewed the reference lists of the retrieved articles to identify additional Studies. We used a random-effects model to compute the summary risk estimates. Six prospective Cohort Studies containing a total of 314 864 subjects and 8920 stroke cases were included. The summary relative risk (RR) of stroke for the highest vs lowest category of dietary fiber intake was 0.87 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.77–0.99). The corresponding RR in the subgroup analyses for men and women was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.83–1.08) and 0.80 (95% CI, 0.66–0.96), respectively; and for ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke was 0.83(95% CI, 0.72–0.96) and 0.86 (95% CI, 0.70–1.06), respectively. Meta-regression indicated no significant difference between gender (P-interaction=0.18), or stroke subtypes (P-interaction =0.85). The dose-response analysis suggested a 12% (RR=0.88; 95% CI, 0.79–0.97) reduction in risk of stroke for each 10 g per day increment in dietary fiber intake. Moderate heterogeneity emerged in some of analyses, but disappeared after removing one study substantially contributing to the heterogeneity. Little evidence of publication bias was detected. Findings of this meta-analysis indicate a significant inverse dose-response relationship between dietary fiber intake and risk of stroke.
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erectile dysfunction and risk of cardiovascular disease meta analysis of prospective Cohort Studies
Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2011Co-Authors: Jia Yi Dong, Yonghong Zhang, Li Qiang QinAbstract:Objectives Our goal was to evaluate the association between erectile dysfunction (ED) and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality by conducting a meta-analysis of prospective Cohort Studies. Background Observational Studies suggest an association between ED and the incidence of CVD. However, whether ED is an independent risk factor of CVD remains controversial. Methods The PubMed database was searched through January 2011 to identify Studies that met pre-stated inclusion criteria. Reference lists of retrieved articles were also reviewed. Two authors independently extracted information on the designs of the Studies, the characteristics of the study participants, exposure and outcome assessments, and control for potential confounding factors. Either a fixed- or a random-effects model was used to calculate the overall combined risk estimates. Results Twelve prospective Cohort Studies involving 36,744 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The overall combined relative risks for men with ED compared with the reference group were 1.48 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25 to 1.74) for CVD, 1.46 (95% CI: 1.31 to 1.63) for coronary heart disease, 1.35 (95% CI: 1.19 to 1.54) for stroke, and 1.19 (95% CI: 1.05 to 1.34) for all-cause mortality. Sensitivity analysis restricted to Studies with control for conventional cardiovascular risk factors yielded similar results. No evidence of publication bias was observed. Conclusions This meta-analysis of prospective Cohort Studies suggests that ED significantly increases the risk of CVD, coronary heart disease, stroke, and all-cause mortality, and the increase is probably independent of conventional cardiovascular risk factors.
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Magnesium Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Meta-analysis of prospective Cohort Studies
Diabetes Care, 2011Co-Authors: Jia Yi Dong, Pengcheng Xun, Li Qiang QinAbstract:OBJECTIVE Emerging epidemiological evidence suggests that higher magnesium intake may reduce diabetes incidence. We aimed to examine the association between magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes by conducting a meta-analysis of prospective Cohort Studies. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a PubMed database search through January 2011 to identify prospective Cohort Studies of magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes. Reference lists of retrieved articles were also reviewed. A random-effects model was used to compute the summary risk estimates. RESULTS Meta-analysis of 13 prospective Cohort Studies involving 536,318 participants and 24,516 cases detected a significant inverse association between magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes (relative risk [RR] 0.78 [95% CI 0.73–0.84]). This association was not substantially modified by geographic region, follow-up length, sex, or family history of type 2 diabetes. A significant inverse association was observed in overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m 2 ) but not in normal-weight individuals (BMI 2 ), although test for interaction was not statistically significant ( P interaction = 0.13). In the dose-response analysis, the summary RR of type 2 diabetes for every 100 mg/day increment in magnesium intake was 0.86 (95% CI 0.82–0.89). Sensitivity analyses restricted to Studies with adjustment for cereal fiber intake yielded similar results. Little evidence of publication bias was observed. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis provides further evidence supporting that magnesium intake is significantly inversely associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in a dose-response manner.
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Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of breast cancer: meta-analysis of prospective Cohort Studies.
Breast cancer research and treatment, 2011Co-Authors: Jia Yi Dong, Li Qiang QinAbstract:Consumption diets of high glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) may increase the risk of breast cancer. We aimed to conduct a meta-analysis of prospective Cohort Studies to evaluate the associations between dietary GI and GL and risk of breast cancer. We searched the PubMed database for relevant Studies through November 2010, with no restrictions. We included prospective Cohort Studies that reported relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations of dietary GI and GL with breast cancer risk. Summary RRs were calculated using both fixed- and random-effects models. We identified 10 prospective Cohort Studies eligible for analysis, involving 15,839 cases and 577,538 participants. The summary RR of breast cancer for the highest GI intake compared with the lowest was 1.08 (95% CI: 1.02-1.14), with no evidence of heterogeneity (P = 0.72, I (2) = 0%). For GL, the summary RR was 1.04 (95% CI: 0.95-1.15), and substantial heterogeneity was observed (P = 0.02, I (2) = 55.6%). The GI and GL and breast cancer associations did not significantly modified by geographic region, length of follow-up, number of cases, or menopausal status at baseline. Dose-response analysis was not performed due to limited number of eligible Studies. There was no evidence of publication bias. In summary, the present meta-analysis of prospective Cohort Studies suggests that high dietary GI is associated with a significantly increased risk of breast cancer. However, there is no significant association between dietary GL and breast cancer risk.
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Dairy consumption and risk of breast cancer: A meta-analysis of prospective Cohort Studies
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 2011Co-Authors: Jia Yi Dong, Ka He, Lijun Zhang, Li Qiang QinAbstract:Epidemiologic findings are inconsistent regarding risk for breast cancer related to dairy consumption. We performed a meta-analysis of prospective Cohort Studies to examine the association between diary product consump-tion and risk of breast cancer. A PubMed database search through January 2011 was performed for relevant Studies. We included prospective Cohort Studies that reported rela-tive risks with 95% confidence intervals for the association of dairy consumption and breast cancer risk. A random effects model was used to calculate the summary risk estimates. We identified 18 prospective Cohort Studies eli-gible for analysis, involving 24,187 cases and 1,063,471 participants. The summary relative risk of breast cancer for the highest intake of total dairy food compared with the lowest was 0.85 (95% confidence interval: 0.76–0.95), with evidence of heterogeneity (P = 0.01, I 2 = 54.5%). For milk consumption, the summary relative risk was 0.91 (95% confidence interval: 0.80–1.02), and substantial het-erogeneity was observed (P = 0.003, I 2 = 59.7%). Sub-group analyses based on limited numbers of Studies suggested that the associations were somewhat stronger for low-fat dairy intake than for high-fat dairy intake and for premenopausal women than for postmenopausal women. There was a significant dose–response relationship of total dairy food, but not milk, consumption with breast cancer risk. Little evidence of publication bias was observed. In conclusion, findings of the present meta-analysis indicate that increased consumption of total dairy food, but not milk, may be associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer.
Edward Giovannucci - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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coffee consumption and risk of colorectal cancer a systematic review and meta analysis of prospective Cohort Studies
International Journal of Cancer, 2009Co-Authors: Wei Liu, Edward GiovannucciAbstract:An inverse association between coffee consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer has been found in several case-control Studies, but such an association was not consistent in prospective Cohort Studies. We conducted a systematic meta-analysis of prospective Cohort Studies on coffee consumption and colorectal cancer published up to June 2008. We combined relative risks (RR) for colorectal cancer comparing high vs. low categories of coffee consumption using random-effects models. We identified 12 eligible Cohort Studies, which included 646,848 participants and 5,403 cases for colorectal cancer. The summarized result of the meta-analysis comparing high- vs. low-consumption categories showed no significant effect of coffee consumption on colorectal cancer risk (RR = 0.91; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.81-1.02). The RR was 0.93 (95% CI: 0.71-1.22) when considering 4 Studies conducted in the United States of America, 0.91 (95% CI: 0.76-1.10) for 5 Studies from Europe, and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.62-1.10) for 3 Japanese Studies. No significant differences by sex and cancer-site were found, but there was a slight suggestion of an inverse association between coffee consumption and colon cancer in women (RR = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.60-1.04), especially Japanese women (RR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.37-1.05). The suggestive inverse associations were slightly stronger in Studies that controlled for smoking and alcohol, and in Studies with shorter follow-up times. Information on coffee type, its serving size, or brewing method may provide a better understanding of this reassuring result and the real role of coffee on colorectal cancer risk.
Donna Spiegelman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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milk intake and risk of hip fracture in men and women a meta analysis of prospective Cohort Studies
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 2011Co-Authors: Heike A Bischoffferrari, Bess Dawsonhughes, John A Baron, P Burckhardt, J A Kanis, E J Orav, Hannes B Staehelin, Douglas P Kiel, Jana Henschkowski, Donna SpiegelmanAbstract:Milk contains calcium, phosphorus, and protein and is fortified with vitamin D in the United States. All these ingredients may improve bone health. However, the potential benefit of milk on hip fracture prevention is not well established. The objective of this study was to assess the association of milk intake with risk of hip fracture based on a meta-analysis of Cohort Studies in middle-aged or older men and women. Data sources for this study were English and non-English publications via Medline (Ovid, PubMed) and EMBASE search up to June 2010, experts in the field, and reference lists. The idea was to compare prospective Cohort Studies on the same scale so that we could calculate the relative risk (RR) of hip fracture per glass of milk intake daily (approximately 300 mg calcium per glass of milk). Pooled analyses were based on random effects models. The data were extracted by two independent observers. The results show that in women (6 Studies, 195,102 women, 3574 hip fractures), there was no overall association between total milk intake and hip fracture risk (pooled RR per glass of milk per day = 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.96–1.02; Q-test p = .37). In men (3 Studies, 75,149 men, 195 hip fractures), the pooled RR per daily glass of milk was 0.91 (95% CI 0.81–1.01). Our conclusion is that in our meta-analysis of Cohort Studies, there was no overall association between milk intake and hip fracture risk in women but that more data are needed in men. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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calcium intake and hip fracture risk in men and women a meta analysis of prospective Cohort Studies and randomized controlled trials
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2007Co-Authors: Donna Spiegelman, Heike A Bischoffferrari, Bess Dawsonhughes, John A Baron, P Burckhardt, Ruifeng Li, Bonny Specker, John Orav, John B WongAbstract:Background: The role of total calcium intake in the prevention of hip fracture risk has not been well established. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the relation of calciumintaketotheriskofhipfractureonthebasisofmeta-analyses of Cohort Studies and clinical trials. Results: In women (7 prospective Cohort Studies, 170 991 women, 2954 hip fractures), there was no association between total calcium intakeandhipfracturerisk[pooledriskratio(RR)per300mgtotalCa/d 1.01; 95% CI: 0.97, 1.05]. In men (5 prospective Cohort Studies, 68 606men,214hipfractures),thepooledRRper300mgtotalCa/dwas 0.92 (95% CI: 0.82, 1.03). On the basis of 5 clinical trials (n 5666 women, primarily postmenopausal, plus 1074 men) with 814 nonvertebral fractures, the pooled RR for nonvertebral fractures between calcium supplementation (800–1600 mg/d) and placebo was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.81, 1.05). On the basis of 4 clinical trials with separate results for hip fracture (6504 subjects with 139 hip fractures), the pooled RR betweencalciumandplacebowas1.64(95%CI:1.02,2.64).Sensitivity analyses including 2 additional small trials with 100 participants or per-protocol results did not substantially alter results. Conclusions: Pooled results from prospective Cohort Studies suggest that calcium intake is not significantly associated with hip fracture risk in women or men. Pooled results from randomized controlled trials show no reduction in hip fracture risk with calcium supplementation, and an increased risk is possible. For any nonvertebral fractures, there was a neutral effect in the randomized trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:1780–90.
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dairy products and ovarian cancer a pooled analysis of 12 Cohort Studies
Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 2006Co-Authors: Jeanine M Genkinger, Gary E Fraser, David J Hunter, Donna Spiegelman, Kristin E Anderson, Alan A Arslan, Lawrence W Beeson, Julie E Buring, Jo L Freudenheim, Alexandra R GoldbohmAbstract:Background: Dairy foods and their constituents (lactose and calcium) have been hypothesized to promote ovarian carcinogenesis. Although case-control Studies have reported conflicting results for dairy foods and lactose, several Cohort Studies have shown positive associations between skim milk, lactose, and ovarian cancer. Methods: A pooled analysis of the primary data from 12 prospective Cohort Studies was conducted. The study population consisted of 553,217 women among whom 2,132 epithelial ovarian cases were identified. Study-specific relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by Cox proportional hazards models and then pooled by a random-effects model. Results: No statistically significant associations were observed between intakes of milk, cheese, yogurt, ice cream, and dietary and total calcium intake and risk of ovarian cancer. Higher lactose intakes comparing ≥30 versus <10 g/d were associated with a statistically significant higher risk of ovarian cancer, although the trend was not statistically significant (pooled multivariate relative risk, 1.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.40; P trend = 0.19). Associations for endometrioid, mucinous, and serous ovarian cancer were similar to the overall findings. Discussion: Overall, no associations were observed for intakes of specific dairy foods or calcium and ovarian cancer risk. A modest elevation in the risk of ovarian cancer was seen for lactose intake at the level that was equivalent to three or more servings of milk per day. Because a new dietary guideline recommends two to three servings of dairy products per day, the relation between dairy product consumption and ovarian cancer risk at these consumption levels deserves further examination. Copyright © 2006 American Association for Cancer Research.
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a pooled analysis of 12 Cohort Studies of dietary fat cholesterol and egg intake and ovarian cancer
Cancer Causes & Control, 2006Co-Authors: Jeanine M Genkinger, Gary E Fraser, David J Hunter, Donna Spiegelman, Kristin E Anderson, Lawrence W Beeson, Julie E Buring, Jo L Freudenheim, Graham A Colditz, Alexandra R GoldbohmAbstract:Fat and cholesterol are theorized to promote ovarian carcinogenesis by increasing circulating estrogen levels. Although case-control Studies have reported positive associations between total and saturated fat intake and ovarian cancer risk, two Cohort Studies have observed null associations. Dietary cholesterol and eggs have been positively associated with ovarian cancer risk. A pooled analysis was conducted on 12 Cohort Studies. Among 523,217 women, 2,132 incident epithelial ovarian cancer cases were identified. Study-specific relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by Cox proportional hazards models, and then pooled using a random effects model. Total fat intake was not associated with ovarian cancer risk (pooled multivariate RR = 1.08, 95% CI 0.86-1.34 comparing ≥45 to 30-<35% of calories). No association was observed for monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, trans-unsaturated, animal and vegetable fat, cholesterol and egg intakes with ovarian cancer risk. A weakly positive, but non-linear association, was observed for saturated fat intake (pooled multivariate RR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.01-1.66 comparing highest versus lowest decile). Results for histologic subtypes were similar. Overall, fat, cholesterol and egg intakes were not associated with ovarian cancer risk. The positive association for saturated fat intake at very high intakes merits further investigation. © Springer-Verlag 2006.
Yuming Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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coffee consumption and risk of coronary heart diseases a meta analysis of 21 prospective Cohort Studies
International Journal of Cardiology, 2009Co-Authors: Chun Zhou, Wenhua Ling, Weiqing Chen, Cuiling Wang, Yuming ChenAbstract:Abstract Background A large amount of Cohort Studies addressed coffee consumption and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and yielded inconsistent results. We conducted a meta-analysis to estimate the pooling effects. Methods We searched for all published English articles indexed in MEDLINE or PubMed from January 1966 to January 2008. Twenty-one independent prospective Cohort Studies, which tested CHD risk by coffee consumption, were identified. A general variance-based method was used to pool the relative risks (RR). 15,599 cases from 407,806 participants were included in pooling the overall effects. Results As compared to the light coffee consumption ( p >0.05); Moderate coffee consumption showed significantly lower CHD RR (95% CI) of 0.82 (0.73–0.92) ( p p =0.001) in men and women followed ≤10 years. Conclusion Our findings do not support the hypothesis that coffee consumption increases the long-term risk of coronary heart disease. Habitual moderate coffee drinking was associated with a lower risk of CHD in women.
