The Experts below are selected from a list of 273 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Manfred Schmitt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-Concepts of Intelligence: relations to modesty, narcissism, and achievement motivation.
    Frontiers in Psychology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Friederike X. R. Gerstenberg, Roland Imhoff, Rainer Banse, Manfred Schmitt
    Abstract:

    Previous research has shown that different configurations of the implicit self-Concept of Intelligence (iSCI) and the explicit self-Concept of Intelligence (eSCI) are consistently related to individuals’ performance on different Intelligence tests (Dislich, Imhoff, Banse, Altstotter-Gleich, Zinkernagel, & Schmitt, 2012). The results indicated that any discrepant configuration between the iSCI and the eSCI impairs performance. In the present study, how correspondence between the iSCI and the eSCI is related to Intelligence test performance as well as personality traits of modesty (low eSCI, high iSCI), narcissism (high eSCI, low iSCI), and achievement motivation was investigated. Furthermore, a moderated mediation analysis showed that the relation between the iSCI-eSCI configurations and Intelligence test performance was mediated by achievement motivation for modest individuals.

  • how implicit explicit consistency of the Intelligence self Concept moderates reactions to performance feedback
    European Journal of Personality, 2013
    Co-Authors: Friederike X. R. Gerstenberg, Roland Imhoff, Rainer Banse, Axel Zinkernagel, Christine Altstottergleich, Manfred Schmitt
    Abstract:

    At present, it is not well understood which individual characteristics determine whether individuals will benefit or suffer from feedback about suboptimal performance. Three separate studies tested the idea that individuals' reactions to (neutral versus negative; positive versus negative) feedback as either improving or deteriorating performance in Intelligence tests depended on their explicit and implicit self-Concept of Intelligence (eSCI and iSCI). In all studies (Study 1, N = 177; Study 2, N = 165; Study 3, N = 132), persons with low eSCI/high iSCI showed a boost in performance after negative feedback, whereas persons with any other combination showed a decline in performance. The studies also provide an explanation for these effects in terms of mediating mechanisms. Whereas the performance boost of individuals with low eSCI/high iSCI can be best explained by achievement-related reactance (Studies 2 and 3) and decrease in ruminative thinking (Study 3), the performance declines in the other configurations were mediated by decreased achievement motivation, increased frustration and increased outrage (Study 3). All these mediating mechanisms proved independent and incremental in a bootstrapping-based moderated meditation analysis. The results are discussed in light of the construct validity of our Implicit Association Test (IAT) and IATs in general. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • Discrepancies Between Implicit and Explicit Self-Concepts of Intelligence Predict Performance on Tests of Intelligence
    European Journal of Personality, 2011
    Co-Authors: Friederike X. R. Dislich, Roland Imhoff, Rainer Banse, Christine Altstötter-gleich, Axel Zinkernagel, Manfred Schmitt
    Abstract:

    Three studies investigated the correspondence between implicit and explicit self-Concepts of Intelligence and how that correspondence is related to performance on different Intelligence tests. Configurations of these two self-Concepts were found to be consistently related to performance on Intelligence tests in all three studies. For individuals who self-reported high Intelligence (high explicit self-Concept), a negative implicit self-Concept (measured with the Implicit Association Test) led to a decrease in performance on Intelligence tests. For participants whose self-report indicated a low self-Concept of Intelligence, positive automatic associations between the self and Intelligence had a similar effect. In line with a stress hypothesis, the results indicate that any discrepant configurationofself-Conceptswillimpairperformance.Importantly,thepredictionofperformanceonIntelligencetestsby the self-Concept of Intelligence was shown to be independent of self-esteem (Study 3). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Peter Bell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the role of strategic Intelligence in anticipating transnational organised crime a literary review
    International Journal of Law Crime and Justice, 2011
    Co-Authors: John Coyne, Peter Bell
    Abstract:

    Transnational Organised Crime (TOC) has become a focal point for a range of private and public stakeholders. While not a new phenomenon, the rapid expansion of TOC activities and interests, its increasingly complex structures and ability to maximise opportunity by employing new technologies at a rate impossible for law enforcement to match complicates law enforcement’s ability to develop strategies to detect, disrupt, prevent and investigate them. In an age where the role of police has morphed from simplistic response and enforcement activities to one of managing human security risk, it is argued that Intelligence can be used to reduce the impact of strategic surprise from evolving criminal threats and environmental change. This review specifically focuses on research that has implications for strategic Intelligence and strategy setting in a TOC context. The review findings suggest that current law enforcement Intelligence literature focuses narrowly on the management Concept of Intelligence-led policing in a tactical, operational setting. As such the review identifies central issues surrounding strategic Intelligence and highlights key questions that future research agendas must address to improve strategic Intelligence outcomes, particularly in the fight against TOC.

  • Strategic Intelligence in law enforcement: a review
    Journal of policing intelligence and counter terrorism, 2011
    Co-Authors: John Coyne, Peter Bell
    Abstract:

    Abstract In an age where the role of police has morphed from simplistic response and enforcement activities to one of managing human security risk, it is argued that Intelligence can be used to reduce the impact of strategic surprise from evolving criminal threats and environmental change. This review specifically focuses on research that has implications for strategic Intelligence in law enforcement. The review findings highlight the absence of detailed research on law enforcement strategic Intelligence. Findings suggest that current law enforcement Intelligence literature focuses narrowly on the management Concept of Intelligence-led policing in a tactical, operational setting. As a result there is little theory on how to improve strategic Intelligence outcomes. This is despite the fact that Intelligence-led policing is envisaged as a management tool to guide strategic decision making. The review identifies central issues surrounding strategic Intelligence and highlights key questions that future resear...

Robert J. Sternberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The Concept of Intelligence
    Handbook of Intelligence, 2012
    Co-Authors: Robert J. Sternberg
    Abstract:

    Looked at in one way, everyone knows what Intelligence is; looked at in another way, no one does. Put another way, people all have Conceptions – which also are called folk theories or implicit theories – of Intelligence, but no one knows for certain what it actually is. This chapter addresses how people Conceptualize Intelligence, whatever it may actually be. WHY ConceptIONS of Intelligence MATTER Why should we even care what people think Intelligence is as opposed only to valuing whatever it actually is? There are at least four reasons people's Conceptions of Intelligence matter. First, implicit theories of Intelligence drive the way in which people perceive and evaluate their own Intelligence and that of others. To better understand the judgments people make about their own and others' abilities, it is useful to learn about people's implicit theories. For example, parents' implicit theories of their children's language development will determine at what ages they will be willing to make various corrections in their children's speech. More generally, parents' implicit theories of Intelligence will determine at what ages they believe their children are ready to perform various cognitive tasks. Job interviewers will make hiring decisions on the basis of their implicit theories of Intelligence. People will decide who to date on the basis of such theories. In sum, knowledge about implicit theories of Intelligence is important because this knowledge is so often used by people to make judgments in the course of their everyday lives.

  • The organisation of Luo Conceptions of Intelligence: A study of implicit theories in a Kenyan village:
    International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2001
    Co-Authors: Elena L. Grigorenko, P. Wenzel Geissler, Ruth J. Prince, Frederick Okatcha, Catherine Nokes, David A. Kenny, Donald A. P. Bundy, Robert J. Sternberg
    Abstract:

    This article examines the organisation of Concepts of Intelligence among the Luo people in rural Kenya. In particular, it discusses what the components of these Concepts are; how these components are expressed in the DhoLuo language, how they are interrelated, how they are used in judgements of other people, and how these components of Luo Conceptions of Intelligence are related to Western Conceptions of Intelligence. Peer, teacher, and adult in the community ratings of children on Luo components of Intelligence are correlated with performance on conventional ability tests and with school achievement. The Luo Concept of Intelligence is primarily expressed in the DhoLuo vocabulary by four Concepts (rieko, luoro, paro, and winjo), which appear to form two latent structures, social-emotional competence and cognitive competence. Indicators of only one of these Concepts (rieko) and only one latent structure (cognitive competence) correlate with scores on conventional Western cognitive ability tests and with sc...

  • The Concept of Intelligence and its role in lifelong learning and success.
    American Psychologist, 1997
    Co-Authors: Robert J. Sternberg
    Abstract:

    I I This article proposes a definition of Intelligence as com- prising the mental abilities necessary for adaptation to, as well as selection and shaping of any environmental context. According to this definition, although the behav- ior that is labeled as intelligent may differ from 1 envi- ronmental context to another, the mental processes un- derlying this behavior do not. An individual's ability to apply these processes may differ from 1 context to an- other, however. The abilities are applied to achieve exter- nal correspondence to the world and internal coherence among various knowledge and belief structures. The rele- vance of the definition for understanding current theo- ries, testing in the field of Intelligence, as well as for understanding the role of inteUigence in lifelong learning is discussed.

Hans J. Eysenck - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The Concept of “Intelligence”: Useful or useless?
    Intelligence, 2002
    Co-Authors: Hans J. Eysenck
    Abstract:

    Abstract This editorial discusses recent developments in the Conception of Intelligence in the light of experimental evidence, particularly in work on reaction time and averaged evoked potentials. It is argued, in the first place, that the Conception of a general factor of Intelligence should not be abandoned, as many recent investigators have suggested, but is not only useful but necessary in order to explain empirical data furnished by confirmatory factor analysis, multidimensional scaling, and so forth. It is further argued that attempts to explain differences in cognitive functioning in terms of learning, cultural, and environmental variables and educational factors cannot account for recent evidence showing high correlations between elementary physiological (evoked potentials) and perceptual-motor processes (reaction times, movement times, inspection times) and IQ. It is suggested that controversy about the meaning of intellegence has been due largely to a failure to observe the threefold nature of Intelligence, and that any adequate theory must take into account the experimental data and theoretical considerations here summarized. Together these have given rise to a “new look” in the Conceptualization of Intelligence (Eysenck, 1986).

  • The Concept of 'Intelligence': Useful or useless?
    Psihologija, 1991
    Co-Authors: Hans J. Eysenck
    Abstract:

    This editorial discusses recent developments in the Conception of Intelligence in the light of experimental evidence, particularly in work on reaction time and averaged evoked potentials. It is argued, in the first place, that the Conception of a general factor of Intelligence should not be abandoned, as many recent investigators have suggested, but is not only useful but necessary in order to explain empirical data furnished by confirmatory factor analysis, multidimensional scaling, and so forth. It is further argued that attempts to explain differences in cognitive functioning in terms of learning, cultural, and environmental variables and educational factors cannot account far recent evidence showing high correlations between elementary physiological (evoked potentials) and perceptual - motor processes (reaction times, movement times, inspection times) and IQ. It is suggested that controversy about the meaning of Intelligence has been due largely to a failure to observe the threefold nature of Intelligence, and that any adequate theory must take into account the experimental data and theoretical considerations here summarized. Together these have given rise to a 'new look' in the Conceptualization of Intelligence (Eysenck, 1986).

John Coyne - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the role of strategic Intelligence in anticipating transnational organised crime a literary review
    International Journal of Law Crime and Justice, 2011
    Co-Authors: John Coyne, Peter Bell
    Abstract:

    Transnational Organised Crime (TOC) has become a focal point for a range of private and public stakeholders. While not a new phenomenon, the rapid expansion of TOC activities and interests, its increasingly complex structures and ability to maximise opportunity by employing new technologies at a rate impossible for law enforcement to match complicates law enforcement’s ability to develop strategies to detect, disrupt, prevent and investigate them. In an age where the role of police has morphed from simplistic response and enforcement activities to one of managing human security risk, it is argued that Intelligence can be used to reduce the impact of strategic surprise from evolving criminal threats and environmental change. This review specifically focuses on research that has implications for strategic Intelligence and strategy setting in a TOC context. The review findings suggest that current law enforcement Intelligence literature focuses narrowly on the management Concept of Intelligence-led policing in a tactical, operational setting. As such the review identifies central issues surrounding strategic Intelligence and highlights key questions that future research agendas must address to improve strategic Intelligence outcomes, particularly in the fight against TOC.

  • Strategic Intelligence in law enforcement: a review
    Journal of policing intelligence and counter terrorism, 2011
    Co-Authors: John Coyne, Peter Bell
    Abstract:

    Abstract In an age where the role of police has morphed from simplistic response and enforcement activities to one of managing human security risk, it is argued that Intelligence can be used to reduce the impact of strategic surprise from evolving criminal threats and environmental change. This review specifically focuses on research that has implications for strategic Intelligence in law enforcement. The review findings highlight the absence of detailed research on law enforcement strategic Intelligence. Findings suggest that current law enforcement Intelligence literature focuses narrowly on the management Concept of Intelligence-led policing in a tactical, operational setting. As a result there is little theory on how to improve strategic Intelligence outcomes. This is despite the fact that Intelligence-led policing is envisaged as a management tool to guide strategic decision making. The review identifies central issues surrounding strategic Intelligence and highlights key questions that future resear...