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R. Shane Tubbs - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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PENETRATION OF Cranial Nerves BY INTRACranial ARTERIES AND VEINS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Anatomy, 2016Co-Authors: Galyna Ivashchuk, Marios Loukas, Andrea Andrea, Erfanul Saker, Rod J. Oskouian, R. Shane TubbsAbstract:The relationship between Cranial Nerves and surrounding blood vessels is important to surgeons who operate in this region and radiologists who interpret Cranial imaging. However, only sparse information is available regarding the potential for intraCranial vessels to pierce Cranial Nerves. Therefore, the current comprehensive review was performed. Some reports do exist that describe this variant anatomy. Both veins and arteries have been reported to rarely pierce Cranial Nerves. Clinicians and surgeons should be aware of this possible derailment of normal anatomy as it could affect their patients or result in symptoms that do not have a precise etiology. Keywords: cerebral arteries; cerebral veins; Cranial Nerves
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Blood Supply of the Cranial Nerves
Nerves and Nerve Injuries, 2015Co-Authors: Philipp Hendrix, Christoph J. Griessenauer, Paul M. Foreman, Mohammadali Mohajel Shoja, R. Shane TubbsAbstract:Abstract The Cranial Nerves receive their arterial supply from an intricate network of tributaries derived from the external carotid, internal carotid, and vertebrobasilar territories. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the arterial supply of the Cranial Nerves.
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Arterial supply of the upper Cranial Nerves: a comprehensive review.
Clinical anatomy (New York N.Y.), 2014Co-Authors: Philipp Hendrix, Christoph J. Griessenauer, Paul M. Foreman, Mohammadali Mohajel Shoja, Marios Loukas, R. Shane TubbsAbstract:The arterial supply to the upper Cranial Nerves is derived from a complex network of branches derived from the anterior and posterior cerebral circulations. We performed a comprehensive literature review of the arterial supply of the upper Cranial Nerves with an emphasis on clinical considerations. Arteries coursing in close proximity to the Cranial Nerves regularly give rise to small vessels that supply the nerve. Knowledge of the arteries supplying the Cranial Nerves is of particular importance during surgical approaches to the skull base.
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The naming of the Cranial Nerves: A historical review
Clinical anatomy (New York N.Y.), 2013Co-Authors: Matthew C. Davis, Christoph J. Griessenauer, R. Shane Tubbs, Anand N. Bosmia, Mohammadali Mohajel ShojaAbstract:The giants of medicine and anatomy have each left their mark on the history of the Cranial Nerves, and much of the history of anatomic study can be viewed through the lens of how the Cranial Nerves were identified and named. A comprehensive literature review on the classification of the Cranial names was performed. The identification of the Cranial Nerves began with Galen in the 2nd century AD and evolved up through the mid-20th century. In 1778, Samuel Sommerring, a German anatomist, classified the 12 Cranial Nerves as we recognize them today. This review expands on the excellent investigations of Flamm, Shaw, and Simon et al., with discussion of the historical identification as well as the process of naming the human Cranial Nerves.
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Arterial supply of the lower Cranial Nerves: A comprehensive review: Arterial Supply of the Lower Cranial Nerves
Clinical anatomy (New York N.Y.), 2013Co-Authors: Philipp Hendrix, Christoph J. Griessenauer, Paul M. Foreman, Mohammadali Mohajel Shoja, Marios Loukas, Winfield S. Fisher, Elias Rizk, R. Shane TubbsAbstract:The lower Cranial Nerves receive their arterial supply from an intricate network of tributaries derived from the external carotid, internal carotid, and vertebrobasilar territories. A contemporary, comprehensive literature review of the vascular supply of the lower Cranial Nerves was performed. The vascular supply to the trigeminal, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, and hypoglossal Nerves are illustrated with a special emphasis on clinical issues. Frequently the external carotid, internal carotid, and vertebrobasilar territories all contribute to the vascular supply of an individual Cranial nerve along its course. Understanding of the vasculature of the lower Cranial Nerves is of great relevance for skull base surgery.
F Benoudiba - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The lower Cranial Nerves: IX, X, XI, XII
Diagnostic and interventional imaging, 2013Co-Authors: J L Sarrazin, F. Toulgoat, F BenoudibaAbstract:The lower Cranial Nerves innervate the pharynx and larynx by the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and vagus (CN X) (mixed) Nerves, and provide motor innervation of the muscles of the neck by the accessory nerve (CN XI) and the tongue by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII). The symptomatology provoked by an anomaly is often discrete and rarely in the forefront. As with all Cranial Nerves, the context and clinical examinations, in case of suspicion of impairment of the lower Cranial Nerves, are determinant in guiding the imaging. In fact, the impairment may be located in the brain stem, in the peribulbar cisterns, in the foramens or even in the deep spaces of the face. The clinical localization of the probable seat of the lesion helps in choosing the adapted protocol in MRI and eventually completes it with a CT-scan. In the bulb, the intra-axial pathology is dominated by brain ischemia (in particular, with Wallenberg syndrome) and multiple sclerosis. Cisternal pathology is tumoral with two tumors, schwannoma and meningioma. The occurrence is much lower than in the cochleovestibular Nerves as well as the leptomeningeal Nerves (infectious, inflammatory or tumoral). Finally, foramen pathology is tumoral with, outside of the usual schwannomas and meningiomas, paragangliomas. For radiologists, fairly hesitant to explore these lower Cranial pairs, it is necessary to be familiar with (or relearn) the anatomy, master the exploratory technique and be aware of the diagnostic possibilities.
W F Mourad - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cranial Nerves contouring among patients treated with imrt for base of skull nasopharyngeal and paranasal sinus cancer
Practical radiation oncology, 2013Co-Authors: W F Mourad, Rania A. Shourbaji, Azita S Khorsandi, Kenneth S Hu, Louis B HarrisonAbstract:Purpose/Objectives: To develop a standardized methodology for Cranial Nerves IX-XII contouring among patients treated with intensitymodulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for head and neck cancer (HNC). Materials/Methods: Using anatomic texts, radiologic data, and T1/2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a standardized method for delineating the Cranial Nerves IX-XII on computed tomography (CT) was performed. A neuroradiologist assisted with identification of the Cranial Nerves IX-XII and adjacent structures (i.e. Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata). These organs at risk were then contoured on 5 consecutive patients undergoing IMRT for locally advanced HNC (i.e. base of skull, nasopharyngeal and Paranasal-sinus cancer). Dosevolume histogram (DVH) curves were generated by applying the proposed Cranial Nerves contour to the initial treatment plan. Due to anatomical nature and proximity of Cranial Nerves IX, X and XI, they were contoured as one structure while Cranial nerve XII was contoured individually. Results: The median total dose to the planning target volume (PTV) was 70 (ranged from 66–70 Gy). The median Cranial Nerves (IX-XI) and (XII) volumes were 20 cm3 (15–25) and 18 cm3 (15–22) respectively. The median V50, V60, V66, and V70 of the Cranial Nerves (IX-XI) and (XII) volumes were (85, 77, 71, 65) and (88, 80, 74, 64) respectively. The maximal dose to the Cranial Nerves (IX-XI) and (XII) were 72 (66–77) and 71 Gy (64–78) respectively. Conclusions: The proposed methodology provides a highly reproducible, defined and standardized way for delineating the Cranial Nerves IX-XII organ at risk on IMRT based CT planning. Our dosimetric analysis should serve as pilot data for prospective studies for patients undergoing IMRT for HNC to establish a limiting dose for these structures at risk.
Antonio Castaldi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Imaging of Cranial Nerves: a pictorial overview
Insights into imaging, 2019Co-Authors: Nicola Romano, Margherita Federici, Antonio CastaldiAbstract:The human body has 12 pairs of Cranial Nerves that control motor and sensory functions of the head and neck. The anatomy of Cranial Nerves is complex and its knowledge is crucial to detect pathological alterations in case of nervous disorders. Therefore, it is necessary to know the most frequent pathologies that may involve Cranial Nerves and recognize their typical characteristics of imaging. Cranial nerve dysfunctions may be the result of pathological processes of the Cranial nerve itself or be related to tumors, inflammation, infectious processes, or traumatic injuries of adjacent structures. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the gold standard in the study of the Cranial Nerves. Computed tomography (CT) allows, usually, an indirect view of the nerve and is useful to demonstrate the intraosseous segments of Cranial Nerves, the foramina through which they exit skull base and their pathologic changes. The article is a complete pictorial overview of the imaging of Cranial Nerves, with anatomic and pathologic descriptions and great attention to illustrative depiction. We believe that it could be a useful guide for radiologists and neuroradiologists to review the anatomy and the most important pathologies that involve Cranial Nerves and their differential diagnosis.
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Imaging of Cranial Nerves: An Overview
2019Co-Authors: Nicola Romano, Margherita Federici, V. Cozzolino, S. Parodi, M. Pensa, U. Ruffinengo, Antonio CastaldiAbstract:Poster: "ECR 2019 / C-1067 / Imaging of Cranial Nerves: An Overview " by: " N. Romano 1, V. Cozzolino1, M. Federici1, S. Parodi1, M. Pensa2, U. Ruffinengo2, A. Castaldi1; 1Genova/IT, 2Genoa/IT"
J L Sarrazin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The lower Cranial Nerves: IX, X, XI, XII
Diagnostic and interventional imaging, 2013Co-Authors: J L Sarrazin, F. Toulgoat, F BenoudibaAbstract:The lower Cranial Nerves innervate the pharynx and larynx by the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and vagus (CN X) (mixed) Nerves, and provide motor innervation of the muscles of the neck by the accessory nerve (CN XI) and the tongue by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII). The symptomatology provoked by an anomaly is often discrete and rarely in the forefront. As with all Cranial Nerves, the context and clinical examinations, in case of suspicion of impairment of the lower Cranial Nerves, are determinant in guiding the imaging. In fact, the impairment may be located in the brain stem, in the peribulbar cisterns, in the foramens or even in the deep spaces of the face. The clinical localization of the probable seat of the lesion helps in choosing the adapted protocol in MRI and eventually completes it with a CT-scan. In the bulb, the intra-axial pathology is dominated by brain ischemia (in particular, with Wallenberg syndrome) and multiple sclerosis. Cisternal pathology is tumoral with two tumors, schwannoma and meningioma. The occurrence is much lower than in the cochleovestibular Nerves as well as the leptomeningeal Nerves (infectious, inflammatory or tumoral). Finally, foramen pathology is tumoral with, outside of the usual schwannomas and meningiomas, paragangliomas. For radiologists, fairly hesitant to explore these lower Cranial pairs, it is necessary to be familiar with (or relearn) the anatomy, master the exploratory technique and be aware of the diagnostic possibilities.