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Almudena Estalrrich - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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characterizing hyena Coprolites from two latrines of the iberian peninsula during the early pleistocene gran dolina sierra de atapuerca burgos and la mina barranc de la boella tarragona
Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 2017Co-Authors: Antonio Pineda, Palmira Saladie, Isabel Exposito, Antonio Rodriguezhidalgo, Isabel Caceres, Rosa Huguet, Antonio Rosas, Lucia Lopezpolin, Almudena EstalrrichAbstract:Abstract Coprolites are commonly identified in the Pleistocene archaeo-palaeontological record. They have often been described as indirect evidence for the presence of carnivores (usually hyenids) during the formation of a depositional sequence. However, Coprolites are a much larger source of information that can provide data relating to factors affecting an archaeological assemblage, including its taphonomic history and palaeoecology. In this paper, two fossil Coprolite accumulations dating to the late Early Pleistocene are described: Level TD6.1 of Gran Dolina (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos) and Unit II of la Mina (Barranc de la Boella, Tarragona). The results highlight the morphological homogeneity of these hyena Coprolites, despite a considerable variation in size. The presence of microspherulites is clearly identified in all of the analysed hyena Coprolites. Their composition is rich in elements characteristic of bone-origin, such as calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). A major difference, however, differentiating the remains from these sites was a higher frequency of bone fragments in the la Mina Coprolites, regarding to TD6.1. Pollen, spores, and palynomorphs are scarce in the samples from both sites, which in fact share similar ecological characteristics such as the presence of pine, wild grasses, and coprophilous fungi. Hyena Coprolites are relatively easy to differentiate from those of other taxa; however, they show intra-specific similarities in their micro- and macro-morphology and composition, despite their wide size range. The species of hyenids responsible for the Coprolites is not possible to identify based exclusively on the size range, and the importance of a multidisciplinary study of the latrines and the Coprolites is discussed as a source of palaeoecological and taphonomic information. In this study, Coprolites are analysed, compared, and attributed to a hyenid, identified as Crocuta crocuta in the case of TD6.1, but without specific attribution in the case of la Mina.
Antonio Pineda - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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characterizing hyena Coprolites from two latrines of the iberian peninsula during the early pleistocene gran dolina sierra de atapuerca burgos and la mina barranc de la boella tarragona
Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 2017Co-Authors: Antonio Pineda, Palmira Saladie, Isabel Exposito, Antonio Rodriguezhidalgo, Isabel Caceres, Rosa Huguet, Antonio Rosas, Lucia Lopezpolin, Almudena EstalrrichAbstract:Abstract Coprolites are commonly identified in the Pleistocene archaeo-palaeontological record. They have often been described as indirect evidence for the presence of carnivores (usually hyenids) during the formation of a depositional sequence. However, Coprolites are a much larger source of information that can provide data relating to factors affecting an archaeological assemblage, including its taphonomic history and palaeoecology. In this paper, two fossil Coprolite accumulations dating to the late Early Pleistocene are described: Level TD6.1 of Gran Dolina (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos) and Unit II of la Mina (Barranc de la Boella, Tarragona). The results highlight the morphological homogeneity of these hyena Coprolites, despite a considerable variation in size. The presence of microspherulites is clearly identified in all of the analysed hyena Coprolites. Their composition is rich in elements characteristic of bone-origin, such as calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). A major difference, however, differentiating the remains from these sites was a higher frequency of bone fragments in the la Mina Coprolites, regarding to TD6.1. Pollen, spores, and palynomorphs are scarce in the samples from both sites, which in fact share similar ecological characteristics such as the presence of pine, wild grasses, and coprophilous fungi. Hyena Coprolites are relatively easy to differentiate from those of other taxa; however, they show intra-specific similarities in their micro- and macro-morphology and composition, despite their wide size range. The species of hyenids responsible for the Coprolites is not possible to identify based exclusively on the size range, and the importance of a multidisciplinary study of the latrines and the Coprolites is discussed as a source of palaeoecological and taphonomic information. In this study, Coprolites are analysed, compared, and attributed to a hyenid, identified as Crocuta crocuta in the case of TD6.1, but without specific attribution in the case of la Mina.
Adauto Araújo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus eggs in canine Coprolite from the sasanian era in iran 4 th 5 th century ce
Iranian Journal of Parasitology, 2015Co-Authors: Gholamreza Mowlavi, Adauto Araújo, Mahsasadat Makki, Zahra Heidari, Mostafa Rezaeian, Mehdi Mohebali, Nicole Boenke, Abolfazl Aali, Thomas Stollner, Iraj MobediAbstract:Present paper is the second publication introducing the paleoparasitological findings from animal Coprolites obtained from archeological site of Chehrabad salt mine in northwestern Iran. The current archeological site is located in northwest of Iran, dated to the Sassanian Era (4(th)/5(th) century CE). In the summer 2012 the carnivore Coprolite was obtained within the layers in the mine and were thoroughly analyzed for parasites using TSP rehydration technique. Eggs of 0 were successfully retrieved from the examined Coprolite and were confidently identified based on reliable references. Identifying of M. hirudinaceus eggs in paleofeces with clear appearance as demonstrated herein, is much due to appropriate preservation condition has been existed in the salt mine .The present finding could be regarded as the oldest acanthocephalan infection in Iran.
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discovery of a 240 million year old nematode parasite egg in a cynodont Coprolite sheds light on the early origin of pinworms in vertebrates
Parasites & Vectors, 2014Co-Authors: Jeanpierre Hugot, Victor Hugo Borba, Juliana M.f. Dutra, Daniela Leles, Luiz Fernando Ferreira, Scott Lyell Gardner, Priscilla Araujo, Atila Augusto Stock Darosa, Adauto AraújoAbstract:We report the discovery of a nematode parasite egg (Nemata: Oxyurida) from a Coprolite closely associated with the remains of several species of Cynodontia, dated to 240 million years old. This finding is particularly significant because this is the oldest record of an oxyurid nematode yet discovered, and because the cynodonts are considered a stem-group of the mammals. We extracted material from a fully mineralized Coprolite by both scraping the surface, and removing fragments from its interior with clean dental instruments used a single time. A single drop of glycerol from a new vial was added as a clearing reagent. Each slide was sealed with wax and examined with an optical microscope at 100× to 400× magnification. From one Coprolite, 550 slides were examined; from 275 of these slides, sediment was examined that was scraped from the surface of the Coprolite, and from the other 275 slides, material was examined that was extracted from the interior of the Coprolite. All microscopic structures encountered were photographed, measured, and identified when possible. From the Coprolite examined, we discovered an egg representing a new species of pinworm that, based on the egg structure, clearly places it in the family Heteroxynematidae. Nematodes of the order Oxyurida have very constrained life-histories, occurring only in animals that are not strictly carnivorous and also ingest large amounts of plant material. This fact enabled us to determine which species of cynodont, from several collected at the site in Brazil, are most likely the depositors of the Coprolite, and therefore were the putative host of the parasite.
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insights about echinostomiasis by paleomolecular diagnosis
Parasitology International, 2014Co-Authors: Daniela Leles, Paula Cascardo, Andressa Freire, Luciana Sianto, Arnaldo Maldonado, Adauto AraújoAbstract:Abstract Echinostomiasis is a zoonosis caused by intestinal trematodes and transmitted by the ingestion of mollusks, crustaceans, fish, amphibians, and reptiles, either raw or poorly cooked. Today human infection is endemic in Southeast Asia and the Far East, but has been reported more recently in other regions of the world. Interestingly eggs identified as Echinostoma sp. were found in Coprolites from a mummified body human in Brazil, dated 560 ± 40 BP (before present). However, the specific diagnosis based on morphology of the eggs has not been resolved at the species level. As a follow-up to the previous finding, the current study now aims to standardize the methodology for molecular diagnosis and apply it to the Coprolite, using current Echinostoma paraensei-positive feces as the reference, and also the same fecal material dried in a stove as an experimental Coprolite model. Isolated eggs of E. paraensei and adult worm were included to verify the sensibility and as positive control, respectively. An adult worm of E. luisreyi was used for comparison. PCR using primers in-house for ITS1 region (126 bp) and cox1 (123 bp) of Echinostoma spp. and subsequent nucleotide sequencing were performed. This is the first molecular paleoparasitological diagnosis for echinostomiasis. The methodology was able to amplify specific DNA fragments for the genus Echinostoma sp. in all samples: adult worm, feces, and a single egg of the parasite, in both the experimental Coprolite and archaeological sample. Additionally we observed that ancient DNA can also be retrieved without rehydrating the material. The nucleotide sequences from E. paraensei and E. luisreyi are very similar in the fragment analyzed that difficult the differentiation these species, but DNA sequence analysis recovered in the parasite found in the mummy showed more similarity with the species E. paraensei.
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A new ascarid species in cynodont Coprolite dated of 240 million years
Anais Da Academia Brasileira De Ciencias, 2014Co-Authors: Priscilla A. Da Silva, Victor Hugo Borba, Juliana M.f. Dutra, Daniela Leles, Átila Augusto Stock Da-rosa, Luiz Fernando Ferreira, Adauto AraújoAbstract:Cynodonts represent the transition from reptiles to mammals. They are classified as synapsids, or tetrapod animals with mammalian characteristics. We present here the finding of helminth eggs in a Coprolite identified as of cynodont origin dated of nearly 240 million years. Microscopy revealed the presence of very well preserved intestinal parasite eggs. Up to now we identified an ascarid egg by morphological characteristics. Based on a previous description of the new genus Ascarites Poinar Jr and Boucot 2006 in Coprolites of iguanodons from Belgium, we propose a new species, Ascarites rufferi n.sp. in cynodonts, a host that inhabited the Southern Region of Brazil in the Triassic period.
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trichuris sp from 1 040 50 year old cervidae Coprolites from the archaeological site furna do estrago pernambuco brazil
Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 2012Co-Authors: Luciana Sianto, Luiz Fernando Ferreira, Antonio Nascimento Duarte, Marcia Chame, Juliana Magalhães, Mônica Vieira De Souza, Adauto AraújoAbstract:We present results of the paleoparasitological analysis of Cervidae Coprolites that were recovered from the archaeological site Furna do Estrago, Pernambuco, Brazil. Trichuris sp. eggs were recovered from the Coprolite samples dated 1,040 ± 50 years before present. This is the first record of Trichuris sp. in semiarid Cervidae, unexpectedly recorded in archaeological material.
Karl J Reinhard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the paleoepidemiology of enterobius vermicularis nemata oxyuridae among the loma san gabriel at la cueva de los muertos chiquitos 600 800 ce rio zape valley durango mexico
Comparative Parasitology, 2018Co-Authors: Johnica J Morrow, Karl J ReinhardAbstract:One hundred Coprolites excavated from La Cueva de los Muertos Chiquitos (600–800 CE) in the Rio Zape Valley of present-day Durango, Mexico, were examined for the presence of helminth eggs utilizing standard archaeoparasitological techniques. Eggs of the human pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) were recovered from 34 of the 100 Coprolites examined. Eggs of parasites were photographed and measured before egg concentration values were calculated for each positive sample. Egg concentration values demonstrated an overdispersed pattern of distribution among the samples (66% uninfected, 25% less than 100 eggs/g, 8% between 100 and 500 eggs/g, and 1% more than 500 eggs/g). Given that only 5% of infected hosts in modern cases of human enterobiasis pass the eggs of parasites in their stools, the recovery of E. vermicularis eggs in 34% of the Coprolites supports the conclusion that virtually all of the individuals utilizing the site during the Coprolite depositional time frame likely were infected with this parasite. These data are discussed in light of other studies of prehistoric human enterobiasis.
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parasitism of prehistoric humans and companion animals from antelope cave mojave county northwest arizona
Journal of Parasitology, 2011Co-Authors: Martin H Fugassa, Karl J Reinhard, Keith L Johnson, Scott Lyell Gardner, Monica Vieira, Adauto AraújoAbstract:abstract: Previously, we reported a tick recovered from Antelope Cave in extreme northwest Arizona. Further analyses of Coprolites from Antelope Cave revealed additional parasitological data from Coprolites of both human and canid origin. A second tick was found. This site is the only archaeological locality where ticks have been recovered. We also discovered an acanthocephalan in association with Enterobius vermicularis eggs in the same Coprolite. This association shows that the Coprolite was deposited by a human. This discovery expands our knowledge of the range of prehistoric acanthocephalan infection. In addition, findings from canid Coprolites of Trichuris vulpis are reported. This is the first published discovery of T. vulpis from a North American archaeological context. The close association of dogs with humans at Ancestral Puebloan (Anasazi) sites raises the potential that zoonotic parasites were transferred to the human population. The archaeological occupation is associated with the Ancestral P...
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a tick from a prehistoric arizona Coprolite
Journal of Parasitology, 2008Co-Authors: Keith L Johnson, Luciana Sianto, Adauto Araújo, Karl J Reinhard, Scott Lyell Gardner, John J JanovyAbstract:Ticks have never been reported in archaeological analyses. Here, we present the discovery of a tick from a Coprolite excavated from Antelope Cave in extreme northwest Arizona. Dietary analysis indicates that the Coprolite has a human origin. This archaeological occupation is associated with the Ancestral Pueblo culture (Anasazi). This discovery supports previous hypotheses that ticks were a potential source of disease and that ectoparasites were eaten by ancient people.
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a tick from a prehistoric arizona Coprolite galley proofs
2008Co-Authors: Keith L Johnson, Luciana Sianto, Adauto Araújo, Karl J Reinhard, Scott Lyell Gardner, John J JanovyAbstract:ABSTRACT : Ticks have never been reported in archaeological analyses.Here, we present the discovery of a tick from a Coprolite excavatedfrom Antelope Cave in extreme northwest Arizona. Dietary analysisindicates that the Coprolite has a human origin. This archaeologicaloccupation is associated with the Ancestral Pueblo culture (Anasazi).This discovery supports previous hypotheses that ticks were a potentialsource of disease and that ectoparasites were eaten by ancient people.Nearly 1,000 Coprolites from the desert west of the United Stateshave been analyzed for parasite remains (Reinhard, 1990, 1992). Al-though arthropod parasites are rare, they are occasionally found in cop-rolites. The discovery of lice in human Coprolites led Fry (1977) toconclude that arthropods were consumed to control infestation. In 2005,we commenced the dietary and parasitological analysis of Coprolitesfrom Antelope Cave in the northwestern corner of Arizona. At this site,we discovered a tick from a Coprolite. This discovery has health, be-havioral, and ecological implications for the Puebloan people that onceoccupied the cave.Antelope Cave is a large limestone cavern sunk into the gently rollingterrain of the Uinkaret Plateau some 40 km southeast of St. George,Utah. Prehistoric Native Americans occupied it, probably intermittently,for at least 3,000 yr (2028 B.C. to A.D. 1100). The most intense hab-itation of the cave is attributed to Ancestral Puebloan peoples (Anasazi)who lived there 1,300 to 1,000 yr ago. Antelope Cave lies within theVirgin River Branch of prehistoric western Anasazi territory, and thegreat majority of artifacts (for example, woven fiber sandals, plaitedbasketry, Virgin series pottery) in the cave reflects Puebloan (Kayenta)affiliation. There is scant evidence of Fremont cultural influence fromthe north in Utah. Cultural debris left in the cave by its prehistoricinhabitants forms a 1.52-m-thick layer and contains mostly perishableartifacts, including wooden arrow shafts, basketry, string, netting, san-dals, needles and thread, etc., as well as painted pottery and variouslithic tools. The Pueblo people used the cave for shelter, and in thesurrounding area, they grew corn and beans, gathered wild plant foods,and hunted game, mostly rabbits.Professional archaeologists have conducted excavations in the cave,off and on, since 1954 (Janetski and Hall, 1983; Janetski and Wilde,1989). The most extensive excavations were undertaken by the Uni-versity of California–Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1959–1960 (Johnson andPendergast, 1960). The Coprolite specimen discussed here was recov-ered by UCLA and came from 1,000-yr-old Pueblo deposits at the rearof the cave. The date is based on cross-dated Anasazi artifacts pendingC14 assay.In 1959, archaeologists from UCLA excavated five 2 2 m pits intothe midden deposit of Antelope Cave. The excavation units were des-ignated AC59-1 through AC59-5. The Coprolite of concern here wasrecovered from the 60–76-cm level below the surface in pit AC59-2.Along with the Coprolite, this level yielded a wide variety of culturaldebris, including fragments of Pueblo pointed-toe sandals, sandal ties,a net bag, fiber cordage, feather cordage, and pottery. No features, suchas fire hearths, storage pits, latrines, etc., were exposed in this or anyother level.Eight Antelope Cave Coprolites have been analyzed to date. Five areconsistent with humans and 3 are consistent with canids, probably dogs.Laboratory sample 2 is the focus of this report. Its field context is AC1516, pit AC 59-2, 60–76 cm below surface. After contextual infor-mation was recorded, the Coprolite was cleaned of extraneous dirt, pho-tographed, and weighed. Its weight, 2.67 g was then recorded. Obser-vations relative to biological origin were made. The Coprolite was thenrehydrated in 0.5% trisodium phosphate for 48 hr. It was placed in a300-ml beaker, and rehydration solution was added until the Coprolitewas completely immersed. Parafilm was used to cover the beaker toprevent potential modern airborne pollen contamination. Observationswere made after 24 hr of rehydration. Rehydration fluid color is some-times useful in verifying human origin (Reinhard and Bryant, 1992).Human Coprolites tend to turn the rehydration solution dark brown orblack, although this is not always the case. In addition, the rehydratingCoprolite was examined for a mucilage coat, which sometimes formson dog Coprolites after rehydration (Reinhard et al., 1988).After 48 hr of rehydration, 3
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sl1 rna gene recovery from enterobius vermicularis ancient dna in pre columbian human Coprolites
International Journal for Parasitology, 2006Co-Authors: Alena Mayo Iniguez, Luiz Fernando Ferreira, Adauto Araújo, Karl J Reinhard, Marcelo Luiz Carvalho Goncalves, Ana Carolina Paulo VicenteAbstract:Enterobius vermicularis, pinworm, is one of the most common helminths worldwide, infecting nearly a billion people at all socio-economic levels. In prehistoric populations the paleoparasitological findings show a pinworm homogeneous distribution among hunter-gatherers in North America, intensified with the advent of agriculture. This same increase also occurred in the transition from nomad hunter-gatherers to sedentary farmers in South America, although E. vermicularis infection encompasses only the ancient Andean peoples, with no record among the pre-Colombian populations in the South American lowlands. However, the outline of pinworm paleoepidemiology has been supported by microscopic finding of eggs recovered from Coprolites. Since molecular techniques are precise and sensitive in detecting pathogen ancient DNA (aDNA), and also could provide insights into the parasite evolutionary history, in this work we have performed a molecular paleoparasitological study of E. vermicularis. aDNA was recovered and pinworm 5S rRNA spacer sequences were determined from pre-Columbian Coprolites (4110 BC-AD 900) from four different North and South American archaeological sites. The sequence analysis confirmed E. vermicularis identity and revealed a similarity among ancient and modern sequences. Moreover, polymorphisms were identified at the relative positions 160, 173 and 180, in independent Coprolite samples from Tulan, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile (1080-950 BC). We also verified the presence of peculiarities (Splicing leader (SL1) RNA sequence, spliced donor site, the Sm antigen biding site, and RNA secondary structure) which characterise the SL1 RNA gene. The analysis shows that the SL1 RNA gene of contemporary pinworms was present in pre-Columbian E. vermicularis by 6110 years ago. We were successful in detecting E. vermicularis aDNA even in Coprolites without direct microscopic evidence of the eggs, improving the diagnosis of helminth infections in the past and further pinworm paleoepidemiological studies.
Lakeram Scott - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cordaitean Predation Photos 2019: Unmounted Peels, Wild Cones. Plate 18B
Texas A&M University. Libraries, 2020Co-Authors: Lakeram ScottAbstract:These images were used in the research for a master's thesis from the Texas A&M University Dept. of Geology and Geophysics (Date of submission: May 2020).Images were taken from unmounted peels of coal balls.Cone A is a mature cone containing a golden Coprolite.2 brown Coprolites were identified in the matrix.Peels were made by Anne Raymond, the advisor for this thesis.A mature cordaitean cone containing a single golden Coprolite (picture 1), 2 brown Coprolites were identified in the matrix (picture 2). Plate 18B is a successive peel taken from the same coal ball as plate 18A
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Cordaitean Predation Photos 2019: Unmounted Peels, Wild Cones. Plate 3B
Texas A&M University. Libraries, 2020Co-Authors: Lakeram ScottAbstract:These images were used in the research for a master's thesis from the Texas A&M University Dept. of Geology and Geophysics (Date of submission: May 2020).Images were taken from unmounted peels of coal balls.Cones A is an immature cone.Cone B is a degraded cone.Cone C is a basal section.Peels were made by Anne Raymond, the advisor for this thesis.Cone maturity is as follows- cone A, immature (picture 1); cone B, taphonomically degraded (picture 2, left); cone C, basal section (picture 3, right). A single golden Coprolite and 3 brown Coprolites were identified in the matrix. Plate 3B is a successive peel taken from the same coal ball as plate 3A
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Cordaitean Predation Photos 2019: Unmounted Peels, Wild Cones. Plate 17B
Texas A&M University. Libraries, 2020Co-Authors: Lakeram ScottAbstract:These images were used in the research for a master's thesis from the Texas A&M University Dept. of Geology and Geophysics (Date of submission: May 2020).Images were taken from unmounted peels of coal balls.Cone A is a mature cone containing a golden CoproliteCone B is a degraded cone.A brown Coprolite was identified in the matrix.Peels were made by Anne Raymond, the advisor for this thesis.Cone A (picture 1) is a mature cordaitean cone and cone B (picture 2) is taphonomically degraded. A golden Coprolite was identified in proximity to cone A (picture 1) and a single brown Coprolite was identified in the matrix (picture 3). Plate 17B is a successive peel taken from the same coal ball as plate 17A
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Cordaitean Predation Photos 2019: Unmounted Peels, Wild Cones. Plate 9
Texas A&M University. Libraries, 2020Co-Authors: Lakeram ScottAbstract:These images were used in the research for a master's thesis from the Texas A&M University Dept. of Geology and Geophysics (Date of submission: May 2020).Images were taken from unmounted peels of coal balls.Cone A and B are mature cones.Cone A contained two golden Coprolite.Cone B contained a single golden Coprolite.A single golden Coprolite was identified in the matrix.Peels were made by Anne Raymond, the advisor for this thesis.Cone A (picture 1) and cone B (picture 2) are mature cordaitean cones. Cone A contained two golden Coprolites and cone B contained a single golden Coprolite. A small golden Coprolite (
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Cordaitean Predation Photos 2019: Unmounted Peels, Wild Cones. Plate 6
Texas A&M University. Libraries, 2020Co-Authors: Lakeram ScottAbstract:These images were used in the research for a master's thesis from the Texas A&M University Dept. of Geology and Geophysics (Date of submission: May 2020).Images were taken from unmounted peels of coal balls.Cones A and C are immature cones.Cone B is a degraded cone.Cone D is a basal section.33 brown Coprolites were identified in the matrix.Peels were made by Anne Raymond, the advisor for this thesis.Cone maturity is as follows- cone A, immature (picture 1); cone B, taphonomically degraded (picture 2); cone C, immature (picture 3); cone D, basal section (picture 4). A brown Coprolite (> 100 microns) was identified in the matrix (picture 1), 32 small brown Coprolites (> 25 microns) were identified in the matrix (picture 5)