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Sung Ho Jang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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dysphagia prognosis prediction via Corticobulbar Tract assessment in lateral medullary infarction a diffusion tensor Tractography study
Dysphagia, 2020Co-Authors: Sung Ho Jang, Jun Lee, Min Son KimAbstract:We investigated the capacity for dysphagia prognosis prediction using diffusion tensor Tractography (DTT) to assess the state of the Corticobulbar Tract (CBT) during the initial period following lateral medullary infarction (LMI). Twenty patients with LMI and 20 control subjects were recruited for this study. The patients were classified into two subgroups: subgroup A (16 patients with nasogastric tube required for six months or less after LMI onset) and subgroup B (4 patients with nasogastric tube required for more than six months after onset). DTT was used to reconstruct the CBTs of each patient and control subject, and the fractional anisotropy (FA) and Tract volume (TV) measurements were obtained. In the affected hemisphere, the FA value of the CBT was significantly lower in subgroup B than in subgroup A and the control group (p < 0.05), with no significant difference between subgroup A and the control group. In the affected and unaffected hemispheres, the TV values of CBT in subgroups A and B were lower than those of the control group (p < 0.05), with no significant difference between subgroups A and B. In addition, among the four patients of subgroup B, reconstruction of the CBT was not possible in three patients, and the remaining patients exhibited on old lesion in the corona radiate involving descending pathway of the CBT in the affected hemisphere. We found that the injury severity of the CBT in the affected hemisphere appeared to be related to a poor dysphagia prognosis following LMI. Our results suggest that evaluation of the CBT state during the early post-LMI could be useful for dysphagia prognosis prediction.
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Dysphagia prognosis prediction via Corticobulbar Tract assessment in lateral medullary infarction: a diffusion tensor Tractography study
Dysphagia, 2020Co-Authors: Sung Ho Jang, Jun Lee, Min Son KimAbstract:We investigated the capacity for dysphagia prognosis prediction using diffusion tensor Tractography (DTT) to assess the state of the Corticobulbar Tract (CBT) during the initial period following lateral medullary infarction (LMI). Twenty patients with LMI and 20 control subjects were recruited for this study. The patients were classified into two subgroups: subgroup A (16 patients with nasogastric tube required for six months or less after LMI onset) and subgroup B (4 patients with nasogastric tube required for more than six months after onset). DTT was used to reconstruct the CBTs of each patient and control subject, and the fractional anisotropy (FA) and Tract volume (TV) measurements were obtained. In the affected hemisphere, the FA value of the CBT was significantly lower in subgroup B than in subgroup A and the control group ( p
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Prognostic Prediction of Dysphagia by Analyzing the Corticobulbar Tract in the Early Stage of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Dysphagia, 2020Co-Authors: Sung Ho Jang, So Young Kwak, Chul Hoon Chang, Young Jin JungAbstract:We investigated the predictive value of the Corticobulbar Tract (CBT) for dysphagia using diffusion tensor Tractography in the early stage of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) for dysphagia. Forty-two patients with spontaneous ICH ± intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and 22 control subjects were recruited. The patients were classified into three groups: group A—could remove nasogastric tube (NGT) in the acute stage of ICH, group B—could remove NGT within 6 months after onset, and group C—could not remove NGT until 6 months after onset. The CBT were reconstructed, and fractional anisotropy (FA) and Tract volume (TV) values were determined. The FA of the CBT in the affected hemisphere in group A was lower than in the control group ( p
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prognostic prediction of dysphagia by analyzing the Corticobulbar Tract in the early stage of intracerebral hemorrhage
Dysphagia, 2020Co-Authors: Sung Ho Jang, So Young Kwak, Chul Hoon Chang, Young Jin Jung, Jong Hoon Kim, Seong Ho Kim, Jun Young KimAbstract:We investigated the predictive value of the Corticobulbar Tract (CBT) for dysphagia using diffusion tensor Tractography in the early stage of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) for dysphagia. Forty-two patients with spontaneous ICH ± intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and 22 control subjects were recruited. The patients were classified into three groups: group A—could remove nasogastric tube (NGT) in the acute stage of ICH, group B—could remove NGT within 6 months after onset, and group C—could not remove NGT until 6 months after onset. The CBT were reconstructed, and fractional anisotropy (FA) and Tract volume (TV) values were determined. The FA of the CBT in the affected hemisphere in group A was lower than in the control group (p < 0.05). The FA and TV of the CBT in the affected hemisphere in group B were lower than those in the control group (p < 0.05). In group C, the FA and TV in the affected hemisphere and unaffected hemispheres were lower than in the control group (p < 0.05). The TV of the CBT in the affected hemisphere in group B showed a moderate negative correlation with the length of time until NGT removal (r = 0.430, p < 0.05). We found that patients with CBT injuries in both hemispheres were not able to remove the NGT until 6 months after onset, whereas patients who were injured only in the affected hemisphere were able to remove NGT within 6 months of onset. The severity of injury to the CBT in the affected hemisphere appeared to be related to the length of time until NGT removal.
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Corrigendum: Image of the month: Dysphagia due to injury of the Corticobulbar Tract following traumatic brain injury.
Clinical medicine (London England), 2018Co-Authors: Sung Ho Jang, Seong Ho Kim, Jeong Pyo SeoAbstract:Clinical Medicine 2018;18:112 Clinical Medicine 2017;17:584–5 Throughout the paper the term ‘dysphasia’ is used in error. This has been corrected to ‘dysphagia’ in all instances
Frederique Liegeois - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Brain Marker for Developmental Speech Disorders.
The Journal of pediatrics, 2018Co-Authors: Angela T Morgan, Alan Connelly, Sheena Reilly, Gina Conti-ramsden, Frederique LiegeoisAbstract:Objective To characterize the organization of speech- and language-related white matter Tracts in children with developmental speech and/or language disorders. Study design We collected magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging data from 41 children, ages 9-11 years, with developmental speech and/or language disorders, and compared them with 45 typically developing controls with the same age range. We used probabilistic Tractography of diffusion-weighted imaging to map language (3 segments of arcuate fasciculus, extreme capsule system) and speech motor (Corticobulbar) Tracts bilaterally. The corticospinal and callosal Tracts were used as control regions. We compared the mean fractional anisotropy and diffusivity values between atypical and control groups, covarying for nonverbal IQ. We then examined differences between atypical subgroups: developmental speech disorder (DSD), developmental language disorder, and co-occurring developmental speech and language disorder. Results Fractional anisotropy in the left Corticobulbar Tract was lower in the DSD than in the control group. Radial and mean diffusivity were higher in the DSD than the developmental language disorder, co-occurring developmental speech and language disorder, or control groups. There were no group differences for any metrics in the language or control Tracts. Conclusions Atypical development of the left Corticobulbar Tract may be a neural marker for DSD. This finding is in line with reports of speech disorder after left Corticobulbar damage in children and adults with brain injury. By contrast, we found no association between diffusion metrics in language-related Tracts in developmental language disorder, and changes for language disorders are likely more complex.
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Anatomy and lateralization of the human Corticobulbar Tracts: an fMRI-guided Tractography study
Brain structure & function, 2015Co-Authors: Frederique Liegeois, Angela T Morgan, James L. Butler, Jonathan D. Clayden, Chris A. ClarkAbstract:The left hemisphere lateralization bias for language functions, such as syntactic processing and semantic retrieval, is well known. Although several theories and clinical data indicate a link between speech motor execution and language, the functional and structural brain lateralization for these functions has never been examined concomitantly in the same individuals. Here, we used functional MRI during rapid silent syllable repetition (/lalala/, /papapa/ and /pataka/, known as oral diadochokinesis or DDK) to map the cortical representation of the articulators in 17 healthy adults. In these same participants, functional lateralization for language production was assessed using the well-established verb generation task. We then used DDK-related fMRI activation clusters to guide Tractography of the Corticobulbar Tract from diffusion-weighted MRI. Functional MRI revealed a wide inter-individual variability of hemispheric asymmetry patterns (left and right dominant, as well as bilateral) for DDK in the motor cortex, despite predominantly left hemisphere dominance for language-related activity in Broca's area. Tractography revealed no evidence for structural asymmetry (based on fractional anisotropy) within the Corticobulbar Tract. To our knowledge, this study is the first to reveal that motor brain activation for syllable repetition is unrelated to functional asymmetry for language production in adult humans. In addition, we found no evidence that the human Corticobulbar Tract is an asymmetric white matter pathway. We suggest that the predominance of dysarthria following left hemisphere infarct is probably a consequence of disrupted feedback or input from left hemisphere language and speech planning regions, rather than structural asymmetry of the Corticobulbar Tract itself.
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Corticobulbar Tract changes as predictors of dysarthria in childhood brain injury
Neurology, 2013Co-Authors: Frederique Liegeois, Jacquesdonald Tournier, Lauren Pigdon, Alan Connelly, Angela T MorganAbstract:Objectives: To identify Corticobulbar Tract changes that may predict chronic dysarthria in young people who have sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI) in childhood using diffusion MRI Tractography. Methods: We collected diffusion-weighted MRI data from 49 participants. We compared 17 young people (mean age 17 years, 10 months; on average 8 years postinjury) with chronic dysarthria who sustained a TBI in childhood (range 3–16 years) with 2 control groups matched for age and sex: 1 group of youngpeople who sustained a traumaticinjury but had no subsequent dysarthria (n5 15), and 1 group of typically developing individuals (n 5 17). We performed Tractography from spherical seed regions within the precentral gyrus white matter to track: 1) the hand-related corticospinal Tract;2)the dorsalCorticobulbar Tract,thought tocorrespondtothe lips/larynxmotor representation; and 3) the ventral Corticobulbar Tract, corresponding to the tongue representation. Results: Despite widespread white matter damage, radial (perpendicular) diffusivity within the left dorsal Corticobulbar Tract was the best predictor of the presence of dysarthria after TBI. Diffusion metrics in this Tract also predicted speech and oromotor performance across the whole group of TBI participants, with additional significant contributions from ventral speech Tract volume in the right hemisphere. Conclusion: An intact left dorsal Corticobulbar Tract seems crucial to the normal execution of speech long term after acquired injury. Examining the speech-related motor pathways using diffusion-weighted MRI Tractography offers a promising prognostic tool for people with acquired, developmental, or degenerative neurologic conditions likely to affect speech. Neurology 2013;80:926–932
Angela T Morgan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Brain Marker for Developmental Speech Disorders.
The Journal of pediatrics, 2018Co-Authors: Angela T Morgan, Alan Connelly, Sheena Reilly, Gina Conti-ramsden, Frederique LiegeoisAbstract:Objective To characterize the organization of speech- and language-related white matter Tracts in children with developmental speech and/or language disorders. Study design We collected magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging data from 41 children, ages 9-11 years, with developmental speech and/or language disorders, and compared them with 45 typically developing controls with the same age range. We used probabilistic Tractography of diffusion-weighted imaging to map language (3 segments of arcuate fasciculus, extreme capsule system) and speech motor (Corticobulbar) Tracts bilaterally. The corticospinal and callosal Tracts were used as control regions. We compared the mean fractional anisotropy and diffusivity values between atypical and control groups, covarying for nonverbal IQ. We then examined differences between atypical subgroups: developmental speech disorder (DSD), developmental language disorder, and co-occurring developmental speech and language disorder. Results Fractional anisotropy in the left Corticobulbar Tract was lower in the DSD than in the control group. Radial and mean diffusivity were higher in the DSD than the developmental language disorder, co-occurring developmental speech and language disorder, or control groups. There were no group differences for any metrics in the language or control Tracts. Conclusions Atypical development of the left Corticobulbar Tract may be a neural marker for DSD. This finding is in line with reports of speech disorder after left Corticobulbar damage in children and adults with brain injury. By contrast, we found no association between diffusion metrics in language-related Tracts in developmental language disorder, and changes for language disorders are likely more complex.
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Anatomy and lateralization of the human Corticobulbar Tracts: an fMRI-guided Tractography study
Brain structure & function, 2015Co-Authors: Frederique Liegeois, Angela T Morgan, James L. Butler, Jonathan D. Clayden, Chris A. ClarkAbstract:The left hemisphere lateralization bias for language functions, such as syntactic processing and semantic retrieval, is well known. Although several theories and clinical data indicate a link between speech motor execution and language, the functional and structural brain lateralization for these functions has never been examined concomitantly in the same individuals. Here, we used functional MRI during rapid silent syllable repetition (/lalala/, /papapa/ and /pataka/, known as oral diadochokinesis or DDK) to map the cortical representation of the articulators in 17 healthy adults. In these same participants, functional lateralization for language production was assessed using the well-established verb generation task. We then used DDK-related fMRI activation clusters to guide Tractography of the Corticobulbar Tract from diffusion-weighted MRI. Functional MRI revealed a wide inter-individual variability of hemispheric asymmetry patterns (left and right dominant, as well as bilateral) for DDK in the motor cortex, despite predominantly left hemisphere dominance for language-related activity in Broca's area. Tractography revealed no evidence for structural asymmetry (based on fractional anisotropy) within the Corticobulbar Tract. To our knowledge, this study is the first to reveal that motor brain activation for syllable repetition is unrelated to functional asymmetry for language production in adult humans. In addition, we found no evidence that the human Corticobulbar Tract is an asymmetric white matter pathway. We suggest that the predominance of dysarthria following left hemisphere infarct is probably a consequence of disrupted feedback or input from left hemisphere language and speech planning regions, rather than structural asymmetry of the Corticobulbar Tract itself.
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Corticobulbar Tract changes as predictors of dysarthria in childhood brain injury
Neurology, 2013Co-Authors: Frederique Liegeois, Jacquesdonald Tournier, Lauren Pigdon, Alan Connelly, Angela T MorganAbstract:Objectives: To identify Corticobulbar Tract changes that may predict chronic dysarthria in young people who have sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI) in childhood using diffusion MRI Tractography. Methods: We collected diffusion-weighted MRI data from 49 participants. We compared 17 young people (mean age 17 years, 10 months; on average 8 years postinjury) with chronic dysarthria who sustained a TBI in childhood (range 3–16 years) with 2 control groups matched for age and sex: 1 group of youngpeople who sustained a traumaticinjury but had no subsequent dysarthria (n5 15), and 1 group of typically developing individuals (n 5 17). We performed Tractography from spherical seed regions within the precentral gyrus white matter to track: 1) the hand-related corticospinal Tract;2)the dorsalCorticobulbar Tract,thought tocorrespondtothe lips/larynxmotor representation; and 3) the ventral Corticobulbar Tract, corresponding to the tongue representation. Results: Despite widespread white matter damage, radial (perpendicular) diffusivity within the left dorsal Corticobulbar Tract was the best predictor of the presence of dysarthria after TBI. Diffusion metrics in this Tract also predicted speech and oromotor performance across the whole group of TBI participants, with additional significant contributions from ventral speech Tract volume in the right hemisphere. Conclusion: An intact left dorsal Corticobulbar Tract seems crucial to the normal execution of speech long term after acquired injury. Examining the speech-related motor pathways using diffusion-weighted MRI Tractography offers a promising prognostic tool for people with acquired, developmental, or degenerative neurologic conditions likely to affect speech. Neurology 2013;80:926–932
Vedran Deletis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Neurophysiological mechanism of possibly confounding peripheral activation of the facial nerve during Corticobulbar Tract monitoring.
Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, 2015Co-Authors: Maria J. Téllez, Sedat Ulkatan, Javier Urriza, Beatriz Arranz-arranz, Vedran DeletisAbstract:AbsTract Objective To improve the recognition and possibly prevent confounding peripheral activation of the facial nerve caused by leaking transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) current during Corticobulbar Tract monitoring. Methods We applied a single stimulus and a short train of electrical stimuli directly to the extracranial portion of the facial nerve. We compared the peripherally elicited compound muscle action potential (CMAP) of the facial nerve with the responses elicited by TES during intraoperative monitoring of the Corticobulbar Tract. Results A single stimulus applied directly to the facial nerve at subthreshold intensities did not evoke a CMAP, whereas short trains of subthreshold stimuli repeatedly evoked CMAPs. This is due to the phenomenon of sub- or near-threshold super excitability of the cranial nerve. Therefore, the facial responses evoked by short trains TES, when the leaked current reaches the facial nerve at sub- or near-threshold intensity, could lead to false interpretation. Conclusions Our results revealed a potential pitfall in the current methodology for facial Corticobulbar Tract monitoring that is due to the activation of the facial nerve by subthreshold trains of stimuli. This study proposes a new criterion to exclude peripheral activation during Corticobulbar Tract monitoring. Significance The failure to recognize and avoid facial nerve activation due to leaking current in the peripheral portion of the facial nerve during TES decreases the reliability of Corticobulbar Tract monitoring by increasing the possibility of false interpretation.
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Intraoperative neurophysiology for surgery in and around the brainstem: role of brainstem mapping and Corticobulbar Tract motor-evoked potential monitoring
Child's Nervous System, 2010Co-Authors: Nobu Morota, Satoshi Ihara, Vedran DeletisAbstract:Introduction New advancements of intraoperative neurophysiology for surgery in and around the brainstem have been described. Neurophysiological techniques Brainstem mapping (BSM) is applied to locate cranial nerves and their motor nuclei (CMN) on the floor of the fourth ventricle. Corticobulbar Tract (CBT) motor-evoked potential (MEP) monitoring is used to achieve on-line monitoring of the cranial motor nerves' functional integrity. Discussion Each of these procedures bears a specific role: BSM can help avoid direct damage to CMNs on the fourth ventricular floor; CBT-MEP can provide simultaneous feedback on the functional integrity of the CBT and CMN during surgery, eventually leading to “tailored” modifications of the surgical procedure, based upon neurophysiological responses. Conclusions CBT-MEP monitoring has less restriction in terms of clinical indications, but a combination of both procedures is essential for functional preservation of CMNs during surgery in and around the brainstem.
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Intraoperative neurophysiology for surgery in and around the brainstem: role of brainstem mapping and Corticobulbar Tract motor-evoked potential monitoring.
Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery, 2010Co-Authors: Nobu Morota, Satoshi Ihara, Vedran DeletisAbstract:New advancements of intraoperative neurophysiology for surgery in and around the brainstem have been described. Brainstem mapping (BSM) is applied to locate cranial nerves and their motor nuclei (CMN) on the floor of the fourth ventricle. Corticobulbar Tract (CBT) motor-evoked potential (MEP) monitoring is used to achieve on-line monitoring of the cranial motor nerves' functional integrity. Each of these procedures bears a specific role: BSM can help avoid direct damage to CMNs on the fourth ventricular floor; CBT-MEP can provide simultaneous feedback on the functional integrity of the CBT and CMN during surgery, eventually leading to “tailored” modifications of the surgical procedure, based upon neurophysiological responses. CBT-MEP monitoring has less restriction in terms of clinical indications, but a combination of both procedures is essential for functional preservation of CMNs during surgery in and around the brainstem.
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methodology for intraoperatively eliciting motor evoked potentials in the vocal muscles by electrical stimulation of the Corticobulbar Tract
Clinical Neurophysiology, 2009Co-Authors: Vedran Deletis, Sedat Ulkatan, Isabel Fernandezconejero, Peter D CostantinoAbstract:AbsTract Objective To establish a methodology for recording Corticobulbar motor evoked potentials (CoMEPs) from vocal muscles after transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) and direct cortical stimulation (DCS). Methods Twenty-four patients were included in this study (22 for TES, 2 for DCS, 3 for TES plus DCS) that underwent different surgical procedures. We used two methods to elicit CoMEPs: (a) TES by stimulation over C3/Cz or C4/Cz and (b) DCS with a strip electrode placed over the primary motor area (M1) for laryngeal muscles. To record CoMEPs from vocal muscles we used two hook wire electrodes 76 μm of diameter passing through 27 gauge needle endotracheally placed in the vocal muscles after intubation. Results Recording of CoMEPs in the vocal muscles after TES was successfully performed in 22 patients. TES over the right or left hemisphere elicit responses bilaterally. The onset latencies for the right vocal muscle was 12.4 ± 3.1 ms (ipsilateral stimulation) and 12.7 ±2.2 ms (contralateral stimulation) while for the left vocal muscle, onset latency was 12.9 ± 2.3 ms (ipsilateral stimulation) and 14.1 ± 3.4 ms (contralateral stimulation). In five patients DCS elicited CoMEPs in right and left vocal muscle with latency of 16.6 ± 4.7 and 15.6 ± 3.7 ms, respectively. Conclusion The method to elicit and record CoMEPs in vocal muscles shows reliable results and adds one more tool in the armamentarium of intraoperative neurophysiology. Significance This method shows the ability to continuously monitor the functional integrity of Corticobulbar pathways, vagal nucleus and laryngeal nerves.
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brain stem mapping neurophysiological localization of motor nuclei on the floor of the fourth ventricle
Neurosurgery, 1995Co-Authors: Nobu Morota, Vedran Deletis, Fred J Epstein, Markus Kofler, Rick Abbott, Keith J RuskinAbstract:WE HAVE IMPROVED upon a brain stem mapping technique that can be used to locate cranial motor nuclei on the floor of the fourth ventricle. This technique helped to intraoperatively locate the facial colliculus and the motor nuclei of cranial nerves IX/X and XII in 14 patients undergoing removal of brain stem tumors. The motor nuclei of these cranial nerves are usually located relative to specific anatomic landmarks on the ventricular floor. These landmarks were not evident in most patients studied because of the distorting effects of the tumor. Different points of the floor of the fourth ventricle were electrically stimulated while electromyographic responses were recorded with electrodes inserted in the orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris muscles, the lateral posterior pharyngeal wall, and the intrinsic muscles of the tongue. Mapping was performed before and after tumor resection. The technique was found to be useful for locating cranial motor nuclei before tumor resection. It enabled surgeons to avoid damaging the nuclei when entering the brain stem. This technique, however, has certain limitations. Because this is a mapping technique, not a monitoring technique, continuous monitoring during tumor resection was unavailable. Also, the presence of a muscle response after tumor resection did not always indicate preservation of immediate postoperative function (7 days after surgery) because damage to the Corticobulbar Tract and/or the underlying neural circuitry was not detectable by mapping. Further research is needed to determine the point of stimulation in the functional motor circuitry and the relationship between intraoperative recordings and postoperative function in the long term.
Jeong Pyo Seo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Corrigendum: Image of the month: Dysphagia due to injury of the Corticobulbar Tract following traumatic brain injury.
Clinical medicine (London England), 2018Co-Authors: Sung Ho Jang, Seong Ho Kim, Jeong Pyo SeoAbstract:Clinical Medicine 2018;18:112 Clinical Medicine 2017;17:584–5 Throughout the paper the term ‘dysphasia’ is used in error. This has been corrected to ‘dysphagia’ in all instances
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Image of the month: Dysphagia due to injury of the Corticobulbar Tract following traumatic brain injury.
Clinical medicine (London England), 2017Co-Authors: Sung Ho Jang, Seong Ho Kim, Jeong Pyo SeoAbstract:A 51-year-old male patient was diagnosed with traumatic epidural hematoma in the left frontal area and contusional hematoma in both prefrontal areas resulting from a fall after being hit by a truck while walking in a side street, in which the patient’s head hit the ground. The patient lost
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The anatomical location of the Corticobulbar Tract at the corona radiata in the human brain: diffusion tensor Tractography study.
Neuroscience Letters, 2015Co-Authors: Sung Ho Jang, Jeong Pyo SeoAbstract:Many studies have reported on the anatomical location of the Corticobulbar Tract (CBT). However, no study has reported on the anatomical location of the corona radiata (CR). Using diffusion tensor Tractography, we investigated the anatomical location of the CBT at the CR in normal subjects. Forty healthy normal subjects were enrolled in this study. Diffusion tensor images were acquired at 1.5-T, and the CBT was reconstructed using FMRIB software. The highest probabilistic location of the CBT was defined as the location on an axial slice in the upper and lower CRs. The CBT was located at an average of 49.13% and 49.91% in the antero-posterior direction between the most anterior point and the most posterior point of the lateral ventricle at the upper and lower CR, respectively. Regarding medio-lateral direction, between the midline and the most lateral point of the brain, the CBT was located at an average of 36.58% and 32.73% at the upper and lower CR, respectively. According to our findings, the CBT was located almost halfway between the most anterior point and the most posterior point of the lateral ventricle at the CR, and almost one third between the midline and the most lateral point of the brain at the CR.
