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William T. Greenough - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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rehabilitation training using Complex Motor learning rescues deficits in eyeblink classical conditioning in female rats induced by binge like neonatal alcohol exposure
Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2013Co-Authors: Jennifer L Wagner, William T. Greenough, Anna Y Klintsova, Charles R. GoodlettAbstract:Background: Effective treatments for the behavioral and cognitive deficits in children with fetalalcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are lacking, and translational approaches using animal models canhelp develop rational interventions. One such model, binge-like alcohol exposure in neonatal ratsduring the period of brain development comparable with that of the human third trimester, causesstructural andfunctionaldamagetothe cerebellumanddisruptscerebellar-dependenteyeblink classicalconditioning. The eyeblink conditioning deficits first demonstrated in this rat model predicted the simi-lardeficitssubsequentlydemonstratedinchildrenwithFASD.Methods: The current study extends thistranslational approach by testing the hypothesis thatreha-bilitation training involving 20 days of training on traversal of an obstacle course (Complex Motorlearning) would ameliorate the deficits on classical conditioning of eyeblink responses produced by theneonatal alcohol exposure. We have previously shown that this training stimulates cerebellar synapticplasticityandimprovesalcohol-induceddeficitsonMotorcoordinationtasks.Results: The current studies found that rehabilitation training significantly attenuated alcohol-induced deficits in acquisition of eyeblink conditioning in females but not in males. These results areconsistentwithnormalizationofcerebellar-dependentlearning,atleastinalcohol-exposedfemales.Conclusions: These findings extend previous studies in this model suggesting that rehabilitation ofadolescents with FASD using training with Complex Motor learning tasks could be effective in amelio-rating functional impairments associated with cerebellar damage. Eyeblink classical conditioning defi-cits are now well documented in children with FASD and could serve as an evaluation measure tocontinuetodeveloptherapeuticinterventionssuchasComplexMotorlearning.Key Words: Cerebellum,Ethanol,EyeblinkConditioning,FetalAlcoholSpectrumDisorder.
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altered expression of bdnf and its high affinity receptor trkb in response to Complex Motor learning and moderate exercise
Brain Research, 2004Co-Authors: Elizabeth Dickson, Anna Y Klintsova, Rie Yoshida, William T. GreenoughAbstract:Abstract We report that rats learning Complex Motor skills or exercising moderately show changes in expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor, TrkB protein, in cerebellum and Motor cortex. It is now known that physical activity increases expression of some neurotrophins. We examined the time course of BDNF and TrkB expression after 1, 3, 5, 7 or 14 days in one of three conditions: (1) an “acrobatic” Motor skill learning condition (AC), (2) a Motor activity condition (moderately paced running on a flat track; MC) and (3) an inactive social-only control (SC) that served as a baseline group. Expression levels of BDNF and TrkB were evaluated by measuring relative optical density of the immunocytochemical reaction product. In cerebellar molecular layer, expression of BDNF correlated significantly with time spent in AC and MC over the first 7 days of training and remained elevated after 14 days of AC but not of MC. Changes in TrkB protein expression in cerebellar molecular layer mirrored those for BDNF during the first 7 days of training, but subsequently its expression subsided to the control level. In Motor cortex, a significant increase in BDNF and TrkB protein expression was detected in the upper layers after 14 days in AC. Increased expression of BDNF, but not of TrkB, was observed in upper Motor cortical layers after 14 days of MC. These data indicate that Complex Motor learning and moderate physical activity with little learning produce different effects on the expression pattern of BDNF and its receptor and may have implications for neural plasticity arising from such experiences.
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Therapeutic effects of Complex Motor training on Motor performance deficits induced by neonatal binge-like alcohol exposure in rats . I. Behavioral results.
Brain research, 1998Co-Authors: Anna Y Klintsova, Rodney A Swain, Ruth M A Napper, Charles R. Goodlett, Rita M. Cowell, William T. GreenoughAbstract:Abstract The effects of Complex Motor task learning on subsequent Motor performance of adult rats exposed to alcohol on postnatal days 4 through 9 were studied. Male and female Long–Evans rats were assigned to one of three treatments: (1) alcohol exposure (AE) via artificial rearing to 4.5.g kg −1 day −1 of ethanol in a binge-like manner (two consecutive feedings), (2) gastrostomy control (GC) fed isocaloric milk formula via artificial rearing, and (3) suckling control (SC), where pups remained with lactating dams. After completion of the treatments, the pups were fostered back to lactating dams, and after weaning they were raised in standard cages (two–three animals per cage) until they were 6 months old. Rats from each of the postnatal treatments then spent 20 days in one of three conditions: (1) inactive condition (IC), (2) Motor control condition (MC) (running on a flat oval track), or (3) rehabilitation condition (RC) (learning to traverse a set of 10 elevated obstacles). After that all the animals were tested on three tasks, sensitive to balance and coordination deficits (parallel bars, rope climbing and traversing a rotating rod). On parallel bars, both male and female rats demonstrated the same pattern of outcomes: AE-IC rats made significantly more mistakes (slips and falls) than IC rats from both control groups. After 20 days of training in the RC condition, there were no differences between AE and both SC and GC animals in their ability to perform on the parallel bars test. On rope climbing, female animals showed a similar pattern of abilities: AE-IC rats were the worst group; exercising did not significantly improve the AE rats' ability to climb, whereas the RC groups (SC, GC and AE) all performed near asymptote and there were no significant differences among three neonatal treatment groups. There was a substantial effect of the male rats' heavier body weight on climbing ability, and this may have prevented the deficits in AE rats behavior from being detected. Nevertheless, male animals from all three postnatal treatments (SC, GC and AE) were significantly better on this task after RC. Female and male rats from all three postnatal groups demonstrated significantly better performance on the rotarod task after 20 days of `rehabilitation'. These results suggest that Complex Motor skill learning improves some of the Motor performance deficits produced by postnatal exposure to alcohol and can potentially serve as a model for rehabilitative intervention.
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Therapeutic effects of Complex Motor training on Motor performance deficits induced by neonatal binge-like alcohol exposure in rats: II. A quantitative stereological study of synaptic plasticity in female rat cerebellum.
Brain Research, 1998Co-Authors: Anna Y Klintsova, Ruth M A Napper, Carly Scamra, Melissa Hoffman, Charles R. Goodlett, William T. GreenoughAbstract:Twenty days of Complex Motor skill training in adult rats was previously demonstrated to rehabilitate Motor performance deficits induced by binge alcohol exposure in neonatal rats. This follow-up study evaluated morphological plasticity in the paramedian lobule of the cerebellum (PML) using the same treatment and training regimens. On postnatal days (PD) 4-9, female Long-Evans rats were given either alcohol (Alcohol Exposure - AE, 4.5 g/kg/day via artificial rearing), exposure to gastrostomy control (GC) artificial rearing procedures, or reared normally as suckle controls (SC). After weaning, all rats were housed two to three per cage. At 180 days old, rats were randomly assigned either to a rehabilitation condition (RC: given 20 days of Complex Motor skill training), or to an inactive condition (IC: remained in their home cage). The AE rats were delayed in acquiring the training, but there were no group differences in performance over the last 2 weeks of training. Unbiased stereological techniques were used to evaluate PML volume, Purkinje cell and parallel fiber synapse density. Although total volume of PML was significantly reduced in the AE rats, Complex Motor skill training resulted in a significant increase in the PML molecular layer in all three postnatal treatment groups. The RC animals from the SC and AE groups had more parallel fiber synapses per Purkinje cell than corresponding IC animals. These data support the hypothesis that 'rehabilitative' Motor training stimulates synaptogenesis in the PML, and that Purkinje neurons that survive the early postnatal alcohol insult are capable of substantial experience-induced plasticity.
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selective synaptic plasticity within the cerebellar cortex following Complex Motor skill learning
Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 1998Co-Authors: Jeffrey A. Kleim, Rodney A Swain, Kim A Armstrong, Ruth M A Napper, Theresa A Jones, William T. GreenoughAbstract:Complex Motor skill learning, but not mere Motor activity, leads to an increase in synapse number within the cerebellar cortex. The present experiment used quantitative electron microscopy to determine which synapse types were altered in number. Adult female rats were allocated to either an acrobatic condition (AC), a voluntary exercise condition (VX), or an inactive condition (IC). AC animals were trained to traverse an elevated obstacle course requiring substantial Motor coordination to complete. VX animals were housed with unlimited access to running wheels and IC animals received no Motor training but were handled briefly each day. Results showed the AC animals to have significantly more parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapses than both the VX and IC animals. No other synapse type was significantly altered. Thus, the learning-dependent increase in synapse number observed within the cerebellar cortex is accomplished primarily through the addition of parallel fiber synapses.
Harvey S. Singer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Home-Based, Therapist-Assisted, Therapy for Young Children With Primary Complex Motor Stereotypies.
Pediatric neurology, 2018Co-Authors: Harvey S. Singer, Shreenath Rajendran, H. Richard Waranch, E. Mark MahoneAbstract:Abstract Background Complex Motor stereotypies (CMS) typically begin before age three years and include rhythmic, repetitive, fixed movements that last for seconds to minutes and can be interrupted with distraction. Objective We evaluated the effectiveness of a home-based, parent-provided therapy accompanied by scheduled telephone calls with a therapist, in five- to seven-year old children with primary CMS. Methods Eligible families received an instructional digital versatile disk (DVD) written instructions, and scheduled telephone contacts with a therapist at baseline (DVD receipt), one, three, and eight weeks later. At each call, parents completed outcome measures and received feedback. Outcome scales Stereotypy Severity Scale (SSS) Motor and Impairment scales and a Stereotypy Linear Analogue Scale (SLAS) were also completed via the Iinternet (REDCap)—at screening, one and two months post-baseline call. At study conclusion, participants were divided into an intent-to-treat (ITT; had at least one call) or a lost-to-follow-up (LTF) group. Results Thirty-eight children (mean = 6 years ± 11 months) were enrolled. The LTF group (n = 14) had significantly higher scores than the ITT (n = 24) group on all attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ratings (P Conclusions Home-based, parent-administered behavioral therapy supplemented by telephone contact with a therapist is effective in reducing Complex Motor stereotypies in children.
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efficacy of parent delivered behavioral therapy for primary Complex Motor stereotypies
Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 2017Co-Authors: Matthew W. Specht, Tina Kline, Richard Waranch, Laurel A. Brabson, Carol B. Thompson, Mark E Mahone, Harvey S. SingerAbstract:Aim Primary Complex Motor stereotypies (CMS) are persistent, patterned, repetitive, rhythmic movements in young people with typical development. This study evaluated the efficacy of an instructional DVD as a home-based, parent-administered, behavioral therapy for primary CMS. Method Eighty-one children with primary CMS were enrolled. Primary outcome measures included the Stereotypy Severity Scale (SSS) – Motor and Impairment scores, and Stereotypy Linear Analog Scale (SLAS). Mean CMS onset was 13.4 months (SD 13.1). Eligibility required observed CMS. Psychiatric disorders were not exclusionary and a stable medication regimen was required. Intellectual disability, neurological disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and tics were exclusionary. Initial assessments were completed via REDCap before receipt of the DVD. Fifty-four of the 81 children (34 male, 20 female; mean age 8y 2mo, SD 1.42, range 7–14y) completed assessments at 1, 2, or 3 months after receiving the DVD. Results Reductions (baseline to last assessment) in SSS Motor, SSS Impairment, and SLAS scores (all p<0.001) represented change ratios of −15%, −24%, and a −20% respectively. Greatest relative treatment benefit was observed by younger children (ages 7–8y), and by 1 month after receipt of DVD, while a parent global assessment scale showed progressive improvement throughout the study. Interpretation An instructional DVD for parent-delivered behavioral therapy was a safe, effective intervention for primary CMS.
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Anomalous Putamen Volume in Children With Complex Motor Stereotypies
Pediatric neurology, 2016Co-Authors: E. Mark Mahone, Deana Crocetti, Laura Tochen, Tina Kline, Stewart H. Mostofsky, Harvey S. SingerAbstract:Abstract Background Complex Motor stereotypies in children are repetitive rhythmic movements that have a predictable pattern and location, seem purposeful, but serve no obvious function, tend to be prolonged, and stop with distraction, e.g., arm or hand flapping, waving. They occur in both "primary" (otherwise typically developing) and secondary conditions. These movements are best defined as habitual behaviors and therefore pathophysiologically hypothesized to reside in preMotor to posterior putamen circuits. This study sought to clarify the underlying neurobiologic abnormality in children with primary Complex Motor stereotypies using structural neuroimaging, emphasizing brain regions hypothesized to underlie these atypical behaviors. Methods High-resolution anatomic magnetic resonance images, acquired at 3.0 T, were analyzed in children aged eight to twelve years (20 with primary Complex Motor stereotypies and 20 typically developing). Frontal lobe subregions and striatal structures were delineated for analysis. Results Significant reductions ( P = 0.045) in the stereotypies group were identified in total putamen volume but not in caudate, nucleus accumbens, or frontal subregions. There were no group differences in total cerebral volume. Conclusions Findings of a smaller putamen provide preliminary evidence suggesting the potential involvement of the habitual pathway as the underlying anatomic site in primary Complex Motor stereotypies.
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Efficacy of parent‐delivered behavioral therapy for primary Complex Motor stereotypies
Developmental medicine and child neurology, 2016Co-Authors: Matthew W. Specht, E. Mark Mahone, Tina Kline, Richard Waranch, Laurel A. Brabson, Carol B. Thompson, Harvey S. SingerAbstract:Aim Primary Complex Motor stereotypies (CMS) are persistent, patterned, repetitive, rhythmic movements in young people with typical development. This study evaluated the efficacy of an instructional DVD as a home-based, parent-administered, behavioral therapy for primary CMS. Method Eighty-one children with primary CMS were enrolled. Primary outcome measures included the Stereotypy Severity Scale (SSS) – Motor and Impairment scores, and Stereotypy Linear Analog Scale (SLAS). Mean CMS onset was 13.4 months (SD 13.1). Eligibility required observed CMS. Psychiatric disorders were not exclusionary and a stable medication regimen was required. Intellectual disability, neurological disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and tics were exclusionary. Initial assessments were completed via REDCap before receipt of the DVD. Fifty-four of the 81 children (34 male, 20 female; mean age 8y 2mo, SD 1.42, range 7–14y) completed assessments at 1, 2, or 3 months after receiving the DVD. Results Reductions (baseline to last assessment) in SSS Motor, SSS Impairment, and SLAS scores (all p
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GABA and Glutamate in Children with Primary Complex Motor Stereotypies: An 1H-MRS Study at 7T.
AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology, 2015Co-Authors: Ashley D. Harris, Harvey S. Singer, A. Horska, T. Kline, M. Ryan, Richard A.e. Edden, E.m. MahoneAbstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Complex Motor stereotypies are rhythmic, repetitive, fixed, purposeful but purposeless movements that stop with distraction. They can occur in otherwise normal healthy children (primary stereotypies) as well in those with autism spectrum disorders (secondary stereotypies). The underlying neurobiologic basis for these movements is unknown but is thought to involve cortical-striatal-thalamo-cortical pathways. To further clarify potential neurochemical alterations, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, glutamine, N -acetylaspartate, and choline levels were measured in 4 frontostriatal regions by using 1H MRS at 7T. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 18 children with primary Complex Motor stereotypies and 24 typically developing controls, ages 5–10 years, completed MR spectroscopy at 7T. Single voxel STEAM acquisitions from the anterior cingulate cortex, preMotor cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and striatum were obtained, and metabolites were quantified with respect to Cr by using LCModel. RESULTS: The 7T scan was well tolerated by all the participants. Compared with the controls, children with Complex Motor stereotypies had lower levels of GABA in the anterior cingulate cortex (GABA/Cr, P = .049; GABA/Glu, P = .051) and striatum (GABA/Cr, P = .028; GABA/Glu, P = .0037) but not the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or the preMotor cortex. Glutamate, glutamine, NAA, and Cho levels did not differ between groups in any of the aforementioned regions. Within the Complex Motor stereotypies group, reduced GABA to Cr in the anterior cingulate cortex was significantly associated with greater severity of Motor stereotypies ( r = −0.59, P = .021). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate possible GABAergic dysfunction within corticostriatal pathways in children with primary Complex Motor stereotypies. ACC : anterior cingulate cortex CMS : Complex Motor stereotypies DLPFC : dorsolateral prefrontal cortex GABA : gamma-aminobutyric acid Gln : glutamine Glu : glutamate PMC : preMotor cortex
Anna Y Klintsova - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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rehabilitation training using Complex Motor learning rescues deficits in eyeblink classical conditioning in female rats induced by binge like neonatal alcohol exposure
Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2013Co-Authors: Jennifer L Wagner, William T. Greenough, Anna Y Klintsova, Charles R. GoodlettAbstract:Background: Effective treatments for the behavioral and cognitive deficits in children with fetalalcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are lacking, and translational approaches using animal models canhelp develop rational interventions. One such model, binge-like alcohol exposure in neonatal ratsduring the period of brain development comparable with that of the human third trimester, causesstructural andfunctionaldamagetothe cerebellumanddisruptscerebellar-dependenteyeblink classicalconditioning. The eyeblink conditioning deficits first demonstrated in this rat model predicted the simi-lardeficitssubsequentlydemonstratedinchildrenwithFASD.Methods: The current study extends thistranslational approach by testing the hypothesis thatreha-bilitation training involving 20 days of training on traversal of an obstacle course (Complex Motorlearning) would ameliorate the deficits on classical conditioning of eyeblink responses produced by theneonatal alcohol exposure. We have previously shown that this training stimulates cerebellar synapticplasticityandimprovesalcohol-induceddeficitsonMotorcoordinationtasks.Results: The current studies found that rehabilitation training significantly attenuated alcohol-induced deficits in acquisition of eyeblink conditioning in females but not in males. These results areconsistentwithnormalizationofcerebellar-dependentlearning,atleastinalcohol-exposedfemales.Conclusions: These findings extend previous studies in this model suggesting that rehabilitation ofadolescents with FASD using training with Complex Motor learning tasks could be effective in amelio-rating functional impairments associated with cerebellar damage. Eyeblink classical conditioning defi-cits are now well documented in children with FASD and could serve as an evaluation measure tocontinuetodeveloptherapeuticinterventionssuchasComplexMotorlearning.Key Words: Cerebellum,Ethanol,EyeblinkConditioning,FetalAlcoholSpectrumDisorder.
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altered expression of bdnf and its high affinity receptor trkb in response to Complex Motor learning and moderate exercise
Brain Research, 2004Co-Authors: Elizabeth Dickson, Anna Y Klintsova, Rie Yoshida, William T. GreenoughAbstract:Abstract We report that rats learning Complex Motor skills or exercising moderately show changes in expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor, TrkB protein, in cerebellum and Motor cortex. It is now known that physical activity increases expression of some neurotrophins. We examined the time course of BDNF and TrkB expression after 1, 3, 5, 7 or 14 days in one of three conditions: (1) an “acrobatic” Motor skill learning condition (AC), (2) a Motor activity condition (moderately paced running on a flat track; MC) and (3) an inactive social-only control (SC) that served as a baseline group. Expression levels of BDNF and TrkB were evaluated by measuring relative optical density of the immunocytochemical reaction product. In cerebellar molecular layer, expression of BDNF correlated significantly with time spent in AC and MC over the first 7 days of training and remained elevated after 14 days of AC but not of MC. Changes in TrkB protein expression in cerebellar molecular layer mirrored those for BDNF during the first 7 days of training, but subsequently its expression subsided to the control level. In Motor cortex, a significant increase in BDNF and TrkB protein expression was detected in the upper layers after 14 days in AC. Increased expression of BDNF, but not of TrkB, was observed in upper Motor cortical layers after 14 days of MC. These data indicate that Complex Motor learning and moderate physical activity with little learning produce different effects on the expression pattern of BDNF and its receptor and may have implications for neural plasticity arising from such experiences.
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Therapeutic effects of Complex Motor training on Motor performance deficits induced by neonatal binge-like alcohol exposure in rats . I. Behavioral results.
Brain research, 1998Co-Authors: Anna Y Klintsova, Rodney A Swain, Ruth M A Napper, Charles R. Goodlett, Rita M. Cowell, William T. GreenoughAbstract:Abstract The effects of Complex Motor task learning on subsequent Motor performance of adult rats exposed to alcohol on postnatal days 4 through 9 were studied. Male and female Long–Evans rats were assigned to one of three treatments: (1) alcohol exposure (AE) via artificial rearing to 4.5.g kg −1 day −1 of ethanol in a binge-like manner (two consecutive feedings), (2) gastrostomy control (GC) fed isocaloric milk formula via artificial rearing, and (3) suckling control (SC), where pups remained with lactating dams. After completion of the treatments, the pups were fostered back to lactating dams, and after weaning they were raised in standard cages (two–three animals per cage) until they were 6 months old. Rats from each of the postnatal treatments then spent 20 days in one of three conditions: (1) inactive condition (IC), (2) Motor control condition (MC) (running on a flat oval track), or (3) rehabilitation condition (RC) (learning to traverse a set of 10 elevated obstacles). After that all the animals were tested on three tasks, sensitive to balance and coordination deficits (parallel bars, rope climbing and traversing a rotating rod). On parallel bars, both male and female rats demonstrated the same pattern of outcomes: AE-IC rats made significantly more mistakes (slips and falls) than IC rats from both control groups. After 20 days of training in the RC condition, there were no differences between AE and both SC and GC animals in their ability to perform on the parallel bars test. On rope climbing, female animals showed a similar pattern of abilities: AE-IC rats were the worst group; exercising did not significantly improve the AE rats' ability to climb, whereas the RC groups (SC, GC and AE) all performed near asymptote and there were no significant differences among three neonatal treatment groups. There was a substantial effect of the male rats' heavier body weight on climbing ability, and this may have prevented the deficits in AE rats behavior from being detected. Nevertheless, male animals from all three postnatal treatments (SC, GC and AE) were significantly better on this task after RC. Female and male rats from all three postnatal groups demonstrated significantly better performance on the rotarod task after 20 days of `rehabilitation'. These results suggest that Complex Motor skill learning improves some of the Motor performance deficits produced by postnatal exposure to alcohol and can potentially serve as a model for rehabilitative intervention.
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Therapeutic effects of Complex Motor training on Motor performance deficits induced by neonatal binge-like alcohol exposure in rats: II. A quantitative stereological study of synaptic plasticity in female rat cerebellum.
Brain Research, 1998Co-Authors: Anna Y Klintsova, Ruth M A Napper, Carly Scamra, Melissa Hoffman, Charles R. Goodlett, William T. GreenoughAbstract:Twenty days of Complex Motor skill training in adult rats was previously demonstrated to rehabilitate Motor performance deficits induced by binge alcohol exposure in neonatal rats. This follow-up study evaluated morphological plasticity in the paramedian lobule of the cerebellum (PML) using the same treatment and training regimens. On postnatal days (PD) 4-9, female Long-Evans rats were given either alcohol (Alcohol Exposure - AE, 4.5 g/kg/day via artificial rearing), exposure to gastrostomy control (GC) artificial rearing procedures, or reared normally as suckle controls (SC). After weaning, all rats were housed two to three per cage. At 180 days old, rats were randomly assigned either to a rehabilitation condition (RC: given 20 days of Complex Motor skill training), or to an inactive condition (IC: remained in their home cage). The AE rats were delayed in acquiring the training, but there were no group differences in performance over the last 2 weeks of training. Unbiased stereological techniques were used to evaluate PML volume, Purkinje cell and parallel fiber synapse density. Although total volume of PML was significantly reduced in the AE rats, Complex Motor skill training resulted in a significant increase in the PML molecular layer in all three postnatal treatment groups. The RC animals from the SC and AE groups had more parallel fiber synapses per Purkinje cell than corresponding IC animals. These data support the hypothesis that 'rehabilitative' Motor training stimulates synaptogenesis in the PML, and that Purkinje neurons that survive the early postnatal alcohol insult are capable of substantial experience-induced plasticity.
Pipatana Amatachaya - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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dual task obstacle crossing training could immediately improve ability to control a Complex Motor task and cognitive activity in chronic ambulatory individuals with spinal cord injury
Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, 2019Co-Authors: Sugalya Amatachaya, Kitiyawadee Srisim, Preeda Arrayawichanon, Thiwabhorn Thaweewannakij, Pipatana AmatachayaAbstract:Background: The effectiveness of dual-task training has been reported in individuals with cognitive impairments. To date, there is no clear evidence on the incorporation of dual-task training in ambulatory individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) who have intact cognitive functions but have various degrees of sensoriMotor dysfunction. Objectives: To compare the immediate effects of dual-task obstacle crossing (DTOC) and single-task obstacle crossing (STOC) training on functional and cognitive abilities in chronic ambulatory participants with SCI. Methods: This is a randomized 2 × 2 crossover design with blinded assessors. Twenty-two participants were randomly trained using a 30-minute DTOC and STOC training program with a 2-day washout period. Outcomes, including 10-Meter Walk Tests (single- and dual-task tests), percent of Stroop Color and Word Test task errors, Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), and five times sit-to-stand test, were measured immediately before and after each training program. Results: Participants showed significant improvement in all outcomes following both training programs (p < .05), except percent of Stroop Color and Word Test task errors after STOC training. Obvious differences between the training programs were found for the percent of Stroop task errors and TUG (ps = .014 and .06). Conclusion: Obstacle crossing is a demanding task, thus the obvious improvement was found immediately after both training programs in participants with long post-injury time (approximately 5 years). However, the findings primarily suggest the superior effects of DTOC over STOC on a Complex Motor task and cognitive activity. A further randomized control trial incorporating a Complex dual-task test is needed to strengthen evidence for the benefit of DTOC for these individuals.
Michael A. Rapp - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Luria revisited: Complex Motor phenomena in first episode schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Psychiatry Research-neuroimaging, 2014Co-Authors: Yuliya Zaytseva, Natalya Korsakova, Isaac Ya. Gurovich, Andreas Heinz, Michael A. RappAbstract:Patients with schizophrenia frequently exhibit Motor deficits. However, to date, there are no studies comparing Motor performance in first episode patients with schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD; e.g. schizoaffective and brief psychosis). Participants comprised 57 first episode patients with schizophrenia, 32 first episode patients with SSD, and 51 healthy controls who underwent neuropsychological testing based on Luria׳s systematic approach, including the following tests on Complex Motor sequencing: the Fist-Edge-Palm (FEP) test and the bimanual probe (BP). Schizophrenia patients performed worse than SSD patients in FEP and BP, and both patient groups showed decreased scores compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, we found that a higher proportion of schizophrenia cases failed to correct their Motor performance and needed external error correction, while SSD cases exhibited a higher proportion of self-correction in FEP and in BP. Lack of insight and poor executive functioning correlated with Motor performance in schizophrenia, while impulse control and difficulties in abstract thinking were related to Motor performance in schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Thus, psychoMotor impairments appear already in first episode patients with schizophrenia and differ from impairments in SSD. Especially the inability to self-correct errors may be characteristic of schizophrenia, suggesting that impairments in error monitoring are related to psychoMotor dysfunction in schizophrenia.