The Experts below are selected from a list of 318 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Laurent Waroquier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Is It Better to Think UnConsciously or to Trust Your First Impression?: A Reassessment of UnConscious Thought Theory
Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2020Co-Authors: Laurent Waroquier, Olivier Klein, David Marchiori, Axel CleeremansAbstract:According to unConscious thought theory, complex decisions are best made after a period of distraction assumed to elicit ``unConscious thought.'' Here, the authors suggest instead that the superiority of decisions made after distraction results from the fact that Conscious Deliberation can deteriorate impressions formed on-line during information acquisition. The authors found that participants instructed to form an impression made better decisions after distraction than after Deliberation, thereby replicating earlier findings. However, decisions made immediately were just as good as decisions made after distraction, which suggests (a) that people had already made their decision during information acquisition, (b) that Deliberation without attention does not occur during distraction, and (c) that ruminating about one's first impression can deteriorate decision quality. Strikingly, in another condition that should have favored unConscious thought even more, deliberated decisions were better than immediate or distracted decisions. These findings were replicated in a field study.
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On the memory processes underlying Conscious Deliberation in complex decision making: the role of verbatim and gist memory
Psychological Research, 2019Co-Authors: Marlène Abadie, Laurent WaroquierAbstract:Studies showed that a distraction period improves complex decision making relative to a Conscious Deliberation period or an immediate choice. Although this counterintuitive finding was replicated several times, many other studies failed to find any beneficial effect of distraction and some even showed situations in which Conscious Deliberation was more effective. We suggest that studies showing a Conscious thought advantage share several features that may have fostered the encoding and the retrieval of precise verbatim representations of the choice alternatives. The effectiveness of Conscious Deliberation could thus depend on the availability of verbatim memory. To test this hypothesis, we varied the availability of verbatim memory for the attributes of various equivalent alternatives by introducing, for half of the participants, a time delay between the presentation of the alternatives and of a fictitious client request that provides a normative criterion to evaluate them. Verbatim memory declined, whereas gist memory increased in the delay relative to the no delay condition. Moreover, there was a detrimental effect of delay in the Deliberation condition but not in the distraction and the immediate decision conditions. Both verbatim memory and decision quality after Deliberation were affected by the introduction of a delay which suggests that verbatim memory underlies Conscious thought effectiveness.
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Information presentation format moderates the unConscious-thought effect: The role of recollection
Memory, 2015Co-Authors: Marlène Abadie, Laurent Waroquier, Patrice TerrierAbstract:ABSTRACTThe unConscious-thought effect occurs when distraction improves complex decision-making. In two experiments using the unConscious-thought paradigm, we investigated the effect of presentation format of decision information (i) on memory for decision-relevant information and (ii) on the quality of decisions made after distraction, Conscious Deliberation or immediately. We used the process-dissociation procedure to measure recollection and familiarity. The two studies showed that presenting information blocked per criterion led participants to recollect more decision-relevant details compared to a presentation by option. Moreover, a Bayesian meta-analysis of the two studies provided strong evidence that Conscious Deliberation resulted in better decisions when the information was presented blocked per criterion and substantial evidence that distraction improved decision quality when the information was presented blocked per option. Finally, Study 2 revealed that the recollection of decision-relevant d...
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The interplay between presentation material and decision mode for complex choice preferences
Journal of cognitive psychology, 2013Co-Authors: Marlène Abadie, Laurent Waroquier, Gaëlle Villejoubert, Frédéric Vallée-tourangeauAbstract:Recent research suggests that, when faced with a choice between several alternatives described with a large number of attributes, people make better choices if they do not Consciously ponder over the alternatives but rather perform a distraction task assumed to elicit unConscious thought. Subsequent research attempting to replicate this finding, however, provided mitigated support for its existence. The research reported here contributes to this ongoing debate on two grounds. First, it highlights a methodological confound between qualitative and quantitative presentation material and proposes a novel procedure that can accommodate both. Second, it shows that, whereas Conscious Deliberation leads to better decisions when alternatives are characterised by quantitative information, the use of a qualitative format for presenting information cancels the advantage of Conscious Deliberation.
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Gist Memory in the UnConscious-Thought Effect
Psychological Science, 2013Co-Authors: Marlène Abadie, Laurent Waroquier, Patrice TerrierAbstract:The unConscious-thought effect (UTE) occurs when people are better able to make complex decisions after a period of distraction rather than immediately or after a period of Conscious Deliberation. This finding has often been interpreted as evidence of unConscious thinking. In two experiments, we provided the first evidence that the UTE is accompanied by enhanced memory for the gist of decision-relevant attributes and demonstrated that the cognitive demands of a distraction task moderate its effect on decision making and gist memory. It was only following a low-demand distraction task that participants chose the best alternative more often and displayed enhanced gist memory for decision-relevant attributes. These findings suggest that the UTE occurs only if cognitive resources are available and that it is accompanied by enhanced organization of information in memory, as shown by the increase in gist memory.
Marlène Abadie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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On the memory processes underlying Conscious Deliberation in complex decision making: the role of verbatim and gist memory
Psychological Research, 2019Co-Authors: Marlène Abadie, Laurent WaroquierAbstract:Studies showed that a distraction period improves complex decision making relative to a Conscious Deliberation period or an immediate choice. Although this counterintuitive finding was replicated several times, many other studies failed to find any beneficial effect of distraction and some even showed situations in which Conscious Deliberation was more effective. We suggest that studies showing a Conscious thought advantage share several features that may have fostered the encoding and the retrieval of precise verbatim representations of the choice alternatives. The effectiveness of Conscious Deliberation could thus depend on the availability of verbatim memory. To test this hypothesis, we varied the availability of verbatim memory for the attributes of various equivalent alternatives by introducing, for half of the participants, a time delay between the presentation of the alternatives and of a fictitious client request that provides a normative criterion to evaluate them. Verbatim memory declined, whereas gist memory increased in the delay relative to the no delay condition. Moreover, there was a detrimental effect of delay in the Deliberation condition but not in the distraction and the immediate decision conditions. Both verbatim memory and decision quality after Deliberation were affected by the introduction of a delay which suggests that verbatim memory underlies Conscious thought effectiveness.
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Information presentation format moderates the unConscious-thought effect: The role of recollection
Memory, 2015Co-Authors: Marlène Abadie, Laurent Waroquier, Patrice TerrierAbstract:ABSTRACTThe unConscious-thought effect occurs when distraction improves complex decision-making. In two experiments using the unConscious-thought paradigm, we investigated the effect of presentation format of decision information (i) on memory for decision-relevant information and (ii) on the quality of decisions made after distraction, Conscious Deliberation or immediately. We used the process-dissociation procedure to measure recollection and familiarity. The two studies showed that presenting information blocked per criterion led participants to recollect more decision-relevant details compared to a presentation by option. Moreover, a Bayesian meta-analysis of the two studies provided strong evidence that Conscious Deliberation resulted in better decisions when the information was presented blocked per criterion and substantial evidence that distraction improved decision quality when the information was presented blocked per option. Finally, Study 2 revealed that the recollection of decision-relevant d...
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The interplay between presentation material and decision mode for complex choice preferences
Journal of cognitive psychology, 2013Co-Authors: Marlène Abadie, Laurent Waroquier, Gaëlle Villejoubert, Frédéric Vallée-tourangeauAbstract:Recent research suggests that, when faced with a choice between several alternatives described with a large number of attributes, people make better choices if they do not Consciously ponder over the alternatives but rather perform a distraction task assumed to elicit unConscious thought. Subsequent research attempting to replicate this finding, however, provided mitigated support for its existence. The research reported here contributes to this ongoing debate on two grounds. First, it highlights a methodological confound between qualitative and quantitative presentation material and proposes a novel procedure that can accommodate both. Second, it shows that, whereas Conscious Deliberation leads to better decisions when alternatives are characterised by quantitative information, the use of a qualitative format for presenting information cancels the advantage of Conscious Deliberation.
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Gist Memory in the UnConscious-Thought Effect
Psychological Science, 2013Co-Authors: Marlène Abadie, Laurent Waroquier, Patrice TerrierAbstract:The unConscious-thought effect (UTE) occurs when people are better able to make complex decisions after a period of distraction rather than immediately or after a period of Conscious Deliberation. This finding has often been interpreted as evidence of unConscious thinking. In two experiments, we provided the first evidence that the UTE is accompanied by enhanced memory for the gist of decision-relevant attributes and demonstrated that the cognitive demands of a distraction task moderate its effect on decision making and gist memory. It was only following a low-demand distraction task that participants chose the best alternative more often and displayed enhanced gist memory for decision-relevant attributes. These findings suggest that the UTE occurs only if cognitive resources are available and that it is accompanied by enhanced organization of information in memory, as shown by the increase in gist memory.
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Feeding the mind's eye: unConscious Deliberation needs visual information
2009Co-Authors: Gaëlle Villejoubert, Marlène Abadie, Frédéric Vallée-tourangeauAbstract:Recent research suggests that when we face a choice between several options described with a large number of attributes, we make better choices if we do not Consciously ponder over the alternatives but instead engage in a mindless task while our unConscious mind deliberates before finally pointing out the optimal option for us. Subsequent research attempting to replicate this Deliberation-without-attention effect, however, provided mitigated support for its existence. The present research had two objectives. First, it aimed to improve the methodology used to test for this effect by using a choice task where attributes values were experimentally controlled. Secondly, it aimed to examine the effect of the format of presentation of the attribute values on choice quality. Participants were randomly assigned to one cell of a 2 (attribute value format) x 2 (Deliberation type) design. Half of the participants received attribute values in a numerical format whereas the remaining half received them in a visual format. Within each of these conditions, half of the participants engaged in Conscious Deliberation before making their choice; the other half engaged unConscious Deliberation. Results showed that Conscious Deliberation led to better decisions when the attribute values were presented in a numerical format whereas unConscious thought led to a better discrimination between products when cue values were presented in a visual format. Methodological and theoretical implications for testing the propositions of UnConscious Thought Theory will be discussed.
Chen-bo Zhong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Ethical Dangers of Deliberative Decision Making
Administrative Science Quarterly, 2020Co-Authors: Chen-bo ZhongAbstract:Research on ethical decision making has been heavily influenced by normative decision theories that view intelligent choices as involving Conscious Deliberation and analysis. Recent developments in moral psychology, however, suggest that moral functions involved in ethical decision making are metaphorical and embodied. The research presented here suggests that deliberative decision making may actually increase unethical behaviors and reduce altruistic motives when it overshadows implicit, intuitive influences on moral judgments and decisions. Three lab experiments explored the potential ethical dangers of deliberative decision making. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that deliberative decision making, activated by a math problem-solving task or by simply framing the choice as a decision rather than an intuitive reaction, increased deception in a one-shot deception game. Experiment 3—which activated systematic thinking or intuitive feeling about the choice to donate to a charity—found that deliberative decision ...
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The Ethical Dangers of Deliberative Decision Making
Administrative Science Quarterly, 2011Co-Authors: Chen-bo ZhongAbstract:Research on ethical decision making has been heavily influenced by normative decision theories that view intelligent choices as involving Conscious Deliberation and analysis. Recent developments in moral psychology, however, suggest that moral functions involved in ethical decision making are metaphorical and embodied. The research presented here suggests that deliberative deci- sion making may actually increase unethical behaviors and reduce altruistic motives when it overshadows implicit, intuitive influences on moral judgments and decisions. Three lab experiments explored the potential ethical dangers of deliberative decision making. Experi- ments 1 and 2 showed that deliberative decision making, activated by a math problem-solving task or by simply framing the choice as a decision rather than an intuitive reaction, increased deception in a one-shot deception game. Experiment 3—which activated systematic thinking or intuitive feeling about the choice to donate to a charity—found that deliberative decision making could also decrease altruism. These findings highlight the potential ethical downsides of a rationalistic approach toward ethical decision making and call for a better under- standing of the intuitive nature of moral functioning.
Jan L C M Van Saase - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Conscious thought beats Deliberation without attention in diagnostic decision making at least when you are an expert
Psychological Research-psychologische Forschung, 2010Co-Authors: Silvia Mamede, Henk G Schmidt, Remy M J P Rikers, Eugene J F M Custers, Ted A W Splinter, Jan L C M Van SaaseAbstract:Contrary to what common sense makes us believe, Deliberation without attention has recently been suggested to produce better decisions in complex situations than Deliberation with attention. Based on differences between cognitive processes of experts and novices, we hypothesized that experts make in fact better decisions after Consciously thinking about complex problems whereas novices may benefit from Deliberation-without-attention. These hypotheses were confirmed in a study among doctors and medical students. They diagnosed complex and routine problems under three conditions, an immediate-decision condition and two delayed conditions: Conscious thought and Deliberation-without-attention. Doctors did better with Conscious Deliberation when problems were complex, whereas reasoning mode did not matter in simple problems. In contrast, Deliberation-without-attention improved novices’ decisions, but only in simple problems. Experts benefit from Consciously thinking about complex problems; for novices thinking does not help in those cases.
Hock Chuan Chan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Deliberation Without Attention: The Latent Benefits of Distracting Website Features for Online Purchase Decisions
2020Co-Authors: Cheng Yi, Hock Chuan ChanAbstract:Early studies on Web design typically caution against the use of distracting website features in electronic commerce, such as animated banners, pop-ups, and floating advertisements, because they may cause annoyance for online consumers and disrupt information processing, leading to poorer purchase decisions. Yet, the recently uncovered Deliberation-without-attention (D-W-A) effect suggests that distracting consumers from the decision-making process may improve their decision quality when there are a large number of decision parameters to consider. To ascertain whether the D-W-A effect can be triggered through the use of distracting website features in the context of online shopping, two experiments are conducted. The first experiment reveals that the presence of distracting website features, in the form of pop-ups, gives rise to annoyance in general, but also leads to better purchase decisions when the decision to be made is complex. The second experiment supports the findings of the first and sheds further light on the underlying mode of thought triggered by these features. In particular, by eliminating a number of potential alternative mechanisms, including online judgments, the mere disruption of decision-related thought, and cognitively constrained Conscious Deliberation, the second experiment demonstrates that unConscious Deliberation is likely to be the underlying cause of superior decision making. With these findings, this research supports a more balanced view in the recent human‐computer interaction literature, which suggests that the usual advice to minimize the use of distracting website features should be examined more carefully. The research also uncovers evidence that contributes to the ongoing debate surrounding the D-W-A effect and unConscious thought theory.
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Research Note-Deliberation Without Attention: The Latent Benefits of Distracting Website Features for Online Purchase Decisions
Information Systems Research, 2015Co-Authors: Cheng Yi, Hock Chuan ChanAbstract:Early studies on Web design typically caution against the use of distracting website features in electronic commerce, such as animated banners, pop-ups, and floating advertisements, because they may cause annoyance for online consumers and disrupt information processing, leading to poorer purchase decisions. Yet, the recently uncovered Deliberation-without-attention D-W-A effect suggests that distracting consumers from the decision-making process may improve their decision quality when there are a large number of decision parameters to consider. To ascertain whether the D-W-A effect can be triggered through the use of distracting website features in the context of online shopping, two experiments are conducted. The first experiment reveals that the presence of distracting website features, in the form of pop-ups, gives rise to annoyance in general, but also leads to better purchase decisions when the decision to be made is complex. The second experiment supports the findings of the first and sheds further light on the underlying mode of thought triggered by these features. In particular, by eliminating a number of potential alternative mechanisms, including online judgments, the mere disruption of decision-related thought, and cognitively constrained Conscious Deliberation, the second experiment demonstrates that unConscious Deliberation is likely to be the underlying cause of superior decision making. With these findings, this research supports a more balanced view in the recent human-computer interaction literature, which suggests that the usual advice to minimize the use of distracting website features should be examined more carefully. The research also uncovers evidence that contributes to the ongoing debate surrounding the D-W-A effect and unConscious thought theory.