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A M Roussell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Contingent and nonContingent cocaine administration in rhesus monkeys a comparison of the effects on the acquisition and performance of Response sequences
Behavioural Pharmacology, 2003Co-Authors: Peter J Winsauer, Joseph M Moerschbaecher, Patricia E Molina, A M RoussellAbstract:Previous studies have suggested that the effects of Contingent (Response dependent) and nonContingent (Response independent) cocaine administration may differ, which could limit the generality and validity of laboratory studies that use only nonContingent administration. Therefore, two separate three-component multiple schedules of operant responding were used to examine the effects of both types of cocaine administration on the acquisition and performance of Response sequences, in four rhesus monkeys. In one multiple schedule, responding under a fixed-ratio (FR) 60 schedule was followed by intravenous (i.v.) saline or cocaine (0.0032-0.32 mg/kg per infusion), whereas responding in the other two components (i.e. acquisition and performance) was followed by food presentation. In the second multiple schedule, the cocaine administration component consisted of a variable-time (VT) schedule that mimicked each subject's pattern of self-administration. When compared to saline administration, increasing infusion doses of cocaine decreased overall Response rates comparably in both food-maintained components, irrespective of the cocaine contingency. The 0.1-0.32 mg/kg infusion doses also increased the percentage of errors in 2 of 4 subjects; however, these disruptions in accuracy were not differentially associated with the type of cocaine administration and generally occurred at doses that produced large rate-decreasing effects. Taken together, these data suggest that the effects of cocaine on complex operant behavior in monkeys may not differ substantially as a function of Contingent or nonContingent administration.
Peter J Winsauer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Contingent and nonContingent cocaine administration in rhesus monkeys a comparison of the effects on the acquisition and performance of Response sequences
Behavioural Pharmacology, 2003Co-Authors: Peter J Winsauer, Joseph M Moerschbaecher, Patricia E Molina, A M RoussellAbstract:Previous studies have suggested that the effects of Contingent (Response dependent) and nonContingent (Response independent) cocaine administration may differ, which could limit the generality and validity of laboratory studies that use only nonContingent administration. Therefore, two separate three-component multiple schedules of operant responding were used to examine the effects of both types of cocaine administration on the acquisition and performance of Response sequences, in four rhesus monkeys. In one multiple schedule, responding under a fixed-ratio (FR) 60 schedule was followed by intravenous (i.v.) saline or cocaine (0.0032-0.32 mg/kg per infusion), whereas responding in the other two components (i.e. acquisition and performance) was followed by food presentation. In the second multiple schedule, the cocaine administration component consisted of a variable-time (VT) schedule that mimicked each subject's pattern of self-administration. When compared to saline administration, increasing infusion doses of cocaine decreased overall Response rates comparably in both food-maintained components, irrespective of the cocaine contingency. The 0.1-0.32 mg/kg infusion doses also increased the percentage of errors in 2 of 4 subjects; however, these disruptions in accuracy were not differentially associated with the type of cocaine administration and generally occurred at doses that produced large rate-decreasing effects. Taken together, these data suggest that the effects of cocaine on complex operant behavior in monkeys may not differ substantially as a function of Contingent or nonContingent administration.
Huwaida Rabie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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optimal designs for Contingent Response models with application to toxicity efficacy studies
Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, 2013Co-Authors: Huwaida Rabie, Nancy FlournoyAbstract:Abstract We describe a general family of Contingent Response models. These models have ternary outcomes constructed from two Bernoulli outcomes, where one outcome is only observed if the other outcome is positive. This family is represented in a canonical form which yields general results for its Fisher information. A bivariate extreme value distribution illustrates the model and optimal design results. To provide a motivating context, we call the two binary events that compose the Contingent Responses toxicity and efficacy. Efficacy or lack thereof is assumed only to be observable in the absence of toxicity, resulting in the ternary Response (toxicity, efficacy without toxicity, neither efficacy nor toxicity). The rate of toxicity, and the rate of efficacy conditional on no toxicity, are assumed to increase with dose. While optimal designs for Contingent Response models are numerically found, limiting optimal designs can be expressed in closed forms. In particular, in the family of four parameter bivariate location-scale models we study, as the marginal probability functions of toxicity and no efficacy diverge, limiting D optimal designs are shown to consist of a mixture of the D optimal designs for each failure (toxicity and no efficacy) univariately. Limiting designs are also obtained for the case of equal scale parameters.
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Optimal designs for Contingent Response models with application to toxicity–efficacy studies
Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, 2013Co-Authors: Huwaida Rabie, Nancy FlournoyAbstract:Abstract We describe a general family of Contingent Response models. These models have ternary outcomes constructed from two Bernoulli outcomes, where one outcome is only observed if the other outcome is positive. This family is represented in a canonical form which yields general results for its Fisher information. A bivariate extreme value distribution illustrates the model and optimal design results. To provide a motivating context, we call the two binary events that compose the Contingent Responses toxicity and efficacy. Efficacy or lack thereof is assumed only to be observable in the absence of toxicity, resulting in the ternary Response (toxicity, efficacy without toxicity, neither efficacy nor toxicity). The rate of toxicity, and the rate of efficacy conditional on no toxicity, are assumed to increase with dose. While optimal designs for Contingent Response models are numerically found, limiting optimal designs can be expressed in closed forms. In particular, in the family of four parameter bivariate location-scale models we study, as the marginal probability functions of toxicity and no efficacy diverge, limiting D optimal designs are shown to consist of a mixture of the D optimal designs for each failure (toxicity and no efficacy) univariately. Limiting designs are also obtained for the case of equal scale parameters.
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Optimal Designs for Contingent Response Models with Application to Toxicity-Efficacy Studies- A Technical Report
2011Co-Authors: Huwaida RabieAbstract:We generalize results in the literature to obtain a general family Contingent Response models. These models have ternary outcomes constructed from two Bernouli outcomes, where one outcome is only observed if the other outcome is positive. This family is represented in a canonical form which yields general results for its Fisher information. D and c optimal designs found numerically for a Contingent Response model with expected Response probabilities taken from a bivariate extreme value distribution illustrate the model and motivate limiting results. Optimal designs for even modestly complex nonlinear Response models cannot be expressed in closed form; and this includes the Contingent Response model. Limiting D optimal designs obtained in closed form can be used to approximate exact D and c optimal designs, as they are shown to be efficient over a wide range of parameter values, or they can be used to provide starting values in numerical searches for exact optimal designs. To provide a motivating context, we describe the two binary outcomes that compose the Contingent Responses as toxicity and no efficacy. Efficacy or lack thereof is assumed only to be observable in the absence of toxicity, resulting in the ternary Response {toxicity, efficacy without toxicity, neither efficacy nor toxicity}. The rate of toxicity, and the rate of efficacy conditional on no toxicity, are assumed to increase with dose. The results provided in this paper are useful for the construction of efficient designs under a broad class of such models.
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Optimal Designs for Contingent Response Models
Contributions to Statistics, 2004Co-Authors: Huwaida Rabie, Nancy FlournoyAbstract:We study D- and c-optimal designs for the Contingent Response models of (1995). In the Contingent Response model there are two types of failure. We call one failure type toxicity and the other disease failure. No toxicity and no disease failure is a success or cure. We assume disease failures are Contingent on toxicity in that they can only be observed in the absence of toxicity. We also assume the probability of toxicity increases with the dose, and the probability of disease failure given no toxicity decreases with dose. Interest is in finding c-optimal designs for estimating the dose that maximizes the cure probability.
James Allison - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Response deprivation, reinforcement, and economics.
Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior, 1993Co-Authors: James AllisonAbstract:Reinforcement of an instrumental Response results not from a special kind of Response consequence known as a reinforcer, but from a special kind of schedule known as a Response-deprivation schedule. Under the requirements of a Response-deprivation schedule, the baseline rate of the instrumental Response permits less than the baseline rate of the Contingent Response. Because reinforcement occurs only if the schedule deprives the organism of the Contingent Response, reinforcement cannot result from any intrinsic property of the Contingent Response or any property relative to the instrumental Response. Two typical effects of Response-deprivation schedules—facilitation of the instrumental Response and suppression of the Contingent Response—are discussed in terms of economic concepts and models of instrumental performance. It is suggested that Response deprivation makes the Contingent Response function as an economic good, the instrumental Response as currency.
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Chance and rationality
Psychological Review, 1993Co-Authors: Justin English, James AllisonAbstract:Fundamental relations in psychology and economics can be derived from the assumption of random Response to external constraint. These include the demand law, whereby consumption decreases as the price of the good increases; the normal rise in consumption with income; schedule functions in which the Contingent Response decreases linearly as the instrumental Response increases; nonexclusive preference for the richer component of a concurrent ratio schedule; and the effects of nonlabor income, which decreases both labor and consumption when compensated for total income but increases consumption otherwise. Thus, behavior that appears rational, optimal, or adaptive may truly be a random Response to external constraint. Even if behavior is not random, predictions that are based on the random Response model may often provide the most appropriate null hypothesis
Nerguz Bulut Serin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Shaping Vocal Stereotypy in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Non-aversive Communication Teaching Technique
Universal Journal of Educational Research, 2019Co-Authors: Gül Kahveci, Nerguz Bulut SerinAbstract:Many vocal stereotypy or repetitive vocalizations behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are now seen as having potential language development, even though they may begin with highly delayed or absence of social consequences by reflexive or non-purposeful Responses. The study of these vocal stereotypy or repetitive vocalizations behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorder has been of interest for a long period time. There is an accelerating interest in the communicative potential of repetitive vocalizations in the domain of pre-linguistic behaviors of children with ASD. The present article concentrates on a non-aversive communication teaching technique with shaping protocols. This research aims to answer the question: Do responding to repetitive vocalizations by three communicative behaviors, nonlinguistic Contingent Response, linguistic Contingent Responses, and finally linguistic Contingent Responses to the child's communicative act, guided with a shaping procedure increase frequency of communication attempt in a child with ASD. According to the multiple-probe across behaviors graphic and the anecdotal recordings of the participant affective involvement showed a great acceleration during intervention. This research has important implications, because promising results were gathered related to repetitive vocalizations behaviors in a child with (ASD) by using a non-aversive communication teaching technique with the shaping protocols.