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Margaret S. Clark - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Communal relational context (or lack thereof) shapes emotional lives.
    Current opinion in psychology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Margaret S. Clark, Lucylle A Armentano, Erica J. Boothby, Jennifer L. Hirsch
    Abstract:

    A case is made that a Communal Relationship context (or lack thereof) shapes people's emotional lives for three reasons. First, a person's Communal partners assume some degree of non-contingent responsibility for the person's welfare. This allows the person, when with or, at times, when thinking about such partners, to drop some self-protective vigilance, appraise situations as less threatening, focus attention outward on to situations and to see those situations through the partner's eyes often enhancing the emotional impact of those situations, express emotions which convey individual vulnerabilities and, in turn, receive and accept emotion regulation from partners. Second, a person is responsive to his or her Communal partners’ welfare. This leads a person, when with or, at times, when thinking about such partners to attend to partners’ welfare and attendant emotions, mimic them, empathize with them and help to regulate them. This may also enhance how threatening situations seem when they might threaten the partner for whom the person feels Communal responsibility. Third, Communal Relationships are valued by people. As a result certain emotions, which we call relational emotions, including embarrassment, hurt, guilt and gratitude commonly arise in the context of Communal Relationships as signals of the welfare of the Relationship per se. In well-functioning Communal Relationships these emotions elicit partner responses that help to form, build, maintain and repair the Relationships. It is more generally noted that other aspects of relational context (e.g. power differentials) also shape emotional lives and that emotion researchers are well-advised to attend to how all aspects relational context may influence emotional lives.

  • Interest in Another's Consideration of One's Needs in Communal and Exchange Relationships☆☆☆★
    Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1998
    Co-Authors: Margaret S. Clark, Parastu Dubash, Judson Mills
    Abstract:

    Abstract Three studies found support for the hypothesis that interest in another's consideration of one's needs is greater when a Communal Relationship is desired with the other than when an exchange Relationship is desired. This hypothesis was based on the assumption that monitoring of the extent to which the other considers one's own welfare will be high in a mutual Communal Relationship. Interest in another's consideration of one's needs was measured in Study 1 by participants' glances at lights indicating whether or not another was selecting problem hints for the participant, in Study 2 by participants' ratings of their interest in the length of time another spent selecting a task for them, and in Study 3 by participants' ratings of interest in the time another spent selecting a gift for them and whether an identical gift was bought for someone else at the same time. In each study, scores on the measure of interest in the other's consideration of one's needs were higher when a Communal Relationship was desired. In Study 3, evidence was found that interest in another's consideration of one's needs is greater when the uncertainty about a Communal Relationship is greater.

  • The Difference between Communal and Exchange Relationships: What it is and is Not
    Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1993
    Co-Authors: Margaret S. Clark, Judson Mils
    Abstract:

    Replying to Batson (this issue), who argues that the difference between Communal and exchange Relationships is less than might be imagined, the authors review the Communal/exchange distinction, discuss what it does and does not mean, and address specific issues raised by Batson. They conclude, contrary to claims by Batson, that (a) ingratiation cannot account for all the findings supporting the Communal/exchange distinction; (b) if desire for a Communal Relationship leads to ingratiation, that does not contradict the distinction; (c) if Communal norms are followed for other than altruistic reasons, that does not undermine the distinction, (d) the difference between Communal and exchange Relationships is not limited to the breadth of benefits exchanged; (e) the difference between Communal and exchange Relationships is not limited to a difference in etiquette; rather, the Communal/exchange distinction provides a theoretical explanation for the difference in etiquette.

  • Impact of Desired Relationship Type on Affective Reactions to Choosing and Being Required to Help
    Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1992
    Co-Authors: Gail M. Williamson, Margaret S. Clark
    Abstract:

    Donors' reactions to choosing and being required to help were examined. Among subjects led to desire a Communal Relationship with the recipient, both choosing and being required to help elevated positive affect and alleviated negative affect relative to not being asked to help. Changes in affect as a result of choosing to help did not differ from changes as a result of being required to help. Among subjects led to desire an exchange Relationship with the recipient, choosing to help caused positive affect to deteriorate, relative to being required to help or to not helping. Changes in affect in the required condition did not differ from those in the no-help condition. Psychological processes that may underlie these effects are discussed.

Qaiser Mehmood - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • cultivating employees Communal Relationship and organizational citizenship behavior through authentic leadership studying the influence of procedural justice
    Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 2018
    Co-Authors: Sadaf Iqbal, Tahir Farid, Qaiser Mehmood
    Abstract:

    Background: Leaders play vital role in organization to accomplish organizational goals and establish healthy working environment. This study addresses the effect of authentic leadership on employees' Communal Relationship and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). In addition, this research also examines how procedural justice augments the effect of authentic leadership on both aforementioned employees' behavioral outcomes. Materials and methods: Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected from 425 employees working in banking sector of Pakistan. It was hypothesized that authentic leadership would positively predict employees' Communal Relationship and OCB. Furthermore, we also assumed that procedural justice will strengthen the Relationship between authentic leadership, both behavioral outcomes, that is, employees' Communal Relationship and OCB. Results: Analyses reveal that authentic leadership positively predicts employees' Communal Relationship and OCB. In addition, procedural justice was found to positively moderate the effect of authentic leadership on employees' Communal Relationship and OCB. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the Relationships among authentic leadership, procedural justice, Communal Relationship, and OCBs in the South Asian context. This is the first study to report the moderating role of procedural justice in the Relationship between authentic leadership and Communal Relationship and OCB. The practical implications of study findings and direction for future research are discussed.

Thaddeus Metz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Addiction in the light of African values: Undermining vitality and community
    Monash Bioethics Review, 2018
    Co-Authors: Thaddeus Metz
    Abstract:

    I address the question of what makes addiction morally problematic, and seek to answer it by drawing on values salient in the sub-Saharan African philosophical tradition. Specifically, I appeal to life-force and Communal Relationship, each of which African philosophers have at times advanced as a foundational value, and spell out how addiction, or at least salient instances of it, could be viewed as unethical for flouting them. I do not seek to defend either vitality or community as the best explanation of when and why addiction is immoral, instead arguing that each of these characteristically African values grounds an independent and plausible account of that. I conclude that both vitalism and Communalism merit consideration as rivals to accounts that western ethicists would typically make, according to which addiction is immoral insofar as it degrades rationality or autonomy, as per Kantianism, or causes pain or dissatisfaction, à la utilitarianism.

  • Duties Toward Animals versus Rights to Culture: An African Approach to the Conflict in Terms of Communion
    Animals Race and Multiculturalism, 2017
    Co-Authors: Thaddeus Metz
    Abstract:

    Influential moral theories in the contemporary West face problems making sense of the conflict between the interests of animals and people’s interests in culture. They have trouble explaining either the existence of strong direct duties to animals or the importance of people’s right to culture (and frequently both). In this chapter, I aim to advance a relational ethic, grounded on the African philosophical tradition, that offers a promising alternative. I contend that duties toward animals and rights to culture are potentially conflicting normative branches springing from the common root of a demand to prize Communal Relationship. In addition to showing that communion makes good sense of the strength of some direct duties to animals and the moral significance of culture, I argue that it accounts well for how to understand the way in which they can clash and how to address that problem practically.

  • The Ethics of Swearing: The Implications of Moral Theories for Oath-Breaking in Economic Contexts
    Review of Social Economy, 2013
    Co-Authors: Thaddeus Metz
    Abstract:

    Many readers will share the judgement that, having made an oath, there is something morally worse about consequently performing the immoral action, such as embezzling, that one swore not to do. Why would it be worse? To answer this question, I consider three moral-theoretic accounts of why it is ‘extra’ wrong to violate oaths not to perform wrong actions, with special attention paid to those made in economic contexts. Specifically, I address what the moral theories of utilitarianism, Kantianism and a new communitarian-relational principle entail for the wrongness of oath-breaking. I argue that the former two do not adequately capture why it is extra wrong to perform an immoral action that one swore not to do, but that the latter appeal to a morality of Communal Relationship offers a promising account.

Chun-ju Flora Hung - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The interplays of Relationship types, Relationship cultivation, and Relationship outcomes: How multinational and Taiwanese companies practice public relations and organization-public Relationship management in China
    ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 2002
    Co-Authors: Chun-ju Flora Hung
    Abstract:

    The purpose of this study was to determine how multinational and Taiwanese companies manage Relationships with their publics in China. This study was conducted from the dialectical perspective in order to develop a normative theory of Relationship management that encompasses the concepts of Relationship antecedence, Relationship cultivation strategies, and Relationship outcomes. Inspired by Broom, Casey, and Ritchey (2000) and J. Grunig and Huang (2000), the theory of Relationship management developed in this dissertation incorporated the concepts of Relationship antecedents, Relationship objectives, Relationship cultivation, Relationship outcomes; and the external factors that influence Relationships. This study explored culture and economic development as external factors that influence Relationship cultivation behaviors. In addition, I applied Baxter and Montgomery's (1996) dialectical perspective to illustrate the dynamics in an organization-public Relationship. I conducted 40 interviews with CEOs, vice presidents, and public relations managers from 18 multinational and 18 Taiwanese companies in China in the summer of 2001. The interviews combined the characteristics of active, elite, long, and cross-cultural interviews. The interview locales included Beijing, Shanghai, Kunshan, Suzhou, Guanzhou, Dong Guan, Hong Kong, and Taipei. Results confirmed all of the propositions, except for the influence of multiple publics around an organization. Both multinational and Taiwanese companies realized that organization-public Relationships influence business profits and were willing to manage these Relationships. However, they did not believe that Relationships with different publics around their companies would influence overall Relationships. Participants confirmed that they developed five types of Relationships previously identified in the literature: Communal, exchange, covenantal, contractual, and exploitive Relationships. In addition, the study identified manipulative Relationships and symbiotic Relationships as additional types of Relationships. I also redefined a Communal Relationship and developed two categories in this type of Relationships: a one-sided Communal Relationship and a mutual Communal Relationship. The research results also revealed that the more positive Relationships multinational and Taiwanese companies intended to develop the more symmetrical cultivation strategies they used. I then explained the Relationship between cultivation strategies and Relationship quality. Results showed that symmetrical strategies, such as positivity, sharing of tasks, and cooperation, most often produced quality Relationships, although asymmetrical strategies sometimes were used to acquire the cooperation of publics or because of the Chinese cultural influence. Among all the Relationship qualities, commitment was the most salient characteristic. Multinational and Taiwanese companies had to be committed to Relationships in China because China is still developing, even though the potential market is huge. The study also showed that the Chinese government welcomes multinational companies to invest in China to enhance its economic development, local construction, and job opportunities. Therefore, the strategy of sharing of tasks was widely used by multinational and Taiwanese companies. The implications of this study are useful to: (1) public relations scholars who can use the methods to evaluate organization-public Relationships; (2) public relations scholars who are developing a theory of global public relations; (3) public relations practitioners who attempt to develop, maintain, and evaluate Relationships with publics of their organizations; (4) multinational companies that intend to build long-term Relationships in another country; and (5) scholars who are interested in Taiwan-China Relationships.

Minjung Sung - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.