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Juan M. Rosas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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aab and aba renewal as a function of the number of extinction trials in conditioned taste aversion
Psicologica, 2007Co-Authors: Juan M. Rosas, Ana Garciagutierrez, Jose E CallejasaguileraAbstract:Three experiments explored renewal in conditioned taste aversion after different amounts of extinction. In Experiment 1, three groups of rats received a single conditioning trial where a saccharin solution was paired with LiCl, followed by 3 extinction trials, and a two-trial test. Groups differed in the Context where they received each of the phases (AAA, ABA, and AAB). The Context Change after extinction renewed taste aversion, regardless of whether it involved a return to the conditioning Context (ABA), or going to a different Context (AAB). In Experiment 2, increasing to 5 the number of extinction trials eliminated renewal in group AAB. Experiment 3 replicated these results within a factorial design. The implications of the differential effect of the amount of extinction on AAB and ABA renewal for a retrieval theory of forgetting are discussed. When a conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented without the unconditioned stimulus (US) in an extinction procedure, conducting the test in a Context different from the Context where extinction took place leads to renewal of the conditioned response (CR). Renewal has received a large amount of attention within animal conditioning (for a review see Bouton, 1993). In a typical renewal procedure, conditioning takes place in one Context (A), extinction takes place in a different, but equally familiar Context (B), and the test is conducted in the conditioning Context (ABA renewal, e.g., Rosas & Bouton, 1997). However, renewal has been also found when conditioning and extinction take place in Context A, and the test is conducted in Context B (AAB renewal, e.g., Bouton & Ricker, 1994), or when acquisition, extinction, and testing are conducted in three different Contexts (ABC renewal, e.g., Bouton & Swartzentruber, 1986).
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Context Change as the mechanism of reinstatement in causal learning
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 2003Co-Authors: Ana Garciagutierrez, Juan M. RosasAbstract:Four experiments were conducted to explore the mechanism of reinstatement in human causal learning. After a retroactive interference treatment in which a stimulus was first followed by an outcome (A+) and then followed by a different outcome (A*), simple exposure to the original outcome (+) in the interference-test Context produced partial reinstatement of the first-learned information (A+). When exposure to the outcome took place in a Context different from the interference-test Context, reinstatement was not observed (Experiment 1). Equivalent results appeared when the outcome presented during reinstatement was different from the one originally related to the stimulus affected by interference, independent of whether the interfering outcome (Experiments 2, 3, and 4) or a new outcome (Experiments 3 and 4) was presented before the test. These results suggest an interpretation of reinstatement in terms of a Context Change between interference and testing.
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stimulus generalization Context Change and forgetting
Psychological Bulletin, 1999Co-Authors: Mark E. Bouton, James Byron Nelson, Juan M. RosasAbstract:Forgetting is often attributed to retrieval failure caused by background Contextual cues changing over time. However, generalization between stimuli may increase over time and make them increasingly interChangeable. If this effect occurs with Contextual cues, it might cancel any effect of a changing Context. The authors review the evidence and suggest a resolution of this paradox. Although generalization gradients can Change over time, the effect is not always strong. Increased responding to nontarget stimuli is not often shown, and few studies have demonstrated such Changes with Contextual cues in a way that rules out other interpretations. Even this example of forgetting may be caused by retrieval failure. The physical Contexts manipulated in learning and memory experiments themselves occur within a superordinate temporal Context and can thus be forgotten with no inherent challenge to a Context-Change account of forgetting.
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Context Change and retention interval can have additive rather than interactive effects after taste aversion extinction
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1998Co-Authors: Juan M. Rosas, Mark E. BoutonAbstract:Spontaneous forgetting is often attributed to retrieval failure caused by natural Changes in the background Context that occur over time. However, some investigators have argued that the Context-Change account of forgetting is paradoxical, because Context-Change effects themselves decrease over time. To resolve the paradox, we have suggested that organisms may merely forget the physical Context as the temporal Context in which it is embedded Changes; this explanation accepts a fundamental similarity between time and physical Context. The present experiment tested an implication of this analysis by examining the interaction between retention interval and Context Change in rats after a taste aversion was conditioned and then extinguished. Importantly, subjects tested at the longer (24-day) retention interval received reminder exposure to the physical Contexts before testing. Under these conditions, retention interval and Context Change both caused relapse of the extinguished aversion (spontaneous recovery and renewal, respectively), and the strongest overall relapse was observed when the two treatments were combined. Such additivity (rather than interactivity) is consistent with a Context-Change account of forgetting and sets the stage for resolution of the Context-forgetting paradox.
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Additivity of the effects of retention interval and Context Change on latent inhibition: toward resolution of the Context forgetting paradox.
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes, 1997Co-Authors: Juan M. Rosas, Mark E. BoutonAbstract:Three experiments with rats examined retention interval and Context switch effects factorially in the latent inhibition paradigm. In Experiment 1, a 28-day retention interval abolished a Context switch effect on latent inhibition. In Experiment 2, re-exposure to the Contexts before conditioning re-established the Context switch effect at the 28-day interval. In this case, the retention interval and Context switch effects were additive: Latent inhibition was weakest when the retention interval and Context switch were combined. Experiment 3 replicated the Context switch effect at the 28-day interval. The results suggest that Context switch and retention interval effects may be based on the same process. Context switch effects may weaken over time because physical Contexts are embedded in superordinate temporal Contexts; animals fail to retrieve physical Context when the temporal Context Changes. This view helps resolve a paradox that has been noted for Contextual Change theories of forgetting.
Mark E. Bouton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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stimulus generalization Context Change and forgetting
Psychological Bulletin, 1999Co-Authors: Mark E. Bouton, James Byron Nelson, Juan M. RosasAbstract:Forgetting is often attributed to retrieval failure caused by background Contextual cues changing over time. However, generalization between stimuli may increase over time and make them increasingly interChangeable. If this effect occurs with Contextual cues, it might cancel any effect of a changing Context. The authors review the evidence and suggest a resolution of this paradox. Although generalization gradients can Change over time, the effect is not always strong. Increased responding to nontarget stimuli is not often shown, and few studies have demonstrated such Changes with Contextual cues in a way that rules out other interpretations. Even this example of forgetting may be caused by retrieval failure. The physical Contexts manipulated in learning and memory experiments themselves occur within a superordinate temporal Context and can thus be forgotten with no inherent challenge to a Context-Change account of forgetting.
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Context Change and retention interval can have additive rather than interactive effects after taste aversion extinction
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1998Co-Authors: Juan M. Rosas, Mark E. BoutonAbstract:Spontaneous forgetting is often attributed to retrieval failure caused by natural Changes in the background Context that occur over time. However, some investigators have argued that the Context-Change account of forgetting is paradoxical, because Context-Change effects themselves decrease over time. To resolve the paradox, we have suggested that organisms may merely forget the physical Context as the temporal Context in which it is embedded Changes; this explanation accepts a fundamental similarity between time and physical Context. The present experiment tested an implication of this analysis by examining the interaction between retention interval and Context Change in rats after a taste aversion was conditioned and then extinguished. Importantly, subjects tested at the longer (24-day) retention interval received reminder exposure to the physical Contexts before testing. Under these conditions, retention interval and Context Change both caused relapse of the extinguished aversion (spontaneous recovery and renewal, respectively), and the strongest overall relapse was observed when the two treatments were combined. Such additivity (rather than interactivity) is consistent with a Context-Change account of forgetting and sets the stage for resolution of the Context-forgetting paradox.
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Additivity of the effects of retention interval and Context Change on latent inhibition: toward resolution of the Context forgetting paradox.
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes, 1997Co-Authors: Juan M. Rosas, Mark E. BoutonAbstract:Three experiments with rats examined retention interval and Context switch effects factorially in the latent inhibition paradigm. In Experiment 1, a 28-day retention interval abolished a Context switch effect on latent inhibition. In Experiment 2, re-exposure to the Contexts before conditioning re-established the Context switch effect at the 28-day interval. In this case, the retention interval and Context switch effects were additive: Latent inhibition was weakest when the retention interval and Context switch were combined. Experiment 3 replicated the Context switch effect at the 28-day interval. The results suggest that Context switch and retention interval effects may be based on the same process. Context switch effects may weaken over time because physical Contexts are embedded in superordinate temporal Contexts; animals fail to retrieve physical Context when the temporal Context Changes. This view helps resolve a paradox that has been noted for Contextual Change theories of forgetting.
Stephan J Kiebel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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balancing control a bayesian interpretation of habitual and goal directed behavior
Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 2021Co-Authors: Sarah Schwobel, Dimitrije Markovic, Michael N Smolka, Stephan J KiebelAbstract:Abstract In everyday life, our behavior varies on a continuum from automatic and habitual to deliberate and goal-directed. Recent evidence suggests that habit formation and relearning of habits operate in a Context-dependent manner: Habit formation is promoted when actions are performed in a specific Context, while breaking off habits is facilitated after a Context Change. It is an open question how one can computationally model the brain’s balancing between Context-specific habits and goal-directed actions. Here, we propose a hierarchical Bayesian approach for control of a partially observable Markov decision process that enables conjoint learning of habits and reward structure in a Context-specific manner. In this model, habit learning corresponds to an updating of priors over policies and interacts with the learning of the outcome contingencies. Importantly, the model is solely built on probabilistic inference, which effectively provides a simple explanation of how the brain may balance contributions of habitual and goal-directed control. We illustrated the resulting behavior using agent-based simulated experiments, where we replicated several findings of devaluation, extinction, and renewal experiments, as well as the so-called two-step task which is typically used with human participants. In addition, we show how a single parameter, the habitual tendency, can explain individual differences in habit learning and the balancing between habitual and goal-directed control. Finally, we discuss the link of the proposed model to other habit learning models and implications for understanding specific phenomena in substance use disorder.
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balancing control a bayesian interpretation of habitual and goal directed behavior
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Sarah Schwobel, Dimitrije Markovic, Michael N Smolka, Stephan J KiebelAbstract:In everyday life, our behavior varies on a continuum from either automatic and habitual to deliberate and goal-directed. Recent evidence suggests that habit formation and relearning of habits operate in a Context-dependent manner: Habit formation is promoted when actions are performed in a specific Context, while breaking off habits is facilitated after a Context Change. It is an open question how one can computationally model the brain9s balancing between Context-specific habits and goal-directed actions. Here, we propose a hierarchical Bayesian approach for control of a partially observable Markov decision process that enables conjoint learning of habit and reward structure in a Context-specific manner. In this model, habit learning corresponds to a value-free updating of priors over policies and interacts with the value-based learning of the reward structure. Importantly, the model is solely built on probabilistic inference, which effectively provides a simple explanation how the brain may balance contributions of habitual and goal-directed control. We illustrated the resulting behavior using agent-based simulated experiments, where we replicated several findings of devaluation and extinction experiments. In addition, we show how a single parameter, the so-called habitual tendency, can explain individual differences in habit learning and the balancing between habitual and goal-directed control. Finally, we discuss the relevance of the proposed model for understanding specific phenomena in substance use disorder and the potential computational role of activity in dorsolateral and dorsomedial striatum and infralimbic cortex, as reported in animal experiments.
David E Huber - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Context retrieval and Context Change in free recall recalling from long term memory drives list isolation
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 2008Co-Authors: Yoonhee Jang, David E HuberAbstract:Three experiments used the "list-before-the-last" free recall paradigm (Shiffrin, 1970) to investigate retrieval for Context and the manner in which Context Changes. This paradigm manipulates target and intervening list lengths to measure the interference from each list, providing a measure of list isolation. Correct target list recall was only affected by the target list length when participants engaged in recall between the lists, whereas there were effects of both list lengths with other activities. This suggests that the act of recalling drives Context Change, thus isolating the target list from interference. Correspondingly, incorrect recall of intervening list items was affected only by the length of the intervening list when recall occurred between the lists, but was otherwise affected by both list lengths. Concurrent with these Changes in Context similarity, there were apparent Changes in Context retrieval, as indicated by the overall levels of target retrieval versus intervening recall. A multinomial model of sampling and recovery was implemented to assess the adequacy of this account and to quantify Context similarity and Context retrieval.
Sarah Schwobel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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balancing control a bayesian interpretation of habitual and goal directed behavior
Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 2021Co-Authors: Sarah Schwobel, Dimitrije Markovic, Michael N Smolka, Stephan J KiebelAbstract:Abstract In everyday life, our behavior varies on a continuum from automatic and habitual to deliberate and goal-directed. Recent evidence suggests that habit formation and relearning of habits operate in a Context-dependent manner: Habit formation is promoted when actions are performed in a specific Context, while breaking off habits is facilitated after a Context Change. It is an open question how one can computationally model the brain’s balancing between Context-specific habits and goal-directed actions. Here, we propose a hierarchical Bayesian approach for control of a partially observable Markov decision process that enables conjoint learning of habits and reward structure in a Context-specific manner. In this model, habit learning corresponds to an updating of priors over policies and interacts with the learning of the outcome contingencies. Importantly, the model is solely built on probabilistic inference, which effectively provides a simple explanation of how the brain may balance contributions of habitual and goal-directed control. We illustrated the resulting behavior using agent-based simulated experiments, where we replicated several findings of devaluation, extinction, and renewal experiments, as well as the so-called two-step task which is typically used with human participants. In addition, we show how a single parameter, the habitual tendency, can explain individual differences in habit learning and the balancing between habitual and goal-directed control. Finally, we discuss the link of the proposed model to other habit learning models and implications for understanding specific phenomena in substance use disorder.
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balancing control a bayesian interpretation of habitual and goal directed behavior
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Sarah Schwobel, Dimitrije Markovic, Michael N Smolka, Stephan J KiebelAbstract:In everyday life, our behavior varies on a continuum from either automatic and habitual to deliberate and goal-directed. Recent evidence suggests that habit formation and relearning of habits operate in a Context-dependent manner: Habit formation is promoted when actions are performed in a specific Context, while breaking off habits is facilitated after a Context Change. It is an open question how one can computationally model the brain9s balancing between Context-specific habits and goal-directed actions. Here, we propose a hierarchical Bayesian approach for control of a partially observable Markov decision process that enables conjoint learning of habit and reward structure in a Context-specific manner. In this model, habit learning corresponds to a value-free updating of priors over policies and interacts with the value-based learning of the reward structure. Importantly, the model is solely built on probabilistic inference, which effectively provides a simple explanation how the brain may balance contributions of habitual and goal-directed control. We illustrated the resulting behavior using agent-based simulated experiments, where we replicated several findings of devaluation and extinction experiments. In addition, we show how a single parameter, the so-called habitual tendency, can explain individual differences in habit learning and the balancing between habitual and goal-directed control. Finally, we discuss the relevance of the proposed model for understanding specific phenomena in substance use disorder and the potential computational role of activity in dorsolateral and dorsomedial striatum and infralimbic cortex, as reported in animal experiments.