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Pujiharbowo Indoko - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • PENGGUNAAN INCENDIARY Weapon DALAM KONFLIK BERSENJATA DITINJAU BERDASARKAN THE PRINCIPLE OF DISTINCTION (STUDI KASUS KONFLIK ALEPPO TAHUN 2016)
    Kumpulan Jurnal Mahasiswa Fakultas Hukum, 2017
    Co-Authors: Pujiharbowo Indoko
    Abstract:

    Indoko Pujiharbowo, Ikaningtyas S.H., LL.M., Dhiana Puspitawati S.H., LL.M., P.hD. Fakultas Hukum Universitas Brawijaya Email : indokopujiharbowo28@gmail.com  Abstrak Incendiary Weapon merupakan jenis senjata yang menggunakan api sebagai media amunisinya, Status penggunaan Incendiary Weapon dalam hukum internasional sudah tertera dalam Convention of Certain Conventional Weapon pada Protocol III mengenai Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons kemudian menjadi perdebatan ketika penggunaan amunisi tersebut tidak dipergunakan seperti yang diatur dan efek serangan yang tidak melihat distinction di lokasi penggunaannya. penyalahgunaan incendiary bisa dilihat dari kasus konflik bersenjata di Aleppo, Syria Antara militer Russia dan regime Syria melawan Oposisi Pemberontak Syria. Penggunaan Incendiary yang tidak melihat prinsip pembeda menyebabkan kerugian bagi orang yang tidak seharusnya menjadi target. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis memilih metode yuridis normatif dengan tujuan menganalisan bahan hukum tertulis yang terkait dengan Convention of Certain Conventional Weapon dan principle of distinction, sehingga dapat menemukan melalui konsep interpretasi gramatikal dan interpretasi sistematis terhadap jawaban atas kekaburan hukum Convention of Certain Conventional Weapon atas principle of distiction. Kata Kunci : Incendiary Weapon, Principle of Distinction, Aleppo, konflik bersenjata AbstractIncendiary Weapon is a type of Weapon that uses fire as a medium of ammunition. The usage status of Incendiary Weapon in international law is stated in the Convention of Certain Conventional Weapon, particularly in the Protocol III, which is the Protocol concerning to the Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons. Nevertheless, the use of incendiary Weapon then becomes a debate when it is not used properly as regulated by the international law. Moreover, the effects of the attack are known to neglect by the distinction of location. The abusive use of Incendiary Weapon can be drawn from case of armed conflict in Aleppo, Syria (a case between the Russian military and the Syrian regime against the Syrian Rebel Opposition). The use of Incendiary without considering the principle of discrimination can potentially cause harm to innocent people who should not be targeted. In this study, the authors chose the normative legal research with the aim of analyzing written legal material related to the Convention of Certain Conventional Weapon and the principle of distinction. Therefore, an answer to the    obscurity of the Convention of Certain Conventional Weapon law regarding to the principle of distinction can be found through the concept of grammatical and systematic interpretation. Keywords : Incendiary Weapon, Principle of Distinction, Aleppo, Armed Conflic

  • Penggunaan Incendiary Weapon Dalam Konflik Bersenjata Ditinjau Berdasarkan The Principle Of Distinction (Studi Kasus Konflik Aleppo Tahun 2016)
    2017
    Co-Authors: Pujiharbowo Indoko
    Abstract:

    Incendiary Weapon merupakan jenis senjata yang menggunakan api sebagai media amunisinya, Status penggunaan Incendiary Weapon dalam hukum internasional sudah tertera dalam Convention of Certain Conventional Weapon pada Protocol III mengenai Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons kemudian menjadi perdebatan ketika penggunaan amunisi tersebut tidak dipergunakan seperti yang diatur dan efek serangan yang tidak melihat distinction di lokasi penggunaannya. penyalahgunaan incendiary bisa dilihat dari kasus konflik bersenjata di Aleppo, Syria Antara militer Russia dan regime Syria melawan Oposisi Pemberontak Syria. Penggunaan Incendiary yang tidak melihat prinsip pembeda menyebabkan kerugian bagi orang yang tidak seharusnya menjadi target. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis memilih metode yuridis normatif dengan tujuan menganalisan bahan hukum tertulis yang terkait dengan Convention of Certain Conventional Weapon dan principle of distinction, sehingga dapat menemukan melalui konsep interpretasi gramatikal dan interpretasi sistematis terhadap jawaban atas kekaburan hukum Convention of Certain Conventional Weapon atas principle of distictio

Gregory Carl Bessette - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Modeling coupled blast/structure interaction with Zapotec, benchmark calculations for the Conventional Weapon Effects Backfill (CONWEB) tests.
    2004
    Co-Authors: Gregory Carl Bessette
    Abstract:

    Modeling the response of buried reinforced concrete structures subjected to close-in detonations of Conventional high explosives poses a challenge for a number of reasons. Foremost, there is the potential for coupled interaction between the blast and structure. Coupling enters the problem whenever the structure deformation affects the stress state in the neighboring soil, which in turn, affects the loading on the structure. Additional challenges for numerical modeling include handling disparate degrees of material deformation encountered in the structure and surrounding soil, modeling the structure details (e.g., modeling the concrete with embedded reinforcement, jointed connections, etc.), providing adequate mesh resolution, and characterizing the soil response under blast loading. There are numerous numerical approaches for modeling this class of problem (e.g., coupled finite element/smooth particle hydrodynamics, arbitrary Lagrange-Eulerian methods, etc.). The focus of this work will be the use of a coupled Euler-Lagrange (CEL) solution approach. In particular, the development and application of a CEL capability within the Zapotec code is described. Zapotec links two production codes, CTH and Pronto3D. CTH, an Eulerian shock physics code, performs the Eulerian portion of the calculation, while Pronto3D, an explicit finite element code, performs the Lagrangian portion. The two codes are run concurrently with the appropriate portions of a problem solved on their respective computational domains. Zapotec handles the coupling between the two domains. The application of the CEL methodology within Zapotec for modeling coupled blast/structure interaction will be investigated by a series of benchmark calculations. These benchmarks rely on data from the Conventional Weapons Effects Backfill (CONWEB) test series. In these tests, a 15.4-lb pipe-encased C-4 charge was detonated in soil at a 5-foot standoff from a buried test structure. The test structure was composed of a reinforced concrete slab bolted to a reaction structure. Both the slab thickness and soil media were varied in the test series. The wealth of data obtained from these tests along with the variations in experimental setups provide ample opportunity to assess the robustness of the Zapotec CEL methodology.

  • modeling coupled blast structure interaction with zapotec benchmark calculations for the Conventional Weapon effects backfill conweb tests
    2004
    Co-Authors: Gregory Carl Bessette
    Abstract:

    Modeling the response of buried reinforced concrete structures subjected to close-in detonations of Conventional high explosives poses a challenge for a number of reasons. Foremost, there is the potential for coupled interaction between the blast and structure. Coupling enters the problem whenever the structure deformation affects the stress state in the neighboring soil, which in turn, affects the loading on the structure. Additional challenges for numerical modeling include handling disparate degrees of material deformation encountered in the structure and surrounding soil, modeling the structure details (e.g., modeling the concrete with embedded reinforcement, jointed connections, etc.), providing adequate mesh resolution, and characterizing the soil response under blast loading. There are numerous numerical approaches for modeling this class of problem (e.g., coupled finite element/smooth particle hydrodynamics, arbitrary Lagrange-Eulerian methods, etc.). The focus of this work will be the use of a coupled Euler-Lagrange (CEL) solution approach. In particular, the development and application of a CEL capability within the Zapotec code is described. Zapotec links two production codes, CTH and Pronto3D. CTH, an Eulerian shock physics code, performs the Eulerian portion of the calculation, while Pronto3D, an explicit finite element code, performs the Lagrangian portion. The two codes are run concurrently with the appropriate portions of a problem solved on their respective computational domains. Zapotec handles the coupling between the two domains. The application of the CEL methodology within Zapotec for modeling coupled blast/structure interaction will be investigated by a series of benchmark calculations. These benchmarks rely on data from the Conventional Weapons Effects Backfill (CONWEB) test series. In these tests, a 15.4-lb pipe-encased C-4 charge was detonated in soil at a 5-foot standoff from a buried test structure. The test structure was composed of a reinforced concrete slab bolted to a reaction structure. Both the slab thickness and soil media were varied in the test series. The wealth of data obtained from these tests along with the variations in experimental setups provide ample opportunity to assess the robustness of the Zapotec CEL methodology.

Asher Hirshberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • MEDICAL CONSEQUENCES OF TERRORISM: The Conventional Weapon Threat
    The Surgical clinics of North America, 1999
    Co-Authors: Michael Stein, Asher Hirshberg
    Abstract:

    Terrorism is the war of the future for the human race. It takes many forms, but in essence the common denominator is the calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to attain political, religious, or ideologic goals. This is done through intimidation, coercion, or instilling fear. It achieves chaos and mass hysteria and the occasional overwhelming of medical care systems and other municipal public services. This battlefield is no longer remote, and the arrival of large numbers of casualties presents a unique challenge to medical facilities used to dealing with only one or two simultaneous trauma patients. In addition, in the past decade, the anxiety over the use of unConventional Weapons of mass destruction by terrorist groups has increased. In most instances, the initial response and management of the terrorist event are provided by the local civilian law enforcement and medical agencies, but, depending on the scale of the event, military units are usually involved, not to mention that military personnel, installations, and barracks are sometimes the target of terrorist acts. 11,35 In theory, terrorism can be achieved by various means. The mere threat of using some vector of mass destruction can cause chaos and civilian unrest, even without actually performing the act (psychological terror). Longstanding threats can sometimes "bend" authorities and societies, thus reaching the goal of the party exercising the threat. The use of agents on property and human beings can be in the form of Conventional munitions and explosives, chemical agents, toxic agents, biologic vectors, or nuclear threat. This latter problem has been the focus of several cover stories in the lay press in the past few years since the downsizing of the Soviet Union into many independent states, each capable of harboring these nuclear agents. With the exception of the chemical incidents in Matsumoto 36 and the Tokyo subway 27,28 in Japan, most terrorist attacks in the latter part of the twentieth century have used Conventional Weapons. Thousands of Conventional traumatic injuries to the body and hundreds of fatalities have resulted. In the past, terrorists were assumed to seldom push their demands to the extent that they may lose their own lives. The experience in Beirut 7,10,35 and the numerous suicide explosions in Israel 22 involving fundamentalist groups have proved this notion to be obsolete. This article presents the various aspects of medical care in these events.

Michael Stein - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • MEDICAL CONSEQUENCES OF TERRORISM: The Conventional Weapon Threat
    The Surgical clinics of North America, 1999
    Co-Authors: Michael Stein, Asher Hirshberg
    Abstract:

    Terrorism is the war of the future for the human race. It takes many forms, but in essence the common denominator is the calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to attain political, religious, or ideologic goals. This is done through intimidation, coercion, or instilling fear. It achieves chaos and mass hysteria and the occasional overwhelming of medical care systems and other municipal public services. This battlefield is no longer remote, and the arrival of large numbers of casualties presents a unique challenge to medical facilities used to dealing with only one or two simultaneous trauma patients. In addition, in the past decade, the anxiety over the use of unConventional Weapons of mass destruction by terrorist groups has increased. In most instances, the initial response and management of the terrorist event are provided by the local civilian law enforcement and medical agencies, but, depending on the scale of the event, military units are usually involved, not to mention that military personnel, installations, and barracks are sometimes the target of terrorist acts. 11,35 In theory, terrorism can be achieved by various means. The mere threat of using some vector of mass destruction can cause chaos and civilian unrest, even without actually performing the act (psychological terror). Longstanding threats can sometimes "bend" authorities and societies, thus reaching the goal of the party exercising the threat. The use of agents on property and human beings can be in the form of Conventional munitions and explosives, chemical agents, toxic agents, biologic vectors, or nuclear threat. This latter problem has been the focus of several cover stories in the lay press in the past few years since the downsizing of the Soviet Union into many independent states, each capable of harboring these nuclear agents. With the exception of the chemical incidents in Matsumoto 36 and the Tokyo subway 27,28 in Japan, most terrorist attacks in the latter part of the twentieth century have used Conventional Weapons. Thousands of Conventional traumatic injuries to the body and hundreds of fatalities have resulted. In the past, terrorists were assumed to seldom push their demands to the extent that they may lose their own lives. The experience in Beirut 7,10,35 and the numerous suicide explosions in Israel 22 involving fundamentalist groups have proved this notion to be obsolete. This article presents the various aspects of medical care in these events.

Defitri Defitri - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • PENEGAKAN HUKUM TERHADAP PENGGUNAAN BOM TANDAN (CLUSTER BOMB) DALAM PERANG TELUK III 2003 OLEH MILITER AMERIKA SERIKAT DI IRAK DITINJAU DARI HUKUM HUMANITER INTERNASIOAL
    2018
    Co-Authors: Defitri Defitri
    Abstract:

    Dalam invasi ke Irak tahun 2003, Amerika Serikat menggunakan hampir 13.000 bom curah yang diperkirakan terdiri dari 1,8 hingga 2 juta peledak, dalam tiga minggu pertempuran besar. Sebanyak 63 CBU – 87 bom dijatuhkan oleh pesawat AS antara 1 Mei 2003 dan 1 Agustus 2006. Hukum Humaniter Internasional menyatakan bahwa bom Cluster merupakan salah satu senjata yang dilarang penggunaannya dalam peperangan. Permasalahan yang diteliti dalam penuliasan ini ada tiga yaitu: 1).Bagaimanakah pengaturan hukum terhadap pelarangan penggunaan bom tandan (bomb cluster) menurut hukum humaniter internasional ? 2).Bagaimana hambatan dalam penegakan hukum terhadap larangan penggunaan bom tandan (bomb cluster) dalam hukum humaniter internasional ? dan, 3).Sanksi apa yang dapat diberikan kepada Amerika Serikat yang menggunakan bom cluster dalam perangnya di Irak ?. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif. Data penelitian dalam penulisan ini adalah data sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan studi dokumen dan analisis data menggunakan metode analisis kualitatif. Dari analisis yang dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa, pengaturan pelarangan penggunaan bom Cluster secara internasional diatur di dalam Konvensi Den Hague IV 1907 mengenai hukum dan kebiasaan perang di darat, Protokol Tambahan I Tahun 1977 Konvensi Jenewa tentang perlindungan terhadap penduduk sipil, Konvensi tentang pelarangan penggunaan senjata konvensional tertentu (Convention on Certain Conventional Weapon) pada tahun 1980, dan konvensi lainnya. Hambatan dalam penegakan hukum penggunaan bom Cluster yaitu: negara yang menggunakan bom Cluster adalah negara bukan peserta konvensi, penggunaan hak veto sebagai anggota tetap DK PBB, tidak efektifnya upaya diplomasi kemanusiaan oleh organisasi internasional, dan bom Cluster merupakan senjata yang tersedia dengan biaya yang murah. Sedangkan sanksi yang dapat diberikan kepada Amerika Serikat berdasarkan Konvensi Jenewa khususnya ketentuan yang terdapat di dalam Protokol Tambahan I tahun 1977 dalam kaitannya dengan prinsip pembedaan (distinction principle), kemudian sanksi dapat diberikan DK PBB dalam Pasal 41 dan 42 Piagam PBB, dan sanksi lainnya dari masyarakat internasional diseluruh dunia