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Oliver P. Peoples - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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PHA bioplastic: A value-added coproduct for biomass biorefineries
Biofuels Bioproducts and Biorefining, 2009Co-Authors: Kristi D. Snell, Oliver P. PeoplesAbstract:Abstract: The petroleum industry has optimized profi ts by producing value-added Coproducts, such as plastics and chemicals, in addition to primary liquid fuels. A similar coproduct strategy applied to biorefi neries processing cellulosic biomass to liquid fuels and/or energy would transform a technology that is marginally economic, depending on oil prices, to a sustainable business with enhanced revenue streams from multiple Coproducts. The challenge is fi nding a biobased coproduct that is compatible with a biorefi nery scenario and where markets warrant its production on a similar scale as liquid fuels and/or energy. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) bioplastics represent a coproduct that would be entirely compatible with either production of liquid fuels by hydrolyzing the residual biomass after PHA extraction or by alternative thermochemical processes. PHA bioplastics possess properties making them suitable replacements for many of the applications currently served by petroleum-based plastics, thus providing tremendous market potential. Proof-of-concept technology for production of these plastics in several crops of agronomic interest has been demonstrated. In this review, we show that the potential for developing biomass-based biorefi neries producing liquid fuels and a value-added coproduct is both real and realizable. Examples using switchgrass producing PHA bioplastics as a coproduct are described. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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PHA bioplastic: A value‐added coproduct for biomass biorefineries
Biofuels Bioproducts and Biorefining, 2009Co-Authors: Kristi D. Snell, Oliver P. PeoplesAbstract:The petroleum industry has optimized profits by producing value-added Coproducts, such as plastics and chemicals, in addition to primary liquid fuels. A similar coproduct strategy applied to biorefineries processing cellulosic biomass to liquid fuels and/or energy would transform a technology that is marginally economic, depending on oil prices, to a sustainable business with enhanced revenue streams from multiple Coproducts. The challenge is finding a biobased coproduct that is compatible with a biorefinery scenario and where markets warrant its production on a similar scale as liquid fuels and/or energy. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) bioplastics represent a coproduct that would be entirely compatible with either production of liquid fuels by hydrolyzing the residual biomass after PHA extraction or by alternative thermochemical processes. PHA bioplastics possess properties making them suitable replacements for many of the applications currently served by petroleum-based plastics, thus providing tremendous market potential. Proof-of-concept technology for production of these plastics in several crops of agronomic interest has been demonstrated. In this review, we show that the potential for developing biomass-based biorefineries producing liquid fuels and a value-added coproduct is both real and realizable. Examples using switchgrass producing PHA bioplastics as a coproduct are described. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kurt A. Rosentrater - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Emerging Opportunities for Corn-Based Fuel Ethanol Fermentation Residues
2012Co-Authors: Kurt A. RosentraterAbstract:Production and utilization of corn-based fuel ethanol has dramatically increased in recent years. Concomitantly, so has the amount of nonfermentable processing residues. These Coproducts are fed to livestock, primarily ruminants (beef and dairy cattle), and to a certain degree swine and poultry. But how much can be consumed by livestock before the feed markets become saturated? The sale of these distillers grains are key to the ethanol industry’s viability. But long-term sustainability will be dependent upon the development of diverse value streams from the corn kernel, both preand post-fermentation. The objective of this project is to discuss several new opportunities for corn ethanol coproduct utilization. These include evolving production processes, modifications which improve the digestibility of the residues, upstream and downstream nutrient fractionation, using DDGS (or specific components thereof) as neutraceuticals, as ingredients in human foods, as biofillers in plastics, as feedstocks for the production of bioenergy (i.e., heat and electricity, thermochemical conversion, anaerobic digestion), and as substrates for the further production of ethanol or other biofuels (such as biodiesel). Developing and deploying these potential applications in the marketplace will increase the utility and value of fermentation Coproducts, will improve manufacturing economics and augment the viability of the corn-based ethanol industry, and will move the industry toward next-generation biorefineries. Emerging Opportunities for Corn-Based Fuel Ethanol Fermentation Residues Kurt. A. Rosentrater, Ph.D. Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, 3167 NSRIC Building, Ames, IA, 50011, karosent@iastate.edu Channel catfish EXPANDING USES FOR CURRENT Coproducts CONCLUSIONS Coproducts are one key to the economic viability of corn ethanol production. As the industry has grown, the importance of distillers grains and other Coproducts has also increased. Conversion of starch from corn and other grains into biofuels is one step on the path to sustainable energy independence. Corn-based ethanol plants will continue to be a cornerstone in the growing biorefining and biofuels industries. So DDGS and other Coproducts will play increasing roles in the feed, food, and industrial sectors for years to come, both domestically and internationally. REFERENCES • Kleinschmit, D. H., J. L. Anderson, D. J. Schingoethe, K. F. Kalscheur, and A. R. Hippen. 2007a. Ruminal and intestinal degradability of distillers grains plus solubles varies by source. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 2909-2918. • Kleinschmit, D. H., D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, and K. F. Kalscheur. 2007b. Dried distillers grains plus solubles with corn silage or alfalfa hay as the primary forage source in dairy cow diets. J. Dairy Sci. 90: 5587-5599. • Liu, K. and K. A. Rosentrater. 2011. Distillers Grains: Production, Properties, and Utilization. Taylor and Francis. (Forthcoming). • RFA. 2010. Biorefinery locations. Renewable Fuels Association, Washington, DC. Available online: http://www.ethanolrfa.org/bio-refinerylocations/. Accessed Dec. 1, 2010. • Rosentrater, K. A. and R. Srinivasan. 2009. Effect of elusieve fractionation on physical properties of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Paper No. 095567. 2009 ASABE Annual International Meeting, Reno, NV. Presented June 23, 2009. • Rosentrater, K. A., F. Teymouri, and K. F. Kalscheur. 2009. Quantifying livestock feed value of AFEX-treated DDGS and subsequent biorefinery byproducts. Paper No. 9448. 31st Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals, San Francisco, CA. Presented on May 4, 2009. Manufacturing fuel ethanol from corn Traditional uses for current corn-based Coproducts Expanding uses for current Coproducts Emerging uses for evolving Coproducts Coproducts Livestock Feed
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modeling the effects of pelleting on the logistics of distillers grains shipping
Bioresource Technology, 2009Co-Authors: Kurt A. Rosentrater, Elif KongarAbstract:The energy security needs of energy importing nations continue to escalate. It is clear that biofuels can help meet some of the increasing need for energy. Theoretically, these can be produced from a variety of biological materials, including agricultural residues (such as corn stover and wheat straw), perennial grasses, legumes, algae, and other biological materials. Currently, however, the most heavily utilized material is corn starch. Industrial fuel ethanol production in the US primarily uses corn, because it is readily converted into fuel at a relatively low cost compared to other biomass sources. The production of corn-based ethanol in the US is dramatically increasing. As the industry continues to grow, the amount of byproducts and Coproducts also increases. At the moment, the nonfermentable residues (which are dried and sold as distillers dried grains with solubles – DDGS) are utilized only as livestock feed. The sale of Coproducts provides ethanol processors with a substantial revenue source and significantly increases the profitability of the production process. Even though these materials are used to feed animals in local markets, as the size and scope of the industry continues to grow, the need to ship large quantities of Coproducts grows as well. This includes both domestic as well as international transportation. Valueadded processing options offer the potential to increase the sustainability of each ethanol plant, and thus the industry overall. However, implementation of new technologies will be dependent upon how their costs interact with current processing costs and the logistics of coproduct deliveries. The objective of this study was to examine some of these issues by developing a computer model to determine potential cost ramifications of using various alternative technologies during ethanol processing. This paper focuses specifically on adding a densification unit operation (i.e., pelleting) to produce value-added DDGS at a fuel ethanol manufacturing plant. We have examined the economic implications of pelleting DDGS for varying DDGS production rates (100–1000 tons/d) and pelleting rates (0–100%), for a series of DDGS sales prices ($50–$200/ton). As the proportion of pelleting increases, the cost of transporting DDGS to distant markets drastically declines, because the rail cars can be filled to capacity. For example, at a DDGS sales price of $50/ton, 100% pelleting will reduce shipping costs (both direct and indirect) by 89% compared to shipping the DDGS in bulk form (i.e., no pelleting), whereas at a DDGS sales price of $200/ton, it will reduce costs by over 96%. It is clear that the sustainability of the ethanol industry can be improved by implementing pelleting technology for the Coproducts, especially at those plants that ship their DDGS via rail.
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properties of solvent extracted low oil corn distillers dried grains with solubles
Biomass & Bioenergy, 2009Co-Authors: Jessica A. Saunders, Kurt A. RosentraterAbstract:Corn-based ethanol is exponentially growing in the US, as is the need for valuable uses for Coproducts of the production process, such as distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Currently, DDGS is used as livestock feed, thereby replacing some corn components in animal diets. As the industry continues to grow, there will be an increased need to find additional uses for DDGS. Physical and chemical properties of coproduct streams are becoming increasingly investigated, as these characteristics affect many aspects of utilization, such as target species, optimal dietary substitution rates, transportation, flowability, and behavior during storage. Potential avenues for future use of DDGS may include value-added feed, food, and industrial products. Additionally, much interest lies in extracting oil from DDGS to produce bio diesel and other products. If oil is extracted from DDGS, the resulting chemical and physical properties of the remaining constituents may be substantially altered. The objective of this study was to quantify, using standard laboratory methods, physical and chemical property values for low-oil DDGS. The extracted DDGS exhibited water activity, thermal properties, bulk density, and angle of repose values similar to unmodified DDGS. Color values were substantially lighter, however. Additionally, fat levels (2.7% db) were much lower, while protein (34.0% db) and fiber (8.4% db) were higher than traditional DDGS. Results from this study will be valuable to ethanol manufacturers and livestock producers alike, as more uses for ethanol Coproducts are implemented. Thus more value can be extracted from the humble kernel of corn.
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Survey of US fuel ethanol plants.
Bioresource Technology, 2009Co-Authors: Jessica A. Saunders, Kurt A. RosentraterAbstract:The ethanol industry is growing in response to increased consumer demands for fuel as well as the renewable fuel standard. Corn ethanol processing creates the following products: 1/3 ethanol, 1/3 distillers grains, and 1/3 carbon dioxide. As the production of ethanol increases so does the generation of its Coproducts, and viable uses continually need to be developed. A survey was mailed to operational US ethanol plants to determine current practices. It inquired about processes, equipment used, end products, and desired future directions for Coproducts. Results indicated that approximately one-third of plant managers surveyed expressed a willingness to alter current drying time and temperature if it could result in a higher quality coproduct. Other managers indicated hesitation, based on lack of economic incentives, potential cost and return, and capital required. Respondents also reported the desire to use their Coproducts in some of the following products: fuels, extrusion, pellets, plastics, and human food applications. These results provide a snapshot of the industry, and indicate that operational changes to the current production of DDGS must be based upon the potential for positive economic returns. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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METHODOLOGY TO DETERMINE SOLUBLE CONTENT IN DRY GRIND ETHANOL COPRODUCT STREAMS
Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 2006Co-Authors: Vykundeshwari Ganesan, Kurt A. Rosentrater, Kasiviswanathan MuthukumarappanAbstract:Distillers grains and syrup are Coproducts from fuel ethanol dry grind processing. Ethanol manufacturing is dramatically increasing in the United States, primarily in Midwestern states, and thus the availability of these feed products is also growing. Confusion currently exists in industrial nomenclature regarding "solubles" in these streams because no standards are in place. In our study, dissolved materials were considered soluble matter. We developed a methodology to determine the dry basis soluble content in condensed distillers solubles (CDS) and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). A mass balance analytical approach was initially used, but results were not in good agreement with experimental data. This method was thus deemed a poor predictor of final soluble content. This led to the development of a new methodology for determining, as well as predicting, soluble content for various coproduct streams, which produced results with R 2 > 0.96. This approach is applicable for all dry grind ethanol coproduct streams and is useful for value-added product development research.
Kristi D. Snell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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PHA bioplastic: A value-added coproduct for biomass biorefineries
Biofuels Bioproducts and Biorefining, 2009Co-Authors: Kristi D. Snell, Oliver P. PeoplesAbstract:Abstract: The petroleum industry has optimized profi ts by producing value-added Coproducts, such as plastics and chemicals, in addition to primary liquid fuels. A similar coproduct strategy applied to biorefi neries processing cellulosic biomass to liquid fuels and/or energy would transform a technology that is marginally economic, depending on oil prices, to a sustainable business with enhanced revenue streams from multiple Coproducts. The challenge is fi nding a biobased coproduct that is compatible with a biorefi nery scenario and where markets warrant its production on a similar scale as liquid fuels and/or energy. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) bioplastics represent a coproduct that would be entirely compatible with either production of liquid fuels by hydrolyzing the residual biomass after PHA extraction or by alternative thermochemical processes. PHA bioplastics possess properties making them suitable replacements for many of the applications currently served by petroleum-based plastics, thus providing tremendous market potential. Proof-of-concept technology for production of these plastics in several crops of agronomic interest has been demonstrated. In this review, we show that the potential for developing biomass-based biorefi neries producing liquid fuels and a value-added coproduct is both real and realizable. Examples using switchgrass producing PHA bioplastics as a coproduct are described. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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PHA bioplastic: A value‐added coproduct for biomass biorefineries
Biofuels Bioproducts and Biorefining, 2009Co-Authors: Kristi D. Snell, Oliver P. PeoplesAbstract:The petroleum industry has optimized profits by producing value-added Coproducts, such as plastics and chemicals, in addition to primary liquid fuels. A similar coproduct strategy applied to biorefineries processing cellulosic biomass to liquid fuels and/or energy would transform a technology that is marginally economic, depending on oil prices, to a sustainable business with enhanced revenue streams from multiple Coproducts. The challenge is finding a biobased coproduct that is compatible with a biorefinery scenario and where markets warrant its production on a similar scale as liquid fuels and/or energy. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) bioplastics represent a coproduct that would be entirely compatible with either production of liquid fuels by hydrolyzing the residual biomass after PHA extraction or by alternative thermochemical processes. PHA bioplastics possess properties making them suitable replacements for many of the applications currently served by petroleum-based plastics, thus providing tremendous market potential. Proof-of-concept technology for production of these plastics in several crops of agronomic interest has been demonstrated. In this review, we show that the potential for developing biomass-based biorefineries producing liquid fuels and a value-added coproduct is both real and realizable. Examples using switchgrass producing PHA bioplastics as a coproduct are described. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kenneth G. Cassman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Emissions savings in the corn-ethanol life cycle from feeding Coproducts to livestock.
Journal of environmental quality, 2010Co-Authors: Virgil R. Bremer, Galen E Erickson, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Adam J. Liska, Haishun Yang, Daniel T. Walters, Kenneth G. CassmanAbstract:Environmental regulations on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from corn (Zea mays L.)-ethanol production require accurate assessment methods to determine emissions savings from Coproducts that are fed to livestock. We investigated current use of Coproducts in livestock diets and estimated the magnitude and variability in the GHG emissions credit for Coproducts in the corn-ethanol life cycle. The coproduct GHG emissions credit varied by more than twofold, from 11.5 to 28.3 g CO(2)e per MJ of ethanol produced, depending on the fraction of Coproducts used without drying, the proportion of coproduct used to feed beef cattle (Bos taurus) vs. dairy or swine (Sus scrofa), and the location of corn production. Regional variability in the GHG intensity of crop production and future livestock feeding trends will determine the magnitude of the coproduct GHG offset against GHG emissions elsewhere in the corn-ethanol life cycle. Expansion of annual U.S. corn-ethanol production to 57 billion liters by 2015, as mandated in current federal law, will require feeding of coproduct at inclusion levels near the biological limit to the entire U.S. feedlot cattle, dairy, and swine herds. Under this future scenario, the coproduct GHG offset will decrease by 8% from current levels due to expanded use by dairy and swine, which are less efficient in use of coproduct than beef feedlot cattle. Because the coproduct GHG credit represents 19 to 38% of total life cycle GHG emissions, accurate estimation of the coproduct credit is important for determining the net impact of corn-ethanol production on atmospheric warming and whether corn-ethanol producers meet state- and national-level GHG emissions regulations.
Amit Kumar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the life cycle greenhouse gas emission benefits from alternative uses of biofuel Coproducts
Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2019Co-Authors: Nafisa Mahbub, Eskinder Gemechu, Hao Zhang, Amit KumarAbstract:Abstract Coproducts from bioenergy processing have potential as alternative products in the market, thereby reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Thus far, the environmental benefits from coproduct use have been overlooked in most studies because of the lack of knowledge on their effective use and the limited commercialization. The objective of this study is to investigate the energy and GHG emissions savings by using biofuel Coproducts. The effects of coproduct use on the overall life cycle GHG emissions performance of biofuels were evaluated. Dry distiller grains in the wheat to ethanol pathway, and crude glycerine and canola meal from biodiesel, are assumed to replace animal feed, fossil fuel, fertilizer, synthetic glycerine. A system expansion approach was implemented to estimate GHG emissions savings. The results show that the overall life cycle GHG emissions from the wheat to ethanol pathway can be reduced by 2–34% when dry distiller grains displace fertilizer, fossil fuel, or animal feed. In the canola to biodiesel pathway, GHG emissions can be reduced by 5–26% and 8–41% when canola meal replaces animal feed and crude glycerine replaces synthetic glycerine. The study highlights the potential role of the Coproducts from biofuel production in additional GHG emissions reduction over the life cycle.