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Irina A Pikuleva - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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2 hydroxypropyl β cyclodextrin reduces retinal cholesterol in wild type and cyp27a1 cyp46a1 mice with deficiency in the oxysterol production
British Journal of Pharmacology, 2021Co-Authors: Nicole Eldarzi, Natalia Mast, A M Petrov, Irina A PikulevaAbstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) is an FDA approved vehicle for drug delivery and an efficient cholesterol-lowering agent. HPCD was proposed to lower tissue cholesterol via multiple mechanisms including those mediated by oxysterols. CYP27A1 and CYP46A1 are the major oxysterol-producing enzymes in the retina that convert cholesterol to 27- and 24-hydroxycholesterol, respectively. We investigated whether HPCD treatments affected the retina of wild-type and Cyp27a1-/- Cyp46a1-/- mice that do not produce the major retinal oxysterols. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH HPCD administration was either by i.p., p.o. or s.c. Delivery to the retina was confirmed by angiography using the fluorescently labelled HPCD. Effects on the levels of retinal sterols, mRNA and proteins were evaluated by GC-MS, qRT-PCR and label-free approach, respectively. KEY RESULTS In both wild-type and Cyp27a1-/- Cyp46a1-/- mice, HPCD crossed the blood-retinal barrier when delivered i.p. and lowered the retinal cholesterol content when administered p.o. and s.c. In both genotypes, oral HPCD treatment affected the expression of cholesterol-related genes as well as the proteins involved in endocytosis, lysosomal function and lipid homeostasis. Mechanistically, liver X receptors and the altered expression of Lipe (hormone-sensitive lipase), Nceh1 (neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1) and NLTP (non-specific lipid-transfer protein) could mediate some of the HPCD effects. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS HPCD treatment altered retinal cholesterol homeostasis and is a potential therapeutic approach for the reduction of drusen and subretinal drusenoid deposits, cholesterol-rich lesions and hallmarks of age-related macular degeneration. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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N,N-Dimethyl-3β-hydroxycholenamide Reduces Retinal Cholesterol via Partial Inhibition of Retinal Cholesterol Biosynthesis Rather Than its Liver X Receptor Transcriptional Activity
Frontiers Media S.A., 2018Co-Authors: Nicole El-darzi, Natalia Mast, Artem Astafev, Aicha Saadane, Morrie Lam, Irina A PikulevaAbstract:N,N-dimethyl-3β-hydroxycholenamide (DMHCA) is an experimental pharmaceutical and a steroidal liver X receptor (LXR) agonist, which does not induce undesired hepatic lipogenesis. Herein, DMHCA was evaluated for its retinal effects on normal C57BL/6J and Cyp27a1−/−Cyp46a1−/− mice; the latter having higher retinal total and esterified cholesterol in addition to retinal vascular abnormalities. Different doses and two formulations were used for DMHCA delivery either via drinking water (C57BL/6J mice) or by oral gavage (Cyp27a1−/−Cyp46a1−/− mice). The duration of treatment was 1 week for C57BL/6J mice and 2 or 4 weeks for Cyp27a1−/−Cyp46a1−/− mice. In both genotypes, the higher DMHCA doses (37–80 mg/kg of body weight/day) neither increased serum triglycerides nor serum cholesterol but altered the levels of retinal sterols. Total retinal cholesterol was decreased in the DMHCA-treated mice, mainly due to a decrease in retinal unesterified cholesterol. In addition, retinal levels of cholesterol precursors lanosterol, zymosterol, desmosterol, and lathosterol were changed in Cyp27a1−/−Cyp46a1−/− mice. In both genotypes, DMHCA effect on retinal expression of the LXR target genes was only moderate and gender-specific. Collectively, the data obtained provide evidence for a decrease in retinal cholesterol as a result of DMHCA acting in the retina as an enzyme inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis rather than a LXR transcriptional activator. Specifically, DMHCA appears to partially inhibit the cholesterol biosynthetic enzyme Δ24-dehydrocholesterol reductase rather than upregulate the expression of LXR target genes involved in reverse cholesterol transport. The identified DMHCA dosages, formulations, and routes of delivery as well as the observed effects on the retina should be considered in future studies using DMHCA as a potential therapeutic for age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy
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Cytochrome P450 27A1 Deficiency and Regional Differences in Brain Sterol Metabolism Cause Preferential Cholestanol Accumulation in the Cerebellum
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2017Co-Authors: Natalia Mast, Ingemar Bjorkhem, Kyle W. Anderson, Illarion V Turko, Curtis Tatsuoka, Yong Li, Irina A PikulevaAbstract:Abstract Cytochrome P450 27A1 (CYP27A1 or sterol 27-hydroxylase) is a ubiquitous, multifunctional enzyme catalyzing regio- and stereo-specific hydroxylation of different sterols. In humans, complete CYP27A1 deficiency leads to cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis or nodule formation in tendons and brain (preferentially in the cerebellum) rich in cholesterol and cholestanol, the 5α-saturated analog of cholesterol. In Cyp27a1-/- mice, xanthomas are not formed, despite a significant cholestanol increase in the brain and cerebellum. The mechanism behind cholestanol production has been clarified, yet little is known about its metabolism, except that CYP27A1 might metabolize cholestanol. It also is unclear why CYP27A1 deficiency results in preferential cholestanol accumulation in the cerebellum. We hypothesized that cholestanol might be metabolized by CYP46A1, the principal cholesterol 24-hydroxylase in the brain. We quantified sterols along with CYP27A1 and CYP46A1 in mouse models (Cyp27a1-/-, Cyp46a1-/-, Cyp27a1-/- Cyp46a1-/-, and two wild type strains) and human brain specimens. In vitro experiments with purified P450s were conducted as well. We demonstrate that CYP46A1 is involved in cholestanol removal from the brain, and that several factors contribute to the preferential increase in cholestanol in the cerebellum arising from CYP27A1 deficiency. These factors include: (i) low cerebellar abundance of CYP46A1 and high cerebellar abundance of CYP27A1, whose lack likely selectively increases the cerebellar cholestanol production; (ii) spatial separation in the cerebellum of cholesterol/cholestanol-metabolizing P450s from a pool of metabolically available cholestanol; and (iii) weak cerebellar regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis. We identified a new physiological role of CYP46A1, an important brain enzyme and cytochrome P450 that could be activated pharmacologically.
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cytochrome p450 27a1 deficiency and regional differences in brain sterol metabolism cause preferential cholestanol accumulation in the cerebellum
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2017Co-Authors: Natalia Mast, Ingemar Bjorkhem, Illarion V Turko, Curtis Tatsuoka, Kyle Anderson, Joseph Lin, Irina A PikulevaAbstract:Cytochrome P450 27A1 (CYP27A1 or sterol 27-hydroxylase) is a ubiquitous, multifunctional enzyme catalyzing regio- and stereospecific hydroxylation of different sterols. In humans, complete CYP27A1 deficiency leads to cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis or nodule formation in tendons and brain (preferentially in the cerebellum) rich in cholesterol and cholestanol, the 5α-saturated analog of cholesterol. In Cyp27a1−/− mice, xanthomas are not formed, despite a significant cholestanol increase in the brain and cerebellum. The mechanism behind cholestanol production has been clarified, yet little is known about its metabolism, except that CYP27A1 might metabolize cholestanol. It also is unclear why CYP27A1 deficiency results in preferential cholestanol accumulation in the cerebellum. We hypothesized that cholestanol might be metabolized by CYP46A1, the principal cholesterol 24-hydroxylase in the brain. We quantified sterols along with CYP27A1 and CYP46A1 in mouse models (Cyp27a1−/−, Cyp46a1−/−, Cyp27a1−/−Cyp46a1−/−, and two wild type strains) and human brain specimens. In vitro experiments with purified P450s were conducted as well. We demonstrate that CYP46A1 is involved in cholestanol removal from the brain and that several factors contribute to the preferential increase in cholestanol in the cerebellum arising from CYP27A1 deficiency. These factors include (i) low cerebellar abundance of CYP46A1 and high cerebellar abundance of CYP27A1, the lack of which probably selectively increases the cerebellar cholestanol production; (ii) spatial separation in the cerebellum of cholesterol/cholestanol-metabolizing P450s from a pool of metabolically available cholestanol; and (iii) weak cerebellar regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis. We identified a new physiological role of CYP46A1, an important brain enzyme and cytochrome P450 that could be activated pharmacologically.
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cholesterol hydroperoxides as substrates for cholesterol metabolizing cytochrome p450 enzymes and alternative sources of 25 hydroxycholesterol and other oxysterols
Angewandte Chemie, 2015Co-Authors: Johan E. Van Lier, Natalia Mast, Irina A PikulevaAbstract:The interaction of the primary autoxidation products of cholesterol, namely 25- and 20ξ-hydroperoxides, with the four principal cholesterol-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes is reported. Addition of cholesterol 25-hydroperoxide to the enzymes CYP27A1 and CYP11A1 induced well-defined spectral changes while generating 25-hydroxycholesterol as the major product. The 20ξ-hydroperoxides induced spectral shifts in CYP27A1 and CYP11A1 but glycol metabolites were detected only with CYP11A1. CYP7A1 and CYP46A1 failed to give metabolites with any of the hydroperoxides. A P450 hydroperoxide-shunt reaction is proposed, where the hydroperoxides serve as both donor for reduced oxygen and substrate. CYP27A1 was shown to mediate the reduction of cholesterol 25-hydroperoxide to 25-hydroxycholesterol, a role of potential significance for cholesterol-rich tissues with high oxidative stress. CYP27A1 may participate in the removal of harmful autoxidation products in these tissues, while providing a complementary source of 25-hydroxycholesterol, a modulator of immune cell function and mediator of viral cell entry.
Natalia Mast - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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2 hydroxypropyl β cyclodextrin reduces retinal cholesterol in wild type and cyp27a1 cyp46a1 mice with deficiency in the oxysterol production
British Journal of Pharmacology, 2021Co-Authors: Nicole Eldarzi, Natalia Mast, A M Petrov, Irina A PikulevaAbstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) is an FDA approved vehicle for drug delivery and an efficient cholesterol-lowering agent. HPCD was proposed to lower tissue cholesterol via multiple mechanisms including those mediated by oxysterols. CYP27A1 and CYP46A1 are the major oxysterol-producing enzymes in the retina that convert cholesterol to 27- and 24-hydroxycholesterol, respectively. We investigated whether HPCD treatments affected the retina of wild-type and Cyp27a1-/- Cyp46a1-/- mice that do not produce the major retinal oxysterols. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH HPCD administration was either by i.p., p.o. or s.c. Delivery to the retina was confirmed by angiography using the fluorescently labelled HPCD. Effects on the levels of retinal sterols, mRNA and proteins were evaluated by GC-MS, qRT-PCR and label-free approach, respectively. KEY RESULTS In both wild-type and Cyp27a1-/- Cyp46a1-/- mice, HPCD crossed the blood-retinal barrier when delivered i.p. and lowered the retinal cholesterol content when administered p.o. and s.c. In both genotypes, oral HPCD treatment affected the expression of cholesterol-related genes as well as the proteins involved in endocytosis, lysosomal function and lipid homeostasis. Mechanistically, liver X receptors and the altered expression of Lipe (hormone-sensitive lipase), Nceh1 (neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1) and NLTP (non-specific lipid-transfer protein) could mediate some of the HPCD effects. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS HPCD treatment altered retinal cholesterol homeostasis and is a potential therapeutic approach for the reduction of drusen and subretinal drusenoid deposits, cholesterol-rich lesions and hallmarks of age-related macular degeneration. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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N,N-Dimethyl-3β-hydroxycholenamide Reduces Retinal Cholesterol via Partial Inhibition of Retinal Cholesterol Biosynthesis Rather Than its Liver X Receptor Transcriptional Activity
Frontiers Media S.A., 2018Co-Authors: Nicole El-darzi, Natalia Mast, Artem Astafev, Aicha Saadane, Morrie Lam, Irina A PikulevaAbstract:N,N-dimethyl-3β-hydroxycholenamide (DMHCA) is an experimental pharmaceutical and a steroidal liver X receptor (LXR) agonist, which does not induce undesired hepatic lipogenesis. Herein, DMHCA was evaluated for its retinal effects on normal C57BL/6J and Cyp27a1−/−Cyp46a1−/− mice; the latter having higher retinal total and esterified cholesterol in addition to retinal vascular abnormalities. Different doses and two formulations were used for DMHCA delivery either via drinking water (C57BL/6J mice) or by oral gavage (Cyp27a1−/−Cyp46a1−/− mice). The duration of treatment was 1 week for C57BL/6J mice and 2 or 4 weeks for Cyp27a1−/−Cyp46a1−/− mice. In both genotypes, the higher DMHCA doses (37–80 mg/kg of body weight/day) neither increased serum triglycerides nor serum cholesterol but altered the levels of retinal sterols. Total retinal cholesterol was decreased in the DMHCA-treated mice, mainly due to a decrease in retinal unesterified cholesterol. In addition, retinal levels of cholesterol precursors lanosterol, zymosterol, desmosterol, and lathosterol were changed in Cyp27a1−/−Cyp46a1−/− mice. In both genotypes, DMHCA effect on retinal expression of the LXR target genes was only moderate and gender-specific. Collectively, the data obtained provide evidence for a decrease in retinal cholesterol as a result of DMHCA acting in the retina as an enzyme inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis rather than a LXR transcriptional activator. Specifically, DMHCA appears to partially inhibit the cholesterol biosynthetic enzyme Δ24-dehydrocholesterol reductase rather than upregulate the expression of LXR target genes involved in reverse cholesterol transport. The identified DMHCA dosages, formulations, and routes of delivery as well as the observed effects on the retina should be considered in future studies using DMHCA as a potential therapeutic for age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy
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Cytochrome P450 27A1 Deficiency and Regional Differences in Brain Sterol Metabolism Cause Preferential Cholestanol Accumulation in the Cerebellum
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2017Co-Authors: Natalia Mast, Ingemar Bjorkhem, Kyle W. Anderson, Illarion V Turko, Curtis Tatsuoka, Yong Li, Irina A PikulevaAbstract:Abstract Cytochrome P450 27A1 (CYP27A1 or sterol 27-hydroxylase) is a ubiquitous, multifunctional enzyme catalyzing regio- and stereo-specific hydroxylation of different sterols. In humans, complete CYP27A1 deficiency leads to cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis or nodule formation in tendons and brain (preferentially in the cerebellum) rich in cholesterol and cholestanol, the 5α-saturated analog of cholesterol. In Cyp27a1-/- mice, xanthomas are not formed, despite a significant cholestanol increase in the brain and cerebellum. The mechanism behind cholestanol production has been clarified, yet little is known about its metabolism, except that CYP27A1 might metabolize cholestanol. It also is unclear why CYP27A1 deficiency results in preferential cholestanol accumulation in the cerebellum. We hypothesized that cholestanol might be metabolized by CYP46A1, the principal cholesterol 24-hydroxylase in the brain. We quantified sterols along with CYP27A1 and CYP46A1 in mouse models (Cyp27a1-/-, Cyp46a1-/-, Cyp27a1-/- Cyp46a1-/-, and two wild type strains) and human brain specimens. In vitro experiments with purified P450s were conducted as well. We demonstrate that CYP46A1 is involved in cholestanol removal from the brain, and that several factors contribute to the preferential increase in cholestanol in the cerebellum arising from CYP27A1 deficiency. These factors include: (i) low cerebellar abundance of CYP46A1 and high cerebellar abundance of CYP27A1, whose lack likely selectively increases the cerebellar cholestanol production; (ii) spatial separation in the cerebellum of cholesterol/cholestanol-metabolizing P450s from a pool of metabolically available cholestanol; and (iii) weak cerebellar regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis. We identified a new physiological role of CYP46A1, an important brain enzyme and cytochrome P450 that could be activated pharmacologically.
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cytochrome p450 27a1 deficiency and regional differences in brain sterol metabolism cause preferential cholestanol accumulation in the cerebellum
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2017Co-Authors: Natalia Mast, Ingemar Bjorkhem, Illarion V Turko, Curtis Tatsuoka, Kyle Anderson, Joseph Lin, Irina A PikulevaAbstract:Cytochrome P450 27A1 (CYP27A1 or sterol 27-hydroxylase) is a ubiquitous, multifunctional enzyme catalyzing regio- and stereospecific hydroxylation of different sterols. In humans, complete CYP27A1 deficiency leads to cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis or nodule formation in tendons and brain (preferentially in the cerebellum) rich in cholesterol and cholestanol, the 5α-saturated analog of cholesterol. In Cyp27a1−/− mice, xanthomas are not formed, despite a significant cholestanol increase in the brain and cerebellum. The mechanism behind cholestanol production has been clarified, yet little is known about its metabolism, except that CYP27A1 might metabolize cholestanol. It also is unclear why CYP27A1 deficiency results in preferential cholestanol accumulation in the cerebellum. We hypothesized that cholestanol might be metabolized by CYP46A1, the principal cholesterol 24-hydroxylase in the brain. We quantified sterols along with CYP27A1 and CYP46A1 in mouse models (Cyp27a1−/−, Cyp46a1−/−, Cyp27a1−/−Cyp46a1−/−, and two wild type strains) and human brain specimens. In vitro experiments with purified P450s were conducted as well. We demonstrate that CYP46A1 is involved in cholestanol removal from the brain and that several factors contribute to the preferential increase in cholestanol in the cerebellum arising from CYP27A1 deficiency. These factors include (i) low cerebellar abundance of CYP46A1 and high cerebellar abundance of CYP27A1, the lack of which probably selectively increases the cerebellar cholestanol production; (ii) spatial separation in the cerebellum of cholesterol/cholestanol-metabolizing P450s from a pool of metabolically available cholestanol; and (iii) weak cerebellar regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis. We identified a new physiological role of CYP46A1, an important brain enzyme and cytochrome P450 that could be activated pharmacologically.
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cholesterol hydroperoxides as substrates for cholesterol metabolizing cytochrome p450 enzymes and alternative sources of 25 hydroxycholesterol and other oxysterols
Angewandte Chemie, 2015Co-Authors: Johan E. Van Lier, Natalia Mast, Irina A PikulevaAbstract:The interaction of the primary autoxidation products of cholesterol, namely 25- and 20ξ-hydroperoxides, with the four principal cholesterol-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes is reported. Addition of cholesterol 25-hydroperoxide to the enzymes CYP27A1 and CYP11A1 induced well-defined spectral changes while generating 25-hydroxycholesterol as the major product. The 20ξ-hydroperoxides induced spectral shifts in CYP27A1 and CYP11A1 but glycol metabolites were detected only with CYP11A1. CYP7A1 and CYP46A1 failed to give metabolites with any of the hydroperoxides. A P450 hydroperoxide-shunt reaction is proposed, where the hydroperoxides serve as both donor for reduced oxygen and substrate. CYP27A1 was shown to mediate the reduction of cholesterol 25-hydroperoxide to 25-hydroxycholesterol, a role of potential significance for cholesterol-rich tissues with high oxidative stress. CYP27A1 may participate in the removal of harmful autoxidation products in these tissues, while providing a complementary source of 25-hydroxycholesterol, a modulator of immune cell function and mediator of viral cell entry.
Nina Isoherranen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the retinoic acid hydroxylase CYP26A1 has minor effects on postnatal vitamin a homeostasis but is required for exogenous atra clearance
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2019Co-Authors: Guo Zhong, Jessica M Snyder, Cathryn A Hogarth, Weize Huang, Traci B Topping, Jeffrey T Lafrance, Laura Palau, Lindsay C Czuba, Gabriel Ghiaur, Nina IsoherranenAbstract:The all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) hydroxylase CYP26A1 is essential for embryonic development and may play a key role in regulating atRA clearance also in adults. We hypothesized that loss of CYP26A1 activity via inducible knockout in juvenile or adult mice would result in decreased atRA clearance and increased tissue atRA concentrations and atRA-related adverse effects. To test these hypotheses, CYP26A1 was knocked out in juvenile and adult male and female CYP26A1 floxed mice using standard Cre–Lox technology and tamoxifen injections. Biochemical and histological methods were used to study the effects of global CYP26A1 knockout. The CYP26A1 knockout did not result in consistent histopathological changes in any major organs. CYP26A1−/− mice gained weight normally and exhibited no adverse phenotypes for up to 1 year after loss of CYP26A1 expression. Similarly, atRA concentrations were not increased in the liver, testes, spleen, or serum of these mice, and the CYP26A1 knockout did not cause compensatory induction of lecithin:retinol acetyltransferase (Lrat) or retinol dehydrogenase 11 (Rdh11) mRNA or a decrease in aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a1 (Aldh1a1) mRNA in the liver compared with tamoxifen-treated controls. However, the CYP26A1−/− mice showed increased bone marrow cellularity and decreased frequency of erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow consistent with a retinoid-induced myeloid skewing of hematopoiesis. In addition, the CYP26A1 knockout decreased clearance of exogenous atRA by 70% and increased atRA half-life 6-fold. These findings demonstrate that despite lacking a major impact on endogenous atRA signaling, CYP26A1 critically contributes as a barrier for exogenous atRA exposure.
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Scaling in vitro activity of CYP3A7 suggests human fetal livers do not clear retinoic acid entering from maternal circulation
Nature Publishing Group, 2019Co-Authors: Ariel R Topletz, Guo Zhong, Nina IsoherranenAbstract:Abstract All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, is a critical signaling molecule during embryonic and fetal development and is necessary for maternal health. Fetal exposure to endogenous atRA is tightly regulated during gestation in a tissue specific manner and maternal exposure to exogenous retinoids during pregnancy is teratogenic. The clearance of atRA is primarily mediated by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 26 enzymes, which play an essential role in controlling retinoid gradients during organogenesis. We hypothesized that CYP26 enzymes in the human fetal liver also function as a protective barrier to prevent maternal atRA reaching fetal circulation. Using human fetal liver tissue, we found that the mRNA of CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 enzymes is expressed in the human fetal liver. However, based on inhibition studies, metabolite profiles and correlation of atRA metabolism with testosterone hydroxylation, clearance of atRA in the fetal livers was mediated by CYP3A7. Based on in vitro-to-in vivo scaling, atRA clearance in the fetal liver was quantitatively minimal, thus providing an insufficient maternal-fetal barrier for atRA exposure
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inhibition of the all trans retinoic acid atra hydroxylases CYP26A1 and cyp26b1 results in dynamic tissue specific changes in endogenous atra signaling
Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 2017Co-Authors: Faith Stevison, Sasmita Tripathy, Cathryn A Hogarth, Travis Kent, Nina IsoherranenAbstract:All-trans retinoic acid (atRA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, is a ligand for several nuclear receptors and acts as a critical regulator of many physiologic processes. The cytochrome P450 family 26 (CYP26) enzymes are responsible for atRA clearance, and are potential drug targets to increase concentrations of endogenous atRA in a tissue-specific manner. Talarozole is a potent inhibitor of CYP26A1 and CYP26B1, and has shown some success in clinical trials. However, it is not known what magnitude of change is needed in tissue atRA concentrations to promote atRA signaling changes. The aim of this study was to quantify the increase in endogenous atRA concentrations necessary to alter atRA signaling in target organs, and to establish the relationship between CYP26 inhibition and altered atRA concentrations in tissues. Following a single 2.5-mg/kg dose of talarozole to mice, atRA concentrations increased up to 5.7-, 2.7-, and 2.5-fold in serum, liver, and testis, respectively, resulting in induction of CYP26A1 in the liver and testis and Rar β and Pgc 1β in liver. The increase in atRA concentrations was well predicted from talarozole pharmacokinetics and in vitro data of CYP26 inhibition. After multiple doses of talarozole, a significant increase in atRA concentrations was observed in serum but not in liver or testis. This lack of increase in atRA concentrations correlated with an increase in CYP26A1 expression in the liver. The increased atRA concentrations in serum without a change in liver suggest that CYP26B1 in extrahepatic sites plays a key role in regulating systemic atRA exposure.
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identification of tazarotenic acid as the first xenobiotic substrate of human retinoic acid hydroxylase CYP26A1 and cyp26b1
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 2016Co-Authors: Robert S Foti, Alex Zelter, Nina Isoherranen, Leslie J Dickmann, Brian Buttrick, Philippe Diaz, Dominique DouguetAbstract:Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 26A1 and 26B1 are heme-containing enzymes responsible for metabolizing all-trans retinoic acid (at-RA). No crystal structures have been solved, and therefore homology models that provide structural information are extremely valuable for the development of inhibitors of cytochrome P450 family 26 (CYP26). The objectives of this study were to use homology models of CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 to characterize substrate binding characteristics, to compare structural aspects of their active sites, and to support the role of CYP26 in the metabolism of xenobiotics. Each model was verified by dockingat-RA in the active site and comparing the results to known metabolic profiles ofat-RA. The models were then used to predict the metabolic sites of tazarotenic acid with results verified by in vitro metabolite identification experiments. The CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 homology models predicted that the benzothiopyranyl moiety of tazarotenic acid would be oriented toward the heme of each enzyme and suggested that tazarotenic acid would be a substrate of CYP26A1 and CYP26B1. Metabolite identification experiments indicated that CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 oxidatively metabolized tazarotenic acid on the predicted moiety, with in vitro rates of metabolite formation by CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 being the highest across a panel of enzymes. Molecular analysis of the active sites estimated the active-site volumes of CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 to be 918 A(3)and 977 A(3), respectively. Overall, the homology models presented herein describe the enzyme characteristics leading to the metabolism of tazarotenic acid by CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 and support a potential role for the CYP26 enzymes in the metabolism of xenobiotics.
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induction of CYP26A1 by metabolites of retinoic acid evidence that CYP26A1 is an important enzyme in the elimination of active retinoids
Molecular Pharmacology, 2015Co-Authors: Ariel R Topletz, Wendel L Nelson, Robert S Foti, Sasmita Tripathy, Jakob A Shimshoni, Nina IsoherranenAbstract:All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, induces gene transcription via binding to nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs). The primary hydroxylated metabolites formed from atRA by CYP26A1, and the subsequent metabolite 4-oxo-atRA, bind to RARs and potentially have biologic activity. Hence, CYP26A1, the main atRA hydroxylase, may function either to deplete bioactive retinoids or to form active metabolites. This study aimed to determine the role of CYP26A1 in modulating RAR activation via formation and elimination of active retinoids. After treatment of HepG2 cells with atRA, (4S)-OH-atRA, (4R)-OH-atRA, 4-oxo-atRA, and 18-OH-atRA, mRNAs of CYP26A1 and RARβ were increased 300- to 3000-fold, with 4-oxo-atRA and atRA being the most potent inducers. However, >60% of the 4-OH-atRA enantiomers were converted to 4-oxo-atRA in the first 12 hours of treatment, suggesting that the activity of the 4-OH-atRA was due to 4-oxo-atRA. In human hepatocytes, atRA, 4-OH-atRA, and 4-oxo-atRA induced CYP26A1 and 4-oxo-atRA formation was observed from 4-OH-atRA. In HepG2 cells, 4-oxo-atRA formation was observed even in the absence of CYP26A1 activity and this formation was not inhibited by ketoconazole. In human liver microsomes, 4-oxo-atRA formation was supported by NAD+, suggesting that 4-oxo-atRA formation is mediated by a microsomal alcohol dehydrogenase. Although 4-oxo-atRA was not formed by CYP26A1, it was depleted by CYP26A1 (Km = 63 nM and intrinsic clearance = 90 μl/min per pmol). Similarly, CYP26A1 depleted 18-OH-atRA and the 4-OH-atRA enantiomers. These data support the role of CYP26A1 to clear bioactive retinoids, and suggest that the enzyme forming active 4-oxo-atRA may be important in modulating retinoid action.
Jing-pian Peng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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regulation of CYP26A1 on th17 cells in mouse peri implantation
Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 2014Co-Authors: Haiyan Liu, Ying Yang, Hong-fei Xia, Huhe Chao, Zhenkun Liu, Zhihui Song, Jing-pian PengAbstract:Cytochrome P450 26A1 (CYP26A1) is expressed in the mouse uterus during peri-implantation. The repression of this protein is closely associated with a reduction in implantation sites, suggesting a specific role for CYP26A1 in pregnancy and prompting questions concerning how a metabolic enzyme can generate this distinct outcome. To explore the effective downstream targets of CYP26A1 and confirm if its role in peri-implantation depends on its metabolic substrate RA (retinoic acid), we characterized the changes in the peripheral blood, spleen and uterine implantation sites using the CYP26A1 gene vaccine constructed before. Flow cytometry results showed a significant increase in CD4+RORγt+ Th17 cells in both the peripheral blood and spleen in the experimental group. The expression of RORγt and IL-17 presented the Th17 cells reduction in uterus followed by the suppression of CYP26A1 expression. For greater certainty, CYP26A1 antibody blocking model and RNA interference model were constructed to determine the precise target immune cell group. High performance liquid chromatography results showed a significant increase in uterine at-RA followed by the immunization of CYP26A1 gene vaccine. Both the ascertain by measuring RARα protein levels in peri-implantation uterus after gene vaccine immunization and researches using the specific agonist and antagonist against RARα suggested that RARα may be the main RA receptor for signal transduction. These results provided more evidence for the signal messenger role of RA in CYP26A1 regulation from the other side. Here, we showed that the CYP26A1-regulated Th17 cells are dependent on at-RA signalling, which is delivered through RARα in mouse peri-implantation.
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the antitumor immunopreventive effects of a dna vaccine against CYP26A1 on mouse breast carcinoma
Vaccine, 2011Co-Authors: Rongchun Wang, Ying Yang, Zhenkun Liu, Wen Chen, Jing-pian PengAbstract:Abstract Background CYP26A1, which functioned mainly as a retinoic acid (RA) catabolic enzyme, has been shown to be oncogenic and to support cell survival in many breast carcinoma cells. Objectives The purpose of the study was to investigate the antitumor effect of a DNA vaccine targeting CYP26A1 on breast tumors development in mice which highly express CYP26A1 and to further clarify its potential mechanism. Methods After three times immunization of the DNA vaccine, the BALB/c mice were inoculated with the engineered 4T1 breast cancer cells expressing CYP26A1. Primary tumors were measured every 4 days after tumor cell inoculation. The primary tumors were surgically removed and weighted after 30 days of inoculation. The anti-CYP26A1 antibody titer of the antiserum was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effect of the vaccine on apoptosis of the primary tumor was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). Apoptosis-related proteins in primary tumor were detected by Western blotting. The expression of the Th1 and Th2 type cytokines was detected by RT-PCR. Results The vaccine could elicit the production of anti-CYP26A1 antibody and significantly inhibit the growth of the primary tumor compared to the control groups ( p Conclusion Our study shows that the vaccine targeting CYP26A1 significantly inhibits the primary tumor growth and progression by activating the apoptosis pathway and by eliciting both humoral and cellular immune responses.
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retinoic acid metabolizing enzyme CYP26A1 is implicated in rat embryo implantation
Human Reproduction, 2010Co-Authors: Hong-fei Xia, Ying Yang, Jing Sun, Jing-pian PengAbstract:background: The retinoic acid metabolizing enzyme CYP26A1 plays a pivotal role in vertebrate embryo development. CYP26A1 was characterized previously as a differentially expressed gene in peri-implantation rat uteri via suppressive subtracted hybridization analysis. However, the role of CYP26A1 in rat embryo implantation remained elusive. methods: The expression of CYP26A1 in the uteri of early pregnancy, pseudopregnancy and artificial decidualization was detected by northern blotting, real time-PCR, in situ hybridization, western blotting and immunofluorescent staining. The effect of CYP26A1 on apoptosis of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) isolated from rat uteri was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and Hoechst staining. Apoptosis-related proteins in ESCs were detected by western blotting. results: CYP26A1 showed distinctive expression patterns in embryos and uteri during the peri-implantation period, with a remarkable increase (P , 0.01 versus Days 4–5) in mRNA and protein in the implantation phase (Days 5.5–6.5 of pregnancy). CYP26A1 was specifically localized in glandular epithelium, luminal epithelium and decidua basalis. The level of CYP26A1 protein was significantly increased in uteri of artificial decidualization (P , 0.01 versus control). Forced CYP26A1 overexpression significantly reduced the sensitivity of ESCs to etoposideinduced apoptosis, with reductions in p53 (P , 0.01) and Fas (P , 0.05) proteins versus control, while in contrast, FasL (P , 0.01) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (P , 0.05) proteins increased. conclusions: CYP26A1 is spatiotemporally expressed in the uterus during embryo implantation and decidualization. Overexpression of CYP26A1 attenuates the process of uterine stromal cell apoptosis, probably via down-regulating the expression of p53 and FasL.
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retinoic acid metabolizing enzyme cytochrome p450 26a1 CYP26A1 is essential for implantation functional study of its role in early pregnancy
Journal of Cellular Physiology, 2010Co-Authors: Bingchen Han, Ying Yang, Hong-fei Xia, Jing Sun, Jing-pian PengAbstract:Vitamin A (VA) is required for normal fetal development and successful pregnancy. Excessive VA intake during pregnancy may lead to adverse maternal and fetal effects. Cytochrome P450 26A1 (CYP26A1), a retinoic acid (RA)-metabolizing enzyme, is involved in VA metabolism. It has been shown that CYP26A1 is expressed in female reproductive tract, especially in uterus. In order to investigate the role of CYP26A1 during pregnancy, we constructed a recombinant plasmid DNA vaccine encoding CYP26A1 protein and immunized mice with the plasmid. Compared to control groups, the pregnancy rate of the CYP26A1 plasmid-immunized mice were significantly decreased (P < 0.01). Further results showed that both CYP26A1 mRNA and protein were specifically induced in the uterus during implantation period and localized in the uterine luminal epithelium. Importantly, the number of implantation sites was also significantly reduced (P < 0.05) after the uterine injection of CYP26A1-specific antisense oligos or anti-CYP26A1 antibody on day 3 of pregnancy. Accordingly, the expression of RA-related cellular retinoic acid binding protein 1 and tissue transglutaminase was markedly increased (P < 0.05) in the uterine luminal epithelium after intrauterine injection treatments. These data demonstrate that uterine CYP26A1 activity is important for the maintenance of pregnancy, especially during the process of blastocyst implantation. J. Cell. Physiol. 223: 471–479, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ingemar Bjorkhem - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cytochrome P450 27A1 Deficiency and Regional Differences in Brain Sterol Metabolism Cause Preferential Cholestanol Accumulation in the Cerebellum
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2017Co-Authors: Natalia Mast, Ingemar Bjorkhem, Kyle W. Anderson, Illarion V Turko, Curtis Tatsuoka, Yong Li, Irina A PikulevaAbstract:Abstract Cytochrome P450 27A1 (CYP27A1 or sterol 27-hydroxylase) is a ubiquitous, multifunctional enzyme catalyzing regio- and stereo-specific hydroxylation of different sterols. In humans, complete CYP27A1 deficiency leads to cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis or nodule formation in tendons and brain (preferentially in the cerebellum) rich in cholesterol and cholestanol, the 5α-saturated analog of cholesterol. In Cyp27a1-/- mice, xanthomas are not formed, despite a significant cholestanol increase in the brain and cerebellum. The mechanism behind cholestanol production has been clarified, yet little is known about its metabolism, except that CYP27A1 might metabolize cholestanol. It also is unclear why CYP27A1 deficiency results in preferential cholestanol accumulation in the cerebellum. We hypothesized that cholestanol might be metabolized by CYP46A1, the principal cholesterol 24-hydroxylase in the brain. We quantified sterols along with CYP27A1 and CYP46A1 in mouse models (Cyp27a1-/-, Cyp46a1-/-, Cyp27a1-/- Cyp46a1-/-, and two wild type strains) and human brain specimens. In vitro experiments with purified P450s were conducted as well. We demonstrate that CYP46A1 is involved in cholestanol removal from the brain, and that several factors contribute to the preferential increase in cholestanol in the cerebellum arising from CYP27A1 deficiency. These factors include: (i) low cerebellar abundance of CYP46A1 and high cerebellar abundance of CYP27A1, whose lack likely selectively increases the cerebellar cholestanol production; (ii) spatial separation in the cerebellum of cholesterol/cholestanol-metabolizing P450s from a pool of metabolically available cholestanol; and (iii) weak cerebellar regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis. We identified a new physiological role of CYP46A1, an important brain enzyme and cytochrome P450 that could be activated pharmacologically.
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cytochrome p450 27a1 deficiency and regional differences in brain sterol metabolism cause preferential cholestanol accumulation in the cerebellum
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2017Co-Authors: Natalia Mast, Ingemar Bjorkhem, Illarion V Turko, Curtis Tatsuoka, Kyle Anderson, Joseph Lin, Irina A PikulevaAbstract:Cytochrome P450 27A1 (CYP27A1 or sterol 27-hydroxylase) is a ubiquitous, multifunctional enzyme catalyzing regio- and stereospecific hydroxylation of different sterols. In humans, complete CYP27A1 deficiency leads to cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis or nodule formation in tendons and brain (preferentially in the cerebellum) rich in cholesterol and cholestanol, the 5α-saturated analog of cholesterol. In Cyp27a1−/− mice, xanthomas are not formed, despite a significant cholestanol increase in the brain and cerebellum. The mechanism behind cholestanol production has been clarified, yet little is known about its metabolism, except that CYP27A1 might metabolize cholestanol. It also is unclear why CYP27A1 deficiency results in preferential cholestanol accumulation in the cerebellum. We hypothesized that cholestanol might be metabolized by CYP46A1, the principal cholesterol 24-hydroxylase in the brain. We quantified sterols along with CYP27A1 and CYP46A1 in mouse models (Cyp27a1−/−, Cyp46a1−/−, Cyp27a1−/−Cyp46a1−/−, and two wild type strains) and human brain specimens. In vitro experiments with purified P450s were conducted as well. We demonstrate that CYP46A1 is involved in cholestanol removal from the brain and that several factors contribute to the preferential increase in cholestanol in the cerebellum arising from CYP27A1 deficiency. These factors include (i) low cerebellar abundance of CYP46A1 and high cerebellar abundance of CYP27A1, the lack of which probably selectively increases the cerebellar cholestanol production; (ii) spatial separation in the cerebellum of cholesterol/cholestanol-metabolizing P450s from a pool of metabolically available cholestanol; and (iii) weak cerebellar regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis. We identified a new physiological role of CYP46A1, an important brain enzyme and cytochrome P450 that could be activated pharmacologically.
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marked change in the balance between cyp27a1 and cyp46a1 mediated elimination of cholesterol during differentiation of human neuronal cells
Neurochemistry International, 2012Co-Authors: Ines Milagre, Ingemar Bjorkhem, Maria Olin, Maria Joao Nunes, Miguel Moutinho, Anita Lovgrensandblom, Maria Joao Gama, Elsa RodriguesAbstract:Cholesterol metabolism in the brain is distinct from that in other tissues due to the fact that cholesterol itself is unable to pass across the blood–brain barrier. Elimination of brain cholesterol is mainly dependent on a neuronal-specific cytochrome P450, CYP46A1, catalyzing the conversion of cholesterol into 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24OHC), which is able to pass the blood–brain barrier. A suitable model for studying this elimination from human neuronal cells has not been described previously. It is shown here that differentiated Ntera2/clone D1 (NT2) cells express the key genes involved in brain cholesterol homeostasis including CYP46A1, and that the expression profiles of the genes observed during neuronal differentiation are those expected to occur in vivo. Thus there was a decrease in the mRNA levels corresponding to cholesterol synthesis enzymes and a marked increase in the mRNA level of CYP46A1. The latter increase was associated with increased levels of CYP46A1 protein and increased production of 24OHC. The magnitude of the secretion of 24OHC from the differentiated NT2 cells into the medium was similar to that expected to occur under in vivo conditions. An alternative to elimination of cholesterol by the CYP46A1 mechanism is elimination by CYP27A1, and the product of this enzyme, 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHC), is also known to pass the blood–brain barrier. The CYP27A1 protein level decreased during the differentiation of the NT2 cells in parallel with decreased production of 27OHC. The ratio between 24OHC and 27OHC in the medium from the cultured cells increased, by a factor of 13, during the differentiation process. The results suggest that progenitor cells eliminate cholesterol in the form of 27OHC while neurogenesis induces a change to the CYP46A1 dependent pathway. Furthermore this study demonstrates that differentiated NT2 cells are suitable for studies of cholesterol homeostasis in human neurons.
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marked variability in hepatic expression of cytochromes cyp7a1 and cyp27a1 as compared to cerebral cyp46a1 lessons from a dietary study with omega 3 fatty acids in hamsters
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 2010Co-Authors: Natalia Mast, Wenchao Zheng, Maria Olin, Anita Lovgrensandblom, Marjan Shafaati, Wahiduz A Zaman, Deborah Prusak, Thomas G Wood, Ghulam Ansari, Ingemar BjorkhemAbstract:Two diets simulating the recommendations of the American Heart Association to increase the intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) were tested on Golden Syrian hamsters and compared to the diet simulating the current estimated consumption of fat in the United States. N-3 PUFAs were evaluated for their effects on serum and brain lipids and on the three cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs 7A1, 27A1, and 46A1) that play key roles in cholesterol elimination from different organs. Hamsters on the highest concentration of n-3 PUFAs had a statistically significant decrease in LDL and HDL cholesterol and no change in serum total cholesterol and triglycerides levels. CYP27A1 and CYP46A1 mRNA levels were increased in the liver and brain, respectively, whereas possible effects on CYP7A1 were obscured by a marked intergroup variability at mRNA, protein, and sterol product levels. Increased levels of CYP46A1 mRNA in the brain did not lead to significant changes in the levels of lathosterol, 24S-hydroxycholesterol or cholesterol in this organ. The data obtained are discussed in relation to inconsistent effects of n-3 PUFAs on serum lipids in human trials and reported positive effects of fish oil on cognitive function.
