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Jason L. Hicks - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • event based prospective memory and executive control of working memory
    Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 1998
    Co-Authors: Richard L. Marsh, Jason L. Hicks
    Abstract:

    In 5 experiments, the character of Concurrent cognitive processing was manipulated during an event-based prospective memory Task. High- and low-load conditions that differed only in the difficulty of the Concurrent Task were tested in each experiment. In Experiments 1 and 2, attention-demanding Tasks from the literature on executive control produced decrements in prospective memory. In Experiment 3, attention was divided by different loads of articulatory suppression that did not ultimately lead to decrements in prospective memory. A high-load manipulation of a visuospatial Task requiring performance monitoring resulted in worse prospective memory in Experiment 4, whereas in Experiment 5 a visuospatial Task with little monitoring did not. Results are discussed in terms of executive functions, such as planning and monitoring, that appear to be critical to successful event-based prospective memory.

Alexandre Schaefer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the effects of a distracting n back Task on recognition memory are reduced by negative emotional intensity
    PLOS ONE, 2014
    Co-Authors: Luciano Grudtner Buratto, Alexandre Schaefer, Claire L Pottage, Charity Brown, Catriona M. Morrison
    Abstract:

    Memory performance is usually impaired when participants have to encode information while performing a Concurrent Task. Recent studies using recall Tasks have found that emotional items are more resistant to such cognitive depletion effects than non-emotional items. However, when recognition Tasks are used, the same effect is more elusive as recent recognition studies have obtained contradictory results. In two experiments, we provide evidence that negative emotional content can reliably reduce the effects of cognitive depletion on recognition memory only if stimuli with high levels of emotional intensity are used. In particular, we found that recognition performance for realistic pictures was impaired by a secondary 3-back working memory Task during encoding if stimuli were emotionally neutral or had moderate levels of negative emotionality. In contrast, when negative pictures with high levels of emotional intensity were used, the detrimental effects of the secondary Task were significantly attenuated.

  • visual attention and emotional memory recall of aversive pictures is partially mediated by Concurrent Task performance
    Emotion, 2012
    Co-Authors: Claire L Pottage, Alexandre Schaefer
    Abstract:

    The emotional enhancement of memory is often thought to be determined by attention. However, recent evidence using divided attention paradigms suggests that attention does not play a significant role in the formation of memories for aversive pictures. We report a study that investigated this question using a paradigm in which participants had to encode lists of randomly intermixed negative and neutral pictures under conditions of full attention and divided attention followed by a free recall test. Attention was divided by a highly demanding Concurrent Task tapping visual processing resources. Results showed that the advantage in recall for aversive pictures was still present in the DA condition. However, mediation analyses also revealed that Concurrent Task performance significantly mediated the emotional enhancement of memory under divided attention. This finding suggests that visual attentional processes play a significant role in the formation of emotional memories.

Anna Adlam - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • BRIEF REPORT Are Attentional Control Resources Reduced by Worry in Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
    2016
    Co-Authors: Evgenia Stefanopoulou, Colette R Hirsch, Sarra Hayes, Anna Adlam
    Abstract:

    This is the first study to examine attentional control capacities in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). GAD is characterized by uncontrollable worry. Individuals diagnosed with GAD and healthy participants (HPs) performed a random key-pressing Task while thinking about a worrisome or a positive future event, to assess the extent to which attentional control resources are used by worry. Attentional control was also assessed when participants were not instructed to think about a specific topic using the N-back Task, which varies in Task difficulty, and therefore is sensitive to subtle differences in ability to handle increasing demands on attentional control within the same paradigm. GAD participants (but not HPs) were less random while worrying than thinking about a positive event during the key-pressing Task, suggesting that worry consumed more attentional control resources in this population. During the N-Back Task, GAD participants performed worse than HPs during the high load conditions only, indicating greater difficulty in sustaining focus on conditions requiring a higher degree of attentional control, even without Concurrent Task activity. Poor attentional control might underpin the difficulty of GAD individ-uals to stop worrying and switch to thinking more benign information. Further research could investigate whether worry consumes attentional control resources in other psychological disorders with high rates of worry (e.g., panic disorder, psychosis), as well as the extent to which attentional control is used by other forms of repetitive thinking, such as depressive rumination

  • are attentional control resources reduced by worry in generalized anxiety disorder
    Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Evgenia Stefanopoulou, Anna Adlam, Colette R Hirsch, Sarra Hayes, Sian Coker
    Abstract:

    This is the first study to examine attentional control capacities in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). GAD is characterized by uncontrollable worry. Individuals diagnosed with GAD and healthy participants (HPs) performed a random key-pressing Task while thinking about a worrisome or a positive future event, to assess the extent to which attentional control resources are used by worry. Attentional control was also assessed when participants were not instructed to think about a specific topic using the N-back Task, which varies in Task difficulty, and therefore is sensitive to subtle differences in ability to handle increasing demands on attentional control within the same paradigm. GAD participants (but not HPs) were less random while worrying than thinking about a positive event during the key-pressing Task, suggesting that worry consumed more attentional control resources in this population. During the N-Back Task, GAD participants performed worse than HPs during the high load conditions only, indicating greater difficulty in sustaining focus on conditions requiring a higher degree of attentional control, even without Concurrent Task activity. Poor attentional control might underpin the difficulty of GAD individuals to stop worrying and switch to thinking more benign information. Further research could investigate whether worry consumes attentional control resources in other psychological disorders with high rates of worry (e.g., panic disorder, psychosis), as well as the extent to which attentional control is used by other forms of repetitive thinking, such as depressive rumination.

  • working memory and the control of action evidence from Task switching
    Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2001
    Co-Authors: Alan D Baddeley, Dino Chincotta, Anna Adlam
    Abstract:

    A series of 7 experiments used dual-Task methodology to investigate the role of working memory in the operation of a simple action-control plan or program involving regular switching between addition and subtraction. Lists requiring switching were slower than blocked lists and showed 2 Concurrent Task effects. Demanding executive Tasks impaired performance on both blocked and switched lists, whereas articulatory suppression impaired principally the switched condition. Implications for models of Task switching and working memory and for the Vygotskian concept of verbal control of action are discussed.

Richard L. Marsh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • event based prospective memory and executive control of working memory
    Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 1998
    Co-Authors: Richard L. Marsh, Jason L. Hicks
    Abstract:

    In 5 experiments, the character of Concurrent cognitive processing was manipulated during an event-based prospective memory Task. High- and low-load conditions that differed only in the difficulty of the Concurrent Task were tested in each experiment. In Experiments 1 and 2, attention-demanding Tasks from the literature on executive control produced decrements in prospective memory. In Experiment 3, attention was divided by different loads of articulatory suppression that did not ultimately lead to decrements in prospective memory. A high-load manipulation of a visuospatial Task requiring performance monitoring resulted in worse prospective memory in Experiment 4, whereas in Experiment 5 a visuospatial Task with little monitoring did not. Results are discussed in terms of executive functions, such as planning and monitoring, that appear to be critical to successful event-based prospective memory.

Alexander Grob - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • effects of dual Tasking and methylphenidate on gait in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
    Human Movement Science, 2018
    Co-Authors: Wenke Mohring, Stephanie Klupp, Alexander Grob
    Abstract:

    Abstract Effects of dual Tasking on motor processes such as gait have been mainly investigated with healthy adults and clinical older samples whereas studies with clinical samples of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are rare. Similarly, even though methylphenidate (MPH) is the most often prescribed medication for children with ADHD, the influence of MPH on children’s gait under single-Task and dual-Task situations remains poorly understood. In the current study, children diagnosed with ADHD (n = 26) came twice to the laboratory, once without and once with MPH medication. They were asked to walk over an electronic walkway without a Concurrent Task (motor single Task) and while solving different cognitive Tasks (motor-cognitive dual Task). Gait variability and cognitive performance were measured. Children’s performance was compared to an age- and sex-matched control sample of typically developing children (n = 26) who were also tested twice. Results indicated considerable effects of dual Tasking on children’s gait irrespective of group (ADHD vs. controls), with children diagnosed with ADHD showing more pronounced gait alterations in dual-Task situations as compared to controls. Furthermore, MPH medication in children with ADHD enabled them to substantially decrease their stride time variability to a level that was comparable to the level of typically developing children. Overall, our findings support the notion that higher cognitive processes such as attention and executive functions influence gait and that MPH can positively affect cognitive and motor processes such as gait.

  • Gait in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in a Dual-Task Paradigm
    Frontiers in psychology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Olivia Manicolo, Alexander Grob, Priska Hagmann-von Arx
    Abstract:

    The aim was to examine gait in school-aged children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and typically developing controls in a dual-Task paradigm. Thirty children with ADHD (without or off medication) aged 7-13 years and 28 controls walked without an additional Task (single-Task walking) and while performing a Concurrent cognitive or motor Task (dual-Task walking). Gait was assessed using GAITRite recordings of spatiotemporal and variability gait parameters. Compared to single-Task walking, dual-Tasking significantly altered walking performance of children with and without ADHD, whereby dual-Task effects on gait were not different between the two groups. For both children with ADHD and controls the motor Concurrent Task had a stronger effect on gait than the cognitive Concurrent Task. Gait in children with and without ADHD is affected in a dual-Task paradigm indicating that walking requires executive functions. Future investigations of children's dual-Task walking should account for the type of Concurrent Tasks.