The Experts below are selected from a list of 321 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Arif Hepbasli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
thermoeconomic analysis of energy utilization in the residential Commercial Sector an application
Building and Environment, 2008Co-Authors: Zafer Utlu, Arif HepbasliAbstract:Abstract Thermoeconomic analysis is a very useful tool for investigators in engineering and other disciplines since its methodology includes the quantities such as mass, energy, exergy and cost. This study deals with this analysis of energy utilization in the residential–Commercial Sector (RCS). In this regard, the relations between capital costs and thermodynamic losses for subSectors in the RCS are investigated. In the analysis, Turkey is taken as an application country based on its actual and projected values for the years 1991, 1993, 1995, 1999, 2000 and 2001, and for the year 2020, respectively. It is observed from the results obtained that the maximum exergy destructions in the system particularly occur due to the utilization of the large-cost and high-quality energy sources like petroleum, natural gas carriers in the low-energy needs. In conjunction with this, the values for the total exergy losses are found to vary from 486.43 to 2797.28 PJ, while those for the improvement potential are obtained to range from 58.80 to 1870 PJ in the Turkish RCS for the analyzed years. The ratio of thermodynamic loss rate-to-capital cost values is also calculated to be in the range of 0.76–1.01. It is expected that the results presented here would be beneficial to the researchers, government administration and engineers working in the area of modeling the subSectors of countries using thermoeconomic analysis method.
-
Thermoeconomic analysis of energy utilization in the residential–Commercial Sector: An application
Building and Environment, 2008Co-Authors: Zafer Utlu, Arif HepbasliAbstract:Abstract Thermoeconomic analysis is a very useful tool for investigators in engineering and other disciplines since its methodology includes the quantities such as mass, energy, exergy and cost. This study deals with this analysis of energy utilization in the residential–Commercial Sector (RCS). In this regard, the relations between capital costs and thermodynamic losses for subSectors in the RCS are investigated. In the analysis, Turkey is taken as an application country based on its actual and projected values for the years 1991, 1993, 1995, 1999, 2000 and 2001, and for the year 2020, respectively. It is observed from the results obtained that the maximum exergy destructions in the system particularly occur due to the utilization of the large-cost and high-quality energy sources like petroleum, natural gas carriers in the low-energy needs. In conjunction with this, the values for the total exergy losses are found to vary from 486.43 to 2797.28 PJ, while those for the improvement potential are obtained to range from 58.80 to 1870 PJ in the Turkish RCS for the analyzed years. The ratio of thermodynamic loss rate-to-capital cost values is also calculated to be in the range of 0.76–1.01. It is expected that the results presented here would be beneficial to the researchers, government administration and engineers working in the area of modeling the subSectors of countries using thermoeconomic analysis method.
-
estimating the energy and exergy utilization efficiencies for the residential Commercial Sector an application
Energy Policy, 2006Co-Authors: Zafer Utlu, Arif HepbasliAbstract:Abstract The main objectives in carrying out the present study are twofold, namely to estimate the energy and exergy utilization efficiencies for the residential–Commercial Sector and to compare those of various countries with each other. In this regard, Turkey is given as an illustrative example with its latest figures in 2002 since the data related to the following years are still being processed. Total energy and exergy inputs in this year are calculated to be 3257.20 and 3212.42 PJ, respectively. Annual fuel consumptions in space heating, water heating and cooking activities as well as electrical energy uses by appliances are also determined. The energy and exergy utilization efficiency values for the Turkish residential–Commercial Sector are obtained to be 55.58% and 9.33%, respectively. Besides this, Turkey's overall energy and exergy utilization efficiencies are found to be 46.02% and 24.99%, respectively. The present study clearly indicates the necessity of the planned studies toward increasing exergy utilization efficiencies in the Sector studied.
-
Estimating the energy and exergy utilization efficiencies for the residential–Commercial Sector: an application
Energy Policy, 2006Co-Authors: Zafer Utlu, Arif HepbasliAbstract:Abstract The main objectives in carrying out the present study are twofold, namely to estimate the energy and exergy utilization efficiencies for the residential–Commercial Sector and to compare those of various countries with each other. In this regard, Turkey is given as an illustrative example with its latest figures in 2002 since the data related to the following years are still being processed. Total energy and exergy inputs in this year are calculated to be 3257.20 and 3212.42 PJ, respectively. Annual fuel consumptions in space heating, water heating and cooking activities as well as electrical energy uses by appliances are also determined. The energy and exergy utilization efficiency values for the Turkish residential–Commercial Sector are obtained to be 55.58% and 9.33%, respectively. Besides this, Turkey's overall energy and exergy utilization efficiencies are found to be 46.02% and 24.99%, respectively. The present study clearly indicates the necessity of the planned studies toward increasing exergy utilization efficiencies in the Sector studied.
-
analysis of energy and exergy use of the turkish residential Commercial Sector
Building and Environment, 2005Co-Authors: Zafer Utlu, Arif HepbasliAbstract:Abstract This study presents the analysis of the energy and exergy utilization of the Turkish residential–Commercial Sector (TRCS) in the years of 2000 and 2020 and compares the results obtained with those of other countries available in the literature. This analysis is done based on the actual data for 2000, while the projected energy data for 2020 are used in the calculations. Total energy and exergy inputs are calculated to be 3527.20 PJ and 3469.62 PJ in 2000, while they are projected to be 12,898.51 PJ and 12,636.99 PJ in 2020, respectively. Annual fuel consumptions in space heating, water heating and cooking activities as well as electrical energy uses by appliances are determined for 2000, while they are forecasted from 2004 to 2020. The energy efficiency value for the TRCS is found to be 55.60% in 2000, and is expected to be 65.53% in 2020. The exergy efficiency value for that is obtained to be 8.02% in 2000, with a projected value of 10.07% in 2020. Turkey's overall energy and exergy utilization efficiencies in the same years are also found to be 44.91% and 24.78% in 2000, with the projected values of 55.15% and 30.44% in 2020, respectively. The present study clearly indicates the necessity of the planned studies towards increasing exergy efficiencies in the Sector studied and especially the critical role of policymakers in establishing effective energy-efficiency delivery mechanisms throughout the country. It may be concluded that the current methodology is useful for analyzing the Sectoral energy and exergy utilization, giving energy saving opportunities.
Zafer Utlu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Examination of Electrical Energy Usage in Terms of Thermodynamic Efficiency and Sustainability in the Residential and Commercial Sector
International Journal of Electronics Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, 2017Co-Authors: Zafer UtluAbstract:Energy usage is vital for social life and sustainability in the residential Sector. This study examines the electrical energy utilization and efficiency of the Turkish residential and Commercial Sector in terms of sustainable energy and efficiency in 2013 by using energy and exergy analyses. The total energy input that was produced as 27.55% while the rest was obtained by imports in 2013. In this year, 35.02% of Turkey’s total end-use energy was consumed by the residential - Commercial Sector. Annual fuel consumptions in space heating, water heating and cooking activities as well as electrical energy used by appliances are determined for 2013. It is clear from this figure that the energy efficiencies in the year studied range from 56.60 to 86.15%, while the exergy efficiencies vary from 5.05 to 24.76%. Additionally, researches on electrical household appliances efficiency indicated an efficiency of 86.15% for the first law of thermodynamic and 24.76% for the second law of thermodynamics.
-
thermoeconomic analysis of energy utilization in the residential Commercial Sector an application
Building and Environment, 2008Co-Authors: Zafer Utlu, Arif HepbasliAbstract:Abstract Thermoeconomic analysis is a very useful tool for investigators in engineering and other disciplines since its methodology includes the quantities such as mass, energy, exergy and cost. This study deals with this analysis of energy utilization in the residential–Commercial Sector (RCS). In this regard, the relations between capital costs and thermodynamic losses for subSectors in the RCS are investigated. In the analysis, Turkey is taken as an application country based on its actual and projected values for the years 1991, 1993, 1995, 1999, 2000 and 2001, and for the year 2020, respectively. It is observed from the results obtained that the maximum exergy destructions in the system particularly occur due to the utilization of the large-cost and high-quality energy sources like petroleum, natural gas carriers in the low-energy needs. In conjunction with this, the values for the total exergy losses are found to vary from 486.43 to 2797.28 PJ, while those for the improvement potential are obtained to range from 58.80 to 1870 PJ in the Turkish RCS for the analyzed years. The ratio of thermodynamic loss rate-to-capital cost values is also calculated to be in the range of 0.76–1.01. It is expected that the results presented here would be beneficial to the researchers, government administration and engineers working in the area of modeling the subSectors of countries using thermoeconomic analysis method.
-
Thermoeconomic analysis of energy utilization in the residential–Commercial Sector: An application
Building and Environment, 2008Co-Authors: Zafer Utlu, Arif HepbasliAbstract:Abstract Thermoeconomic analysis is a very useful tool for investigators in engineering and other disciplines since its methodology includes the quantities such as mass, energy, exergy and cost. This study deals with this analysis of energy utilization in the residential–Commercial Sector (RCS). In this regard, the relations between capital costs and thermodynamic losses for subSectors in the RCS are investigated. In the analysis, Turkey is taken as an application country based on its actual and projected values for the years 1991, 1993, 1995, 1999, 2000 and 2001, and for the year 2020, respectively. It is observed from the results obtained that the maximum exergy destructions in the system particularly occur due to the utilization of the large-cost and high-quality energy sources like petroleum, natural gas carriers in the low-energy needs. In conjunction with this, the values for the total exergy losses are found to vary from 486.43 to 2797.28 PJ, while those for the improvement potential are obtained to range from 58.80 to 1870 PJ in the Turkish RCS for the analyzed years. The ratio of thermodynamic loss rate-to-capital cost values is also calculated to be in the range of 0.76–1.01. It is expected that the results presented here would be beneficial to the researchers, government administration and engineers working in the area of modeling the subSectors of countries using thermoeconomic analysis method.
-
estimating the energy and exergy utilization efficiencies for the residential Commercial Sector an application
Energy Policy, 2006Co-Authors: Zafer Utlu, Arif HepbasliAbstract:Abstract The main objectives in carrying out the present study are twofold, namely to estimate the energy and exergy utilization efficiencies for the residential–Commercial Sector and to compare those of various countries with each other. In this regard, Turkey is given as an illustrative example with its latest figures in 2002 since the data related to the following years are still being processed. Total energy and exergy inputs in this year are calculated to be 3257.20 and 3212.42 PJ, respectively. Annual fuel consumptions in space heating, water heating and cooking activities as well as electrical energy uses by appliances are also determined. The energy and exergy utilization efficiency values for the Turkish residential–Commercial Sector are obtained to be 55.58% and 9.33%, respectively. Besides this, Turkey's overall energy and exergy utilization efficiencies are found to be 46.02% and 24.99%, respectively. The present study clearly indicates the necessity of the planned studies toward increasing exergy utilization efficiencies in the Sector studied.
-
Estimating the energy and exergy utilization efficiencies for the residential–Commercial Sector: an application
Energy Policy, 2006Co-Authors: Zafer Utlu, Arif HepbasliAbstract:Abstract The main objectives in carrying out the present study are twofold, namely to estimate the energy and exergy utilization efficiencies for the residential–Commercial Sector and to compare those of various countries with each other. In this regard, Turkey is given as an illustrative example with its latest figures in 2002 since the data related to the following years are still being processed. Total energy and exergy inputs in this year are calculated to be 3257.20 and 3212.42 PJ, respectively. Annual fuel consumptions in space heating, water heating and cooking activities as well as electrical energy uses by appliances are also determined. The energy and exergy utilization efficiency values for the Turkish residential–Commercial Sector are obtained to be 55.58% and 9.33%, respectively. Besides this, Turkey's overall energy and exergy utilization efficiencies are found to be 46.02% and 24.99%, respectively. The present study clearly indicates the necessity of the planned studies toward increasing exergy utilization efficiencies in the Sector studied.
Ailun Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Structural optimization and carbon taxation in China's Commercial Sector
Energy Policy, 2020Co-Authors: Ailun Wang, Boqiang LinAbstract:Abstract Given China's economic transformation and upgrading process, the green development of Commercial Sector is more and more important. Based on the trans-log cost function, this paper calculates the inter-factor and inter-fuel substitution effects in China's Commercial Sector from 1980 to 2016. Besides, the paper further analyzes the driving factors of the dynamic changes in energy intensity and the impact of carbon taxation in China's Commercial Sector. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Capital, labor, and energy in China's Commercial Sector negatively correlate with their prices, and the self-price elasticities of energy, labor, and capital decline in turn. (2) The relationship between labor and capital is substitutional, and the same relationship is found when after considering labor and energy, and that between energy and capital is complementary. (3) Demand for energy sources negatively correlates with their prices, and there exist complementary relationships between energy sources. (4) Technical effects and substitution effects can effectively promote the decline of energy intensity in China's Commercial Sector. (5) Implementing a 50 RMB/tonne carbon taxation will lead to 5.50% energy savings and 6.21% CO2 reduction.
-
Dynamic change in energy and CO2 performance of China's Commercial Sector: A regional comparative study
Energy Policy, 2018Co-Authors: Ailun Wang, Boqiang LinAbstract:Abstract Energy and CO2 efficiency play important roles in promoting energy conservation and CO2 emission reduction in China's Commercial Sector. This paper applies the non-radial directional distance function to evaluate energy and CO2 efficiency in China's Commercial Sector, and also constructs a non-radial Malmquist energy and CO2 performance index to measure the dynamic performance of energy and CO2 efficiency in the Sector. The results indicate that energy and CO2 efficiency in China's Commercial Sector is generally low, and there are significant regional differences and enormous energy-savings and CO2 emission reduction potentials. Eastern China has the highest energy and CO2 efficiency of all the regions. From the perspective of dynamic performance, energy and CO2 efficiency performance in China's Commercial Sector improved by 3.8% annually over the period 1995–2015. Technological progress is the major driving factor improving energy and CO2 efficiency in the Sector. The technology gap changes (TGC) index which is less than 1 implies that the technological gap between the global frontier and the intertemporal frontier has increased, and does not help to improve energy and CO2 efficiency performance. Considering regional differences, policy makers should set both short- and long-term goals to achieve environmental goals in China's Commercial Sector.
-
assessing co2 emissions in china s Commercial Sector determinants and reduction strategies
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017Co-Authors: Ailun Wang, Boqiang LinAbstract:Abstract The Commercial Sector is one of the key Sectors in China’s economic transformation and carbon emissions control. This paper applies VAR and STIRPAT models to investigate the major influencing factors of CO2 emissions in China’s Commercial Sector over the period 1980–2014. According to the empirical results, per capita GDP, urbanization and energy structure have positive effects on CO2 emissions while energy intensity has negative effect on CO2 emissions in the long term. Besides, per capita GDP ranks as the most important driving factors of CO2 in China’s Commercial Sector, followed by urbanization, energy structure and energy intensity in that order. This paper argues that reducing energy intensity and improving energy structure are the means to realize CO2 emission reductions in the Commercial Sector in the short and long term, respectively. Besides, this paper forecasts that CO2 emissions in China’s Commercial Sector will be 1942 Mt by 2030, which is huge and about half of the CO2 emissions of the European Union in 2014. The findings have important implications for policy-makers to enact CO2 emission reduction policies.
-
Assessing CO2 emissions in China’s Commercial Sector: Determinants and reduction strategies
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017Co-Authors: Ailun Wang, Boqiang LinAbstract:Abstract The Commercial Sector is one of the key Sectors in China’s economic transformation and carbon emissions control. This paper applies VAR and STIRPAT models to investigate the major influencing factors of CO 2 emissions in China’s Commercial Sector over the period 1980–2014. According to the empirical results, per capita GDP, urbanization and energy structure have positive effects on CO 2 emissions while energy intensity has negative effect on CO 2 emissions in the long term. Besides, per capita GDP ranks as the most important driving factors of CO 2 in China’s Commercial Sector, followed by urbanization, energy structure and energy intensity in that order. This paper argues that reducing energy intensity and improving energy structure are the means to realize CO 2 emission reductions in the Commercial Sector in the short and long term, respectively. Besides, this paper forecasts that CO 2 emissions in China’s Commercial Sector will be 1942 Mt by 2030, which is huge and about half of the CO 2 emissions of the European Union in 2014. The findings have important implications for policy-makers to enact CO 2 emission reduction policies.
-
Regional Energy Efficiency of China’s Commercial Sector: An Emerging Energy Consumer
Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 2016Co-Authors: Boqiang Lin, Ailun WangAbstract:ABSTRACTThis article applies a parametric metafrontier method and the Malmquist index to analyze the energy efficiency and its dynamic performance in China’s Commercial Sector from 1995 to 2013. The results indicate that the energy efficiency in China’s Commercial Sector is generally low, and there are significant regional differences and enormous energy-saving potentials. Relative to metafrontier, Commercial Sectors in eastern China have relatively higher energy efficiency; while those in central and western China have relatively low energy efficiency. Besides, the dynamic energy efficiency performance in China’s Commercial Sector has improved over the period. The technology improvement is a major driving factor to improve the energy efficiency in the Commercial Sectors of all the three regions.
Boqiang Lin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Structural optimization and carbon taxation in China's Commercial Sector
Energy Policy, 2020Co-Authors: Ailun Wang, Boqiang LinAbstract:Abstract Given China's economic transformation and upgrading process, the green development of Commercial Sector is more and more important. Based on the trans-log cost function, this paper calculates the inter-factor and inter-fuel substitution effects in China's Commercial Sector from 1980 to 2016. Besides, the paper further analyzes the driving factors of the dynamic changes in energy intensity and the impact of carbon taxation in China's Commercial Sector. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Capital, labor, and energy in China's Commercial Sector negatively correlate with their prices, and the self-price elasticities of energy, labor, and capital decline in turn. (2) The relationship between labor and capital is substitutional, and the same relationship is found when after considering labor and energy, and that between energy and capital is complementary. (3) Demand for energy sources negatively correlates with their prices, and there exist complementary relationships between energy sources. (4) Technical effects and substitution effects can effectively promote the decline of energy intensity in China's Commercial Sector. (5) Implementing a 50 RMB/tonne carbon taxation will lead to 5.50% energy savings and 6.21% CO2 reduction.
-
Dynamic change in energy and CO2 performance of China's Commercial Sector: A regional comparative study
Energy Policy, 2018Co-Authors: Ailun Wang, Boqiang LinAbstract:Abstract Energy and CO2 efficiency play important roles in promoting energy conservation and CO2 emission reduction in China's Commercial Sector. This paper applies the non-radial directional distance function to evaluate energy and CO2 efficiency in China's Commercial Sector, and also constructs a non-radial Malmquist energy and CO2 performance index to measure the dynamic performance of energy and CO2 efficiency in the Sector. The results indicate that energy and CO2 efficiency in China's Commercial Sector is generally low, and there are significant regional differences and enormous energy-savings and CO2 emission reduction potentials. Eastern China has the highest energy and CO2 efficiency of all the regions. From the perspective of dynamic performance, energy and CO2 efficiency performance in China's Commercial Sector improved by 3.8% annually over the period 1995–2015. Technological progress is the major driving factor improving energy and CO2 efficiency in the Sector. The technology gap changes (TGC) index which is less than 1 implies that the technological gap between the global frontier and the intertemporal frontier has increased, and does not help to improve energy and CO2 efficiency performance. Considering regional differences, policy makers should set both short- and long-term goals to achieve environmental goals in China's Commercial Sector.
-
assessing co2 emissions in china s Commercial Sector determinants and reduction strategies
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017Co-Authors: Ailun Wang, Boqiang LinAbstract:Abstract The Commercial Sector is one of the key Sectors in China’s economic transformation and carbon emissions control. This paper applies VAR and STIRPAT models to investigate the major influencing factors of CO2 emissions in China’s Commercial Sector over the period 1980–2014. According to the empirical results, per capita GDP, urbanization and energy structure have positive effects on CO2 emissions while energy intensity has negative effect on CO2 emissions in the long term. Besides, per capita GDP ranks as the most important driving factors of CO2 in China’s Commercial Sector, followed by urbanization, energy structure and energy intensity in that order. This paper argues that reducing energy intensity and improving energy structure are the means to realize CO2 emission reductions in the Commercial Sector in the short and long term, respectively. Besides, this paper forecasts that CO2 emissions in China’s Commercial Sector will be 1942 Mt by 2030, which is huge and about half of the CO2 emissions of the European Union in 2014. The findings have important implications for policy-makers to enact CO2 emission reduction policies.
-
Assessing CO2 emissions in China’s Commercial Sector: Determinants and reduction strategies
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017Co-Authors: Ailun Wang, Boqiang LinAbstract:Abstract The Commercial Sector is one of the key Sectors in China’s economic transformation and carbon emissions control. This paper applies VAR and STIRPAT models to investigate the major influencing factors of CO 2 emissions in China’s Commercial Sector over the period 1980–2014. According to the empirical results, per capita GDP, urbanization and energy structure have positive effects on CO 2 emissions while energy intensity has negative effect on CO 2 emissions in the long term. Besides, per capita GDP ranks as the most important driving factors of CO 2 in China’s Commercial Sector, followed by urbanization, energy structure and energy intensity in that order. This paper argues that reducing energy intensity and improving energy structure are the means to realize CO 2 emission reductions in the Commercial Sector in the short and long term, respectively. Besides, this paper forecasts that CO 2 emissions in China’s Commercial Sector will be 1942 Mt by 2030, which is huge and about half of the CO 2 emissions of the European Union in 2014. The findings have important implications for policy-makers to enact CO 2 emission reduction policies.
-
Regional Energy Efficiency of China’s Commercial Sector: An Emerging Energy Consumer
Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 2016Co-Authors: Boqiang Lin, Ailun WangAbstract:ABSTRACTThis article applies a parametric metafrontier method and the Malmquist index to analyze the energy efficiency and its dynamic performance in China’s Commercial Sector from 1995 to 2013. The results indicate that the energy efficiency in China’s Commercial Sector is generally low, and there are significant regional differences and enormous energy-saving potentials. Relative to metafrontier, Commercial Sectors in eastern China have relatively higher energy efficiency; while those in central and western China have relatively low energy efficiency. Besides, the dynamic energy efficiency performance in China’s Commercial Sector has improved over the period. The technology improvement is a major driving factor to improve the energy efficiency in the Commercial Sectors of all the three regions.
Matthias Pilz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Two countries - one system of vocational education?: a comparison of the apprenticeship reform in the Commercial Sector in Switzerland and Germany
Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 2007Co-Authors: Matthias PilzAbstract:In both Switzerland and Germany, necessary reforms in vocational education have been taking place for the past few years. By taking a closer look at the commerce Sectors of both countries and their reforms, one can better compare their systems of apprenticeship. While the necessity for change in the Commercial Sector was similar in both countries, the course of these changes has been quite different. A widespread reform of the Swiss Commercial Sector began in 2003. In Germany, a comparable sweeping change in Commercial apprenticeships cannot be seen, although many reforms have been implemented. In order to analyse the process and results of modernisation of both vocational education systems, they are compared and contrasted. Finally, hypotheses are formed about the possible reasons for the differences in vocational education in these two countries.
-
Two countries one system of vocational education?: a comparison of the apprenticeship reform in the Commercial Sector in Switzerland and Germany
2003Co-Authors: Matthias PilzAbstract:This paper focuses on on some aspects of vocational education reforms in Switzerland and Germany. In both countries, apprenticeships both in-company and at vocational institutions, are regulated and standardised by state law. In Switzerland there are only tow apprenticeships in the Commercial Sector and reform of these apprenticeships began in 2003 and will affect employers and vocational colleges by instituting new curriculum structure, new learning methods and new ways of testing. Germany, by contrast, has about forty specialised apprenticeships in the Commercial Sector some of which have been modernised and some not, therefore it is not possible to give a clear picture of the latest developments.