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Michael J. Kahana - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a spacing account of negative recency in final Free Recall
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 2018Co-Authors: Joel R Kuhn, Lynn J. Lohnas, Michael J. KahanaAbstract:The well-known recency effect in immediate Free Recall reverses when subjects attempt to Recall items studied and tested on a series of prior lists, as in the final-Free-Recall procedure (Craik, 1970). In this case, the last few items on each list are actually remembered less well than are the midlist items. Because dual-store theories of Recall naturally predict negative recency, this phenomenon has long been cited as evidence favoring these models. In a final-Free-Recall study, we replicate the negative-recency effect for the within-list serial position curve and the positive-recency effect for the between-list serial position curve. Whereas we find prominent negative recency for items Recalled early in the initial Recall period, this effect is markedly reduced for items Recalled later in the Recall period. When considering initial Recall as a second presentation of studied items, we find that the probability of final Free Recall increases as the number of items between initial presentation and initial Recall increases. These results suggest that negative recency may reflect the beneficial effects of spaced practice, in which end-of-list items Recalled early constitute massed repetitions and end-of-list items Recalled late are spaced repetitions. To help distinguish between the spacing account and the prevailing dual-store, rehearsal-based account, we examined negative recency in continual-distractor Free Recall. Contrary to the dual-store account, but in accord with the spacing account, we find robust negative recency in continual-distractor Free Recall, which is greater for those items Recalled early in output. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Compound cuing in Free Recall.
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning memory and cognition, 2013Co-Authors: Lynn J. Lohnas, Michael J. KahanaAbstract:According to the retrieved context theory of episodic memory, the cue for Recall of an item is a weighted sum of recently activated cognitive states, including previously Recalled and studied items as well as their associations. We show that this theory predicts there should be compound cueing in Free Recall. Specifically, the temporal contiguity effect should be greater when the two most recently Recalled items were studied in contiguous list positions. A meta-analysis of published Free Recall experiments demonstrates evidence for compound cueing in both conditional response probabilities and inter-response times. To help rule out a rehearsal-based account of these compound cueing effects, we conducted an experiment with immediate, delayed and continual-distractor Free Recall conditions. Consistent with retrieved context theory but not with a rehearsal-based account, compound cueing was present in all conditions, and was not significantly influenced by the presence of interitem distractors.
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Recall termination in Free Recall
Memory & Cognition, 2012Co-Authors: Jonathan F. Miller, Christoph T Weidemann, Michael J. KahanaAbstract:Although much is known about the dynamics of memory search in the Free Recall task, relatively little is known about the factors related to Recall termination. Reanalyzing individual trial data from 14 prior studies (1,079 participants in 28,015 trials) and defining termination as occurring when a final response is followed by a long nonresponse interval, we observed that termination probability increased throughout the Recall period and that retrieval was more likely to terminate following an error than following a correct response. Among errors, termination probability was higher following prior-list intrusions and repetitions than following extralist intrusions. To verify that this pattern of results can be seen in a single study, we report a new experiment in which 80 participants contributed Recall data from a total of 9,122 trials. This experiment replicated the pattern observed in the aggregate analysis of the prior studies.
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task context and organization in Free Recall
Neuropsychologia, 2009Co-Authors: Sean M Polyn, Kenneth A Norman, Michael J. KahanaAbstract:Prior work on organization in Free Recall has focused on the ways in which semantic and temporal information determine the order in which material is retrieved from memory. Tulving’s theory of ecphory suggests that these organizational effects arise from the interaction of a retrieval cue with the contents of memory. Using the continual-distraction Free-Recall paradigm [Bjork, R. A., & Whitten, W. B. (1974). Recency-sensitive retrieval processes in long-term Free Recall. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 173–189] to minimize retrieval during the study period, we show that encoding task context can organize Recall, suggesting that task-related information is part of the retrieval cue. We interpret these results in terms of the Context Maintenance and Retrieval model (CMR; [Polyn, S. M., Norman, K. A., & Kahana, M. J. (2009). A context maintenance and retrieval model of organizational processes in Free Recall. Psychological Review, 116 (1), 129–156]), in which an internal contextual representation, containing semantic, temporal, and sourcerelated information, serves as the retrieval cue and organizes the retrieval of information from memory. We discuss these results in terms of the guided activation theory [Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 167–202] of the role of prefrontal cortex in task performance, as well as the rich neuropsychological literature implicating prefrontal cortex in memory search (e.g., Schacter (1987). Memory, amnesia, and frontal lobe dysfunction.
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a context based theory of recency and contiguity in Free Recall
Psychological Review, 2008Co-Authors: Per B Sederberg, Marc W Howard, Michael J. KahanaAbstract:The authors present a new model of Free Recall on the basis of M. W. Howard and M. J. Kahana's temporal context model and M. Usher and J. L. McClelland's leaky-accumulator decision model. In this model, contextual drift gives rise to both short-term and long-term recency effects, and contextual retrieval gives rise to short-term and long-term contiguity effects. Recall decisions are controlled by a race between competitive leaky accumulators. The model captures the dynamics of immediate, delayed, and continual distractor Free Recall, demonstrating that dissociations between short- and long-term recency can naturally arise from a model in which an internal contextual state is used as the sole cue for retrieval across time scales.
Nash Unsworth - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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inter and intra individual variation in immediate Free Recall an examination of serial position functions and Recall initiation strategies
Memory, 2011Co-Authors: Nash Unsworth, Gene A. Brewer, Gregory J. SpillersAbstract:Serial position functions in immediate Free Recall have been historically noted for their bowed shape, where items presented at the beginning (primacy) and end (recency) of a list are better remembered than those presented in the middle. While extensive work has examined these effects, researchers typically ignore the systematic differences among individuals that likely contribute, but are lost when using an aggregate function. In the current study, inter- and intra-individual differences in serial position functions and differences in Recall strategies were examined. Participants performed a Free Recall task on multiple lists. Three groups of participants were derived based on the relative profiles in their serial position functions. These groups differed in the extent that they output mainly primacy items, recency items, or both primacy and recency items. Performance on immediate Free Recall and on cognitive ability tasks was compared between these three groups. Systematic inter- and intra-individual variation in Recall strategies led to differential profiles of performance in immediate Free Recall, which was also related to the additional cognitive ability measures. Performance on a task can be due to the utilisation of a variety of control processes that emphasise various components of that task over other components.
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The contributions of primary and secondary memory to working memory capacity: an individual differences analysis of immediate Free Recall.
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning memory and cognition, 2010Co-Authors: Nash Unsworth, Gregory J. Spillers, Gene A. BrewerAbstract:The present study tested the dual-component model of working memory capacity (WMC) by examining estimates of primary memory and secondary memory from an immediate Free Recall task. Participants completed multiple measures of WMC and general intellectual ability as well as multiple trials of an immediate Free Recall task. It was demonstrated that there are 2 sources of variance (primary memory and secondary memory) in immediate Free Recall and that, further, these 2 sources of variance accounted for independent variation in WMC. Together, these results are consistent with a dual-component model of WMC reflecting individual differences in maintenance in primary memory and in retrieval from secondary memory. Theoretical implications for working memory and dual-component models of Free Recall are discussed. Working memory is usually referred to as a general purpose system that is responsible for the active maintenance of task- or goal-relevant information while simultaneously processing or act- ing on other information (Baddeley, 2007). Given the need of such a general purpose system for a wide variety of activities— including problem solving, reading, coordination and planning, and basic intellectual functioning more broadly—recent work has been devoted to measuring the capacity of working memory and investigating individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC). Beginning with Daneman and Carpenter (1980), most researchers have utilized complex working memory span tasks in which to-be-remembered (TBR) items are interspersed with some processing activity. For instance, in the reading span task partici- pants attempt to remember words or letters while reading and comprehending sentences (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980). These tasks can be contrasted with simple memory span tasks in which TBR items are presented without any additional processing activ- ities. The complex span tasks nicely capture the idea that the dynamics of processing and storage are needed to fully understand the essence of working memory and tap its capacity. Furthermore, these tasks can be used to estimate an individual's WMC and examine the correlation between this capacity and other important cognitive abilities. Due to the popularity of complex span tasks and the fact that they provide good estimates of WMC, a number of theories have been proposed to account for performance on these tasks and to explain working memory more broadly. For instance, many orig- inal accounts of complex span tasks emphasized the notion that resources have to be shared between processing and storage ac- tivities and thus the capacity of working memory is the amount of total resources that individuals have at their disposal (e.g., Dane- man & Carpenter, 1980). Individuals with more resources can effectively deal with the processing task while continuing to main- tain activation of the TBR items, which leads to better performance than in the case of individuals with fewer resources. Alternatively, it is possible that the complex span tasks do not index overall resource-sharing abilities but rather that the processing task dis- places items from working memory, and thus a rapid switching mechanism is needed to refresh items before they are lost due to time-based forgetting processes such as decay (Towse, Hitch, &
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variation in working memory capacity fluid intelligence and episodic Recall a latent variable examination of differences in the dynamics of Free Recall
Memory & Cognition, 2009Co-Authors: Nash UnsworthAbstract:A latent variable analysis was conducted to examine the nature of individual differences in the dynamics of Free Recall and cognitive abilities. Participants performed multiple measures of Free Recall, working memory capacity (WMC), and fluid intelligence (gF). For each Free Recall task, Recall accuracy, Recall latency, and number of intrusion errors were determined, and latent factors were derived for each. It was found that Recall accuracy was negatively related to both Recall latency and number of intrusions, and Recall latency and number of intrusions were positively related. Furthermore, latent WMC and gF factors were positively related to Recall accuracy, but negatively related to Recall latency and number of intrusions. Finally, a cluster analysis revealed that subgroups of participants with deficits in focusing the search had deficits in recovering degraded representations or deficits in monitoring the products of retrieval. The results are consistent with the idea that variation in the dynamics of Free Recall, WMC, and gF are primarily due to differences in search set size, but differences in recovery and monitoring are also important.
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exploring the retrieval dynamics of delayed and final Free Recall further evidence for temporal contextual search
Journal of Memory and Language, 2008Co-Authors: Nash UnsworthAbstract:Retrieval dynamics in Free Recall were explored based on a two-stage search model that relies on temporal-contextual cues. Participants were tested on both delayed and final Free Recall and correct Recalls, errors, and latency measures were examined. In delayed Free Recall participants began Recall with the first word presented and tended to Recall items in a forward manner leading to large primacy and small recency effects. In final Free Recall participants tended to begin Recall with a word from the last list presented and the first word in that list. Participants tended to cluster words based on list membership and the results for within list clusters were very similar to the delayed Free Recall results. Furthermore, participants tended to cluster items based on the output position from the initial delayed Free Recall test. When switching to a new list of items, participants tended to switch to lists presented in close temporal proximity to the current list and then Recall the first word in the new list similar to delayed Free Recall. Overall the results are consistent with a two-stage search model in which temporal-contextual cues are used to retrieve items.
Anders Lansner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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analysis of Free Recall dynamics of an abstract working memory model
Advances in Computing and Communications, 2020Co-Authors: Gianluca Villani, Anders Lansner, Matin Jafarian, Karl Henrik JohanssonAbstract:This paper analyzes the Free Recall dynamics of a working memory model. Free Recalling is the reactivation of a stored pattern in the memory in the absence of the pattern. Our Free Recall model is based on an abstract model of a modular neural network composed on N modules, hypercolumns, each of which is a bundle of minicolumns. This paper considers a network of N modules, each consisting of two minicolumns, over a complete graph topology. We analyze the Free Recall dynamics assuming a constant, and homogeneous coupling between the network modules. We obtain a sufficient condition for synchronization of network's minicolumns whose activities are positively correlated. Furthermore, for the synchronized network, the bifurcation analysis of one module is presented. This analysis gives a necessary condition for having a stable limit cycle as the attractor of each module. The latter implies Recalling a stored pattern. Numerical results are provided to verify the theoretical analysis.
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reactivation in working memory an attractor network model of Free Recall
PLOS ONE, 2013Co-Authors: Anders Lansner, Petter Marklund, Sverker Sikstrom, Larsgoran NilssonAbstract:The dynamic nature of human working memory, the general-purpose system for processing continuous input, while keeping no longer externally available information active in the background, is well captured in immediate Free Recall of supraspan word-lists. Free Recall tasks produce several benchmark memory phenomena, like the U-shaped serial position curve, reflecting enhanced memory for early and late list items. To account for empirical data, including primacy and recency as well as contiguity effects, we propose here a neurobiologically based neural network model that unifies short- and long-term forms of memory and challenges both the standard view of working memory as persistent activity and dual-store accounts of Free Recall. Rapidly expressed and volatile synaptic plasticity, modulated intrinsic excitability, and spike-frequency adaptation are suggested as key cellular mechanisms underlying working memory encoding, reactivation and Recall. Recent findings on the synaptic and molecular mechanisms behind early LTP and on spiking activity during delayed-match-to-sample tasks support this view.
Gene A. Brewer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Free Recall dynamics in value directed remembering
Journal of Memory and Language, 2018Co-Authors: Aikaterini Stefanidi, Derek M Ellis, Gene A. BrewerAbstract:Abstract An emerging literature on value-directed remembering has shown that people are able to encode and remember information that is more important. Researchers operationalize importance by differentially assigning value to the memoranda that participants are asked to encode and remember. In the present investigation, a slightly altered value-directed-remembering paradigm was used to investigate how value modifies the dynamics of memory organization and search in Free Recall. In Experiment 1, Free Recall dynamics were compared between a control and a value condition. In Experiment 2, we manipulated the order of presentation of the values by adding an ascending and a descending condition where values were presented congruently or incongruently with the evolution of temporal context. Experiments 3 and 4 paralleled Experiments 1 and 2 respectively, with the addition of overt rehearsal and an unexpected memory test for the numbers/values. Overall, the results indicated that value-directed encoding has an influence on measures of delayed Free Recall encoding, organization, and search processes.
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inter and intra individual variation in immediate Free Recall an examination of serial position functions and Recall initiation strategies
Memory, 2011Co-Authors: Nash Unsworth, Gene A. Brewer, Gregory J. SpillersAbstract:Serial position functions in immediate Free Recall have been historically noted for their bowed shape, where items presented at the beginning (primacy) and end (recency) of a list are better remembered than those presented in the middle. While extensive work has examined these effects, researchers typically ignore the systematic differences among individuals that likely contribute, but are lost when using an aggregate function. In the current study, inter- and intra-individual differences in serial position functions and differences in Recall strategies were examined. Participants performed a Free Recall task on multiple lists. Three groups of participants were derived based on the relative profiles in their serial position functions. These groups differed in the extent that they output mainly primacy items, recency items, or both primacy and recency items. Performance on immediate Free Recall and on cognitive ability tasks was compared between these three groups. Systematic inter- and intra-individual variation in Recall strategies led to differential profiles of performance in immediate Free Recall, which was also related to the additional cognitive ability measures. Performance on a task can be due to the utilisation of a variety of control processes that emphasise various components of that task over other components.
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the effects of Free Recall testing on subsequent source memory
Memory, 2010Co-Authors: Gene A. Brewer, Richard L Marsh, Joseph T Meeks, Arlo Clarkfoos, Jason L HicksAbstract:The testing effect is the finding that prior retrieval of information from memory will result in better subsequent memory for that material. One explanation for these effects is that initial Free Recall testing increases the recollective details for tested information, which then becomes more available during a subsequent test phase. In three experiments we explored this hypothesis using a source-monitoring test phase after the initial Free Recall tests. We discovered that memory is differentially enhanced for certain recollective details depending on the nature of the Free Recall task. Thus further research needs to be conducted to specify how different kinds of memorial details are enhanced by Free Recall testing.
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The contributions of primary and secondary memory to working memory capacity: an individual differences analysis of immediate Free Recall.
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning memory and cognition, 2010Co-Authors: Nash Unsworth, Gregory J. Spillers, Gene A. BrewerAbstract:The present study tested the dual-component model of working memory capacity (WMC) by examining estimates of primary memory and secondary memory from an immediate Free Recall task. Participants completed multiple measures of WMC and general intellectual ability as well as multiple trials of an immediate Free Recall task. It was demonstrated that there are 2 sources of variance (primary memory and secondary memory) in immediate Free Recall and that, further, these 2 sources of variance accounted for independent variation in WMC. Together, these results are consistent with a dual-component model of WMC reflecting individual differences in maintenance in primary memory and in retrieval from secondary memory. Theoretical implications for working memory and dual-component models of Free Recall are discussed. Working memory is usually referred to as a general purpose system that is responsible for the active maintenance of task- or goal-relevant information while simultaneously processing or act- ing on other information (Baddeley, 2007). Given the need of such a general purpose system for a wide variety of activities— including problem solving, reading, coordination and planning, and basic intellectual functioning more broadly—recent work has been devoted to measuring the capacity of working memory and investigating individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC). Beginning with Daneman and Carpenter (1980), most researchers have utilized complex working memory span tasks in which to-be-remembered (TBR) items are interspersed with some processing activity. For instance, in the reading span task partici- pants attempt to remember words or letters while reading and comprehending sentences (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980). These tasks can be contrasted with simple memory span tasks in which TBR items are presented without any additional processing activ- ities. The complex span tasks nicely capture the idea that the dynamics of processing and storage are needed to fully understand the essence of working memory and tap its capacity. Furthermore, these tasks can be used to estimate an individual's WMC and examine the correlation between this capacity and other important cognitive abilities. Due to the popularity of complex span tasks and the fact that they provide good estimates of WMC, a number of theories have been proposed to account for performance on these tasks and to explain working memory more broadly. For instance, many orig- inal accounts of complex span tasks emphasized the notion that resources have to be shared between processing and storage ac- tivities and thus the capacity of working memory is the amount of total resources that individuals have at their disposal (e.g., Dane- man & Carpenter, 1980). Individuals with more resources can effectively deal with the processing task while continuing to main- tain activation of the TBR items, which leads to better performance than in the case of individuals with fewer resources. Alternatively, it is possible that the complex span tasks do not index overall resource-sharing abilities but rather that the processing task dis- places items from working memory, and thus a rapid switching mechanism is needed to refresh items before they are lost due to time-based forgetting processes such as decay (Towse, Hitch, &
Sean M Polyn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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decoding episodic retrieval processes frontoparietal and medial temporal lobe contributions to Free Recall
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2016Co-Authors: James E Kragel, Sean M PolynAbstract:Neuroimaging studies of recognition memory have identified distinct patterns of cortical activity associated with two sets of cognitive processes: Recollective processes supporting retrieval of information specifying a probe item's original source are associated with the posterior hippocampus, ventral posterior parietal cortex, and medial pFC. Familiarity processes supporting the correct identification of previously studied probes in the absence of a recollective response are associated with activity in anterior medial temporal lobe MTL structures including the perirhinal cortex and anterior hippocampus, in addition to lateral prefrontal and dorsal posterior parietal cortex. Here, we address an open question in the cognitive neuroscientific literature: To what extent are these same neurocognitive processes engaged during an internally directed memory search task like Free Recall? We recorded fMRI activity while participants performed a series of Free Recall and source recognition trials, and we used a combination of univariate and multivariate analysis techniques to compare neural activation profiles across the two tasks. Univariate analyses showed that posterior MTL regions were commonly associated with recollective processes during source recognition and with Free Recall responses. Prefrontal and posterior parietal regions were commonly associated with familiarity processes and Free Recall responses, whereas anterior MTL regions were only associated with familiarity processes during recognition. In contrast with the univariate results, Free Recall activity patterns characterized using multivariate pattern analysis did not reliably match the neural patterns associated with recollective processes. However, these Free Recall patterns did reliably match patterns associated with familiarity processes, supporting theories of memory in which common cognitive mechanisms support both item recognition and Free Recall.
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a predictive framework for evaluating models of semantic organization in Free Recall
Journal of Memory and Language, 2016Co-Authors: Neal W Morton, Sean M PolynAbstract:Research in Free Recall has demonstrated that semantic associations reliably influence the organization of search through episodic memory. However, the specific structure of these associations and the mechanisms by which they influence memory search remain unclear. We introduce a likelihood-based model-comparison technique, which embeds a model of semantic structure within the context maintenance and retrieval (CMR) model of human memory search. Within this framework, model variants are evaluated in terms of their ability to predict the specific sequence in which items are Recalled. We compare three models of semantic structure, latent semantic analysis (LSA), global vectors (GloVe), and word association spaces (WAS), and find that models using WAS have the greatest predictive power. Furthermore, we find evidence that semantic and temporal organization is driven by distinct item and context cues, rather than a single context cue. This finding provides important constraint for theories of memory search.
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the neural dynamics of task context in Free Recall
Neuropsychologia, 2012Co-Authors: Sean M Polyn, James E Kragel, Neal W Morton, Joshua D Mccluey, Zachary D CohenAbstract:Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) is a powerful tool for relating theories of cognitive function to the neural dynamics observed while people engage in cognitive tasks. Here, we use the Context Maintenance and Retrieval model of Free Recall (CMR; Polyn et al., 2009a) to interpret variability in the strength of task-specific patterns of distributed neural activity as participants study and Recall lists of words. The CMR model describes how temporal and source-related (here, encoding task) information combine in a contextual representation that is responsible for guiding memory search. Each studied word in the Free-Recall paradigm is associated with one of two encoding tasks (size and animacy) that have distinct neural representations during encoding. We find evidence for the context retrieval hypothesis central to the CMR model: Task-specific patterns of neural activity are reactivated during memory search, as the participant Recalls an item previously associated with a particular task. Furthermore, we find that the fidelity of these task representations during study is related to task-shifting, the serial position of the studied item, and variability in the magnitude of the recency effect across participants. The CMR model suggests that these effects may be related to a central parameter of the model that controls the rate that an internal contextual representation integrates information from the surrounding environment.
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task context and organization in Free Recall
Neuropsychologia, 2009Co-Authors: Sean M Polyn, Kenneth A Norman, Michael J. KahanaAbstract:Prior work on organization in Free Recall has focused on the ways in which semantic and temporal information determine the order in which material is retrieved from memory. Tulving’s theory of ecphory suggests that these organizational effects arise from the interaction of a retrieval cue with the contents of memory. Using the continual-distraction Free-Recall paradigm [Bjork, R. A., & Whitten, W. B. (1974). Recency-sensitive retrieval processes in long-term Free Recall. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 173–189] to minimize retrieval during the study period, we show that encoding task context can organize Recall, suggesting that task-related information is part of the retrieval cue. We interpret these results in terms of the Context Maintenance and Retrieval model (CMR; [Polyn, S. M., Norman, K. A., & Kahana, M. J. (2009). A context maintenance and retrieval model of organizational processes in Free Recall. Psychological Review, 116 (1), 129–156]), in which an internal contextual representation, containing semantic, temporal, and sourcerelated information, serves as the retrieval cue and organizes the retrieval of information from memory. We discuss these results in terms of the guided activation theory [Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 167–202] of the role of prefrontal cortex in task performance, as well as the rich neuropsychological literature implicating prefrontal cortex in memory search (e.g., Schacter (1987). Memory, amnesia, and frontal lobe dysfunction.
