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Roger Svensson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The search for seignorage: periodic re-Coinage in medieval Sweden
Scandinavian Economic History Review, 2017Co-Authors: Roger SvenssonAbstract:ABSTRACTA specific monetary tax − called periodic re-Coinage − was applied for almost 200 years in large parts of medieval Europe. Old coins were frequently declared invalid and exchanged for new ones based on publicly announced dates and exchange fees. A theoretical framework of how periodic re-Coinage works in practice is tested on Swedish Coinage. The theory suggests that economic backwardness, limited monetisation of society and separate currency areas facilitated re-Coinage. The Swedish experience is extraordinarily consistent with this theory. It is shown that Sweden adopted coin types similar to those minted in Continental Europe during the Middle Ages and the corresponding Coinage and monetary taxation policies. Periodic re-Coinage was applied with varying frequency from 1180 to 1290. However, monetisation increased in the late thirteenth century, making periodic re-Coinage more difficult, and long-lived coins were introduced in 1290. With the end of periodic re-Coinage, Swedish kings accelerated ...
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Re-Coinage in Medieval Sweden
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2014Co-Authors: Roger SvenssonAbstract:In medieval Europe, old coins were frequently declared invalid and exchanged for new ones at fixed rates and dates. Here, the question of whether and when such re-Coinage was applied in medieval Sweden is analyzed against the historical record. A theory of how short-lived Coinage systems work is applied to Swedish Coinage. It is shown that Sweden adopted similar coin types as those minted in Continental Europe in the Middle Ages, and also adopted the corresponding continental Coinage and monetary taxation policies linked to these coin types. Swedish experience is extraordinarily well in line with what one would expect from the theory of short-lived coins. Economic backwardness, limited monetization of society and separate currency areas facilitated re-Coinage. Re-Coinage with varying frequency was applied in 1180–1290 when only bracteates were minted. This is evidenced by many different coin types per reign, coin hoards which are dominated by a few types and dating of types to specific periods of the kings' reigns. However, monetization increased in the late 13th century, making re-Coinage more difficult, and bracteates were replaced by long-lived two-faced coins in 1290. With an end to re-Coinage, the Swedish kings then accelerated the debasement of the long-lived coins. The disappearing re-Coinage fees were compensated for by debasing the silver content. Such debasements –interrupted by several Coinage reforms – were applied until the beginning of the 16th century.
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Re-Coinage as a Monetary Tax: Conditions, Consequences and Comparisons with Debasement
2013Co-Authors: Roger SvenssonAbstract:Re-Coinage implies that old coins are declared invalid and exchanged for new ones at fixed exchange rates and dates. Empirical evidence shows that re-Coinage could occur as often as twice a year within a currency area in the Middle Ages. The exchange fee at re-Coinage worked as a monetary tax for trade and inhabitants. The main purpose here is to set up a simple theory about short-lived coins, which has not been done before. It turns out that re-Coinage works particularly well in relatively undeveloped economies. Such economies had a small volume of coins in circulation, which facilitates both re-minting and monitoring of a short-lived Coinage system. Re-Coinage had both positive and negative overlapping consequences: 1) a stable Coinage with respect to weight and fineness, and no long-term inflation; 2) short-term disturbances in the velocity of money, price-levels and the volume of transactions; 3) the coins' function as a store of value deteriorated; and 4) inhibitions on trade, business and the division of labor. Debasement was the alternative method for collecting a monetary tax. It was less restrictive and had lower administrative costs for the coin issuer than re-Coinage. Besides low monetization, the strong position of ecclesiastical coin issuers, who disliked manipulations of weights and fineness, was likely a factor in why re-Coinage was preferred to debasement. However, the costs for society as a whole could be higher for secret debasements than routine calendar driven re-Coinage, due to the high uncertainty.
H Rasika V Dias - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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monomeric copper i silver i and gold i alkyne complexes and the Coinage metal family group trends
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2009Co-Authors: H Rasika V Dias, Jaime A Flores, Peter KrollAbstract:A series of thermally stable, easily isolable, monomeric, and isoleptic Coinage metal alkyne complexes have been reported. Treatment of [N{(C3F7)C(Dipp)N}2]Li (the lithium salt of the 1,3,5-triazapentadiene [N{(C3F7)C(Dipp)N}2]H) with AuCl, CF3SO3Ag or CF3SO3Cu in the presence of 3-hexyne led to the corresponding Coinage metal alkyne complex [N{(C3F7)C(Dipp)N}2]M(EtC≡CEt) in good yield (M = Au, Ag, Cu; Dipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl). X-ray crystal structures of the three Coinage metal alkynes are remarkably similar, and show the presence of trigonal-planar metal sites with η2-bonded 3-hexyne. The M−C and M−N bond distances vary in the order Cu < Au < Ag. The bending of the C−C≡C bond angle is largest for the gold, followed by Cu and Ag adducts. The gold adduct also shows the largest decrease in C≡C stretching frequency in Raman, while the Ag adduct shows the smallest change compared to that of the uncoordinated alkyne. DFT calculations on [N{(CF3)C(Ph)N}2]M(EtC≡CEt) and the related ClM(EtC≡CEt) predict tha...
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metal effect on the supramolecular structure photophysics and acid base character of trinuclear pyrazolato Coinage metal complexes
Inorganic Chemistry, 2005Co-Authors: Mohammad A. Omary, Manal A Rawashdehomary, M Alexander W Gonser, Himashinie V K Diyabalanage, Chammi Palehepitiya S Gamage, Oussama Elbjeirami, Tom Grimes, Thomas R Cundari, H Rasika V DiasAbstract:This article discusses the metal effect on the supramolecular structure, photophysics, and acid-base character of trinuclear pyrazolato Coinage metal complexes.
Susan M Kauzlarich - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Coinage metal stuffed eu9cd4sb9 metallic compounds with anomalous low thermal conductivities
Chemistry of Materials, 2015Co-Authors: Nasrin Kazem, Julia V Zaikina, Saneyuki Ohno, Jeffrey G Snyder, Susan M KauzlarichAbstract:The synthesis and transport properties of the family of Coinage metal-stuffed Zintl compounds, Eu9Cd4–xCM2+x–y□ySb9 (CM = Coinage metal, □ = vacancies), is presented as a function of Coinage metal substitution. Eu9Cd4–xCM2+x–y□ySb9 compounds are shown to be rare examples of metallic Zintl phases with low thermal conductivities. While the lattice thermal conductivity is low, which is attributed to the complex structure and presence of interstitials, the electronic contribution to thermal conductivity is also low. In these p-type compounds, the carriers transmit less heat than expected, based on the Wiedemann–Franz law and metallic conduction, κe = L0T/ρ. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the Fermi level resides in a pseudo-gap, which is consistent with the metallic description of the properties. While the contribution from the interstitial CM states to the Fermi level is small, the interstitial CMs are required to tune the position of the Fermi level. Analysis of the topology of el...
Bo Liedberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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An infrared study on the chemisorption of tertiary phosphines on Coinage and platinum group metal surfaces
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 1999Co-Authors: Gunnar Westermark, Hans Kariis, Ingmar Persson, Bo LiedbergAbstract:Abstract The chemisorption of dimethylphenyl-, methyldiphenyl- and triphenylphosphine on evaporated gold, silver, copper, rhodium, iridium, palladium, platinum and nickel surfaces has been studied by means of infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy (IRAS). Multilayers of physisorbed phosphine are formed on the surfaces of all metals studied except nickel after deposition from dilute toluene solution. The deposition rate varies for different metal surfaces and it is sometimes quite slow. The standard immersion time was 20 h in this study to secure that an equilibrium between the surface and the solution is reached. Several minutes of ultrasonic treatment are required to get rid of the physisorbed phosphine, leaving a very thin layer of chemisorbed phosphine on the metal surface. Most of the absorption bands in IRAS spectra of these thin layers show significant shifts, which are especially large for dimethylphenylphosphine. It is evident that the electron distribution in the entire phosphine molecules is changed and that the chemisorption to the Coinage and platinum group metal surfaces is strong. Infrared spectra of coordination compounds of gold(I), silver(I) and copper(I) with dimethylphenyl-, methyldiphenyl- and triphenylphosphine and of the corresponding phosphine oxides have served as reference material for the chemisorbed phosphines. The spectra of the coordination compounds show similar shifts and intensity changes as the IRAS spectra of tertiary phosphines chemisorbed on the Coinage and platinum group metals. This suggests that the studied phosphines are as strongly bound to the Coinage and platinum group metal surfaces as to the monovalent Coinage metal ions known to form very stable complexes with tertiary phosphines.
Christine M. Thompson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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SEALED SILVER IN IRON AGE CISJORDAN AND THE ‘INVENTION’ OF Coinage
Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 2003Co-Authors: Christine M. ThompsonAbstract:Summary.Recent finds of hoarded silver in Cisjordan present new material for the consideration of the conceptual history of coined metals. When the fundamental concepts associated with Coinage are abstracted from the various objects that express them, it is possible to see that a kind of coined metal existed in Cisjordan and other parts of the Near East prior to the traditional ‘invention’ of Coinage by the Lydians and Greeks c.600 BC.1Both hoards and written sources indicate that seals affixed to precious metals at times qualified them in a numismatic sense by guaranteeing weights set to standards as well as controlled composition. What has been characterized as the ‘invention’ of Coinage was rather an adaptation of these same principal concepts. The frequency and size of silver hoards from Cisjordan point to a proliferation in the ‘monetary’ use of silver in that region during the Iron Age and suggest a relationship to the overwhelming preference for silver Coinages among the Greeks.