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Krelekrele Thembela - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The role of Highly Enriched Uranium in South Africa’s nuclear diplomacy
'University of the Western Cape Library Service', 2021Co-Authors: Krelekrele ThembelaAbstract:Masters of CommerceHighly enriched uranium (HEU) is one of the most Dangerous Materials in the world, because it is a key ingredient in making a nuclear bomb. If a terrorist organisation can get HEU, it would be close to making a nuclear bomb. After South Africa disarmed its nuclear weapons, it kept HEU that was extracted from the nuclear bombs. The US tried to persuade South Africa to blend down its HEU into low enriched uranium (LEU) or give it up for safekeeping. However, South Africa refused to give it up. After a breach at Pelindaba, a national key point facility where South Africa stores its HEU, the US intensified its efforts to pressure South Africa to give its HEU up. It even promised incentives to South Africa should they agree to give it up, but South Africa refused. The US used the nuclear terrorism narrative to justify its initiative to eliminate vulnerable Materials in the world. However, South Africa is yet to be swayed. This is odd since South Africa's refusal can negatively affect its credentials as a nuclear nonproliferation and disarmament champion and its image as a norm entrepreneur. The objective of the study was to understand the role played by HEU in South Africa's nuclear diplomacy. It was to explore HEU as a factor in the state's nuclear diplomacy and to understand the power of having HEU in nuclear negotiations, as well as what SA intends to do with its HEU. The study is framed theoretically by drawing on foreign policy theory, namely middle-power theory, and revisionism. It juxtaposed middle power, reformist, and revisionist positions with status quo foreign policy to analyse the role of HEU in South Africa's nuclear diplomacy. As a middle power with a moral high ground, South Africa hoped that it can affect change in the nuclear regime. However, when this did not occur its foreign policy shifted to a revisionist character that is discontent with the status quo in the nuclear regime. SA is dissatisfied with the current nuclear order and wants it revised towards liberal values such as equality and nondiscrimination. It views the current nuclear order as nuclear apartheid
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The role of Highly Enriched Uranium in South Africa’s nuclear diplomacy
'University of the Western Cape Library Service', 2021Co-Authors: Krelekrele ThembelaAbstract:Masters of CommerceHighly enriched uranium (HEU) is one of the most Dangerous Materials in the world, because it is a key ingredient in making a nuclear bomb. If a terrorist organisation can get HEU, it would be close to making a nuclear bomb. After South Africa disarmed its nuclear weapons, it kept HEU that was extracted from the nuclear bombs. The US tried to persuade South Africa to blend down its HEU into low enriched uranium (LEU) or give it up for safekeeping. However, South Africa refused to give it up. After a breach at Pelindaba, a national key point facility where South Africa stores its HEU, the US intensified its efforts to pressure South Africa to give its HEU up. It even promised incentives to South Africa should they agree to give it up, but South Africa refused. The US used the nuclear terrorism narrative to justify its initiative to eliminate vulnerable Materials in the world. However, South Africa is yet to be swayed. This is odd since South Africa's refusal can negatively affect its credentials as a nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament champion and its image as a norm entrepreneur. The objective of the study was to understand the role played by HEU in South Africa's nuclear diplomacy. It was to explore HEU as a factor in the state's nuclear diplomacy and to understand the power of having HEU in nuclear negotiations, as well as what SA intends to do with its HEU. The study is framed theoretically by drawing on foreign policy theory, namely middle-power theory, and revisionism. It juxtaposed middle power, reformist, and revisionist positions with status quo foreign policy to analyse the role of HEU in South Africa's nuclear diplomacy. As a middle power with a moral high ground, South Africa hoped that it can affect change in the nuclear regime. However, when this did not occur its foreign policy shifted to a revisionist character that is discontent with the status quo in the nuclear regime. SA is dissatisfied with the current nuclear order and wants it revised towards liberal values such as equality and non-discrimination. It views the current nuclear order as nuclear apartheid. Therefore, South Africa uses HEU as leverage against nuclear weapon states in nuclear diplomacy. It is using HEU as an act of defiance against nuclear weapon states (such as the US) that are yet to disarm their nuclear weapons
F. Otremba - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Comparison of the Operating Life of Tank Containers, Tank Vehicles and Rail Tank Cars for the Carriage of Dangerous Goods in Practice, Analysis of Causes of Damage
Chemical engineering transactions, 2013Co-Authors: M. Weltschev, S. Schwarzer, F. OtrembaAbstract:More than 400 Mt of Dangerous Materials are transported in Germany every year, of which 150 Mt are by road. Tank containers, tank vehicles and rail tank cars are used for the carriage of Dangerous goods in large quantities. Data on the operating life of tanks are only available, in practice, to a minor degree. They are only partly published, mainly after accidents.The BAM-List - Requirements for Tanks for the Carriage of Dangerous Goods, which has compatibility evaluations of metallic and polymeric Materials, has been the basis for substance-related prototype approvals for tank containers and portable tanks designed for the carriage of Dangerous goods by the BAM since publication of the first edition in 1989. These data are also used for the approval of rail tank cars and road tank cars and are used as a source of knowledge not only in Germany but also worldwide. Tank leakages caused by tanks or rail tank cars being made of tank and sealing Materials which are not resistant to the fill goods are avoided by using the material resistance data of the BAM.Corrosion damage is among the main causes of damage. Uniform and non-uniform area corrosion without mechanical stress in aqueous substances is one of the most frequent types of corrosion during the transport of chemicals in tanks. Much damage by pitting corrosion occurs during the transport of substances containing chlorides or substances which separate chloride ions in the presence of moisture. Operational stresses are caused by the effects of both the road and the Dangerous goods being transported. Mechanical damage often results from long-term overstressing and occurs after longer operating times.Operational failures cause damage which may appear during the service of tank containers, road tank cars or rail tank cars. The damage results from the inattention of employees when opening and closing the valves. Traffic accidents also cause damage to tanks and frames.Many cases of damage are due to weld area cracks resulting from four basic errors in construction, material, manufacturing and operation. Manufacturing errors can be undetected and the starting point of cracks which only grow under service conditions.Manufacturing errors result from variations in measurement and design, fittings, state of surface (hardness, abrasiveness) and mechanical surface damage (scratches, cracks). Incorrectly welded joints and errors during mechanical deformation are typical mistakes when installing the component parts. Variations in the wall thickness or combinations of different Materials lead to manufacturing errors too.A lot of tanks are not used for the transport of Dangerous goods before the end of their service life as they do not fulfil the revised technical safety requirements in the Dangerous Goods Regulations.Predictions in the BAM-List based on literature data and corrosion test results are reflected in the service (operating) life. Rail tank cars made of carbon steel, for example, which are mainly used for the transport of petroleum products, can achieve a service life of 40 – 50 y.Rail tank cars produced of austenitic CrNi- or CrNiMo-steel can reach an operating life of at least 30 y, whereby the corrosiveness of the transport substances plays an important role.
Fernando Antonio Leal Pacheco - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a multi criteria analog model for assessing the vulnerability of rural catchments to road spills of hazardous substances
Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2017Co-Authors: Hygor Evangelista Siqueira, Teresa Cristina Tarle Pissarra, Renato Farias Do Valle, Luis Filipe Sanches Fernandes, Fernando Antonio Leal PachecoAbstract:Abstract Road spills of hazardous substances are common in developing countries due to increasing industrialization and traffic accidents, and represent a serious threat to soils and water in catchments. There is abundant literature on equations describing the wash-off of pollutants from roads during a storm event and there are a number of watershed models incorporating those equations in storm water quality algorithms that route runoff and pollution yields through a drainage system towards the catchment outlet. However, methods describing catchment vulnerability to contamination by road spills based solely on biophysical parameters are scarce. These methods could be particularly attractive to managers because they can operate with a limited amount of easily collectable data, while still being able to provide important insights on the areas more prone to contamination within the studied watershed. The purpose of this paper was then to contribute with a new vulnerability model. To accomplish the goal, a selection of medium properties appearing in wash-off equations and routing algorithms were assembled and processed in a parametric framework based on multi criteria analysis to define the watershed vulnerability. However, parameters had to be adapted because wash-off equations and water quality models have been developed to operate primarily in the urban environment while the vulnerability model is meant to run in rural watersheds. The selected parameters were hillside slope, ground roughness (depending on land use), soil permeability (depending on soil type), distance to water courses and stream density. The vulnerability model is a spatially distributed algorithm that was prepared to run under the IDRISI Selva software, a GIS platform capable of handling spatial and alphanumeric data and execute the necessary terrain model, hydrographic and thematic analyses. For illustrative purposes, the vulnerability model was applied to the legally protected Environmental Protection Area (APA), located in the Uberaba region, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. In this region, the risk of accidents causing chemical spills is preoccupying because large quantities of Dangerous Materials are transported in two important distribution highways while the APA is fundamental for the protection of water resources, the riverine ecosystems and remnants of native vegetation. In some tested scenarios, model results show 60% of vulnerable areas within the studied area. The most sensitive parameter to vulnerability is soil type. To prevent soils from contamination, specific measures were proposed involving minimization of land use conflicts that would presumably raise the soil's organic matter and in the sequel restore the soil's structural functions. Additionally, the present study proposed the preservation and reinforcement of riparian forests as one measure to protect the quality of surface water.
Marín Re Alejandro - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Design, calculation, manufacturing process, welding and inspection of a pressure tank for the transport of Dangerous Materials by road according to the "European Agreement on the international transport of Dangerous goods by road (ADR 2019)"
2020Co-Authors: Marín Re AlejandroAbstract:El objeto de este trabajo es, no sólo diseñar una cisterna genérica preparada para transportar materiales peligrosos a una presión máxima de 10 bares por carretera según el “Acuerdo europeo sobre transporte internacional de mercancías peligrosas por carretera (ADR 2019)”, sino también servir como pauta o guía para el diseño de cualquier futura cisterna en este marco normativo. Para ello, se realizará aquí cada paso necesario, incluyendo las adecuaciones a las normas pertinentes, los cálculos realizados por software de elementos finitos que den validez al diseño realizado a las mismas, el proceso de fabricación y la inspección que garantice que la ejecución se ha llevado a cabo apropiadamente. El transporte rodado de Mercancías Peligrosas en la Unión Europea queda regulado según el Acuerdo europeo sobre transporte internacional de mercancías peligrosas por carretera (ADR 2019). Este acuerdo, desde la primera versión elaborada en Ginebra el 30 de septiembre de 1957 y que entró en vigor en España el 22 de diciembre de 1972 consta de 17 artículos y dos Anejos, A y B. El Anejo A contiene todas aquellas acciones necesarias para remitir una mercancía antes de realizar el transporte en sí mismo: clasificación de la mercancía, elección de los recipientes, generación de la documentación precisa, controles anteriores a la salida de la expedición, etc. El Anejo B se refiere a la circulación del vehículo, conducción, elección del vehículo, elección de conductor y equipamiento, entre otros. Esto supone unas consideraciones obligatorias a la hora de diseñar una para que la cisterna resultante de nuestro diseño pueda circular de forma homologada por las carreteras de todos los países adscritos al acuerdo. Este proyecto se centra en el diseño y fabricación de la cisterna en lo relativo a los esfuerzos a los que se verá sometida la misma, así como en la ejecución de la soldadura y su posterior proceso de ensayo según la normativa UNE-EN aplicable. Tanto el diseño CAD como los cálculos computacionales serán ejecutados en el programa de ordenador SolidWorks 2018, siendo esta última parte estudiada con su apéndice Simulation, que ejecuta los cálculos mediante el método de elementos finitos. Aunque este proyecto pretende servir como guía para el diseño de una cisterna de tráfico por carretera con cualquier material peligroso de los indicados en el ADR 2019, si fuese necesario a efectos de cálculos alguna variable dependiente de cada material en concreto, se seleccionaría un material específico para proceder, indicando en todo momento qué variables son específicas del material para que fuera posible realizar el cálculo con cualquier otro material deseado.Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería IndustrialUniversidad Politécnica de Cartagen
Tarek Sayed - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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optimal route risk based algorithm for hazardous material transport in kuwait
Journal of Loss Prevention in The Process Industries, 2018Co-Authors: Fahad Alrukaibi, Duaij Alrukaibi, Shahad Alojaiman, Sharaf Alkheder, Tarek SayedAbstract:Abstract Risk analysis of Dangerous goods' routing indemnifies the safety of surrounding environment and population. For such a purpose, a risk/cost based algorithm was adopted to fit the available data of the State of Kuwait. Such algorithm identified the available alternative routes with their rankings for Dangerous goods' transportation. Regulations of Dangerous goods' transport that were set by various Kuwait's ministries were reviewed. Each aspect of the risk/cost based algorithm examined and reshaped in accordance to the available data and regulations. Incident probability, incident consequence, and risk assessment were used as the algorithm's main criteria. Gasoline transport by Kuwaiti National Petroleum Company (KNPC) was selected as a case study. The risk associated with a number of proposed routes was investigated. Consequently, an incident simulation scenario was developed by ALOHA toolset (a dispersion model software). This was based on the collected data that include climate properties, type of Dangerous Materials, topography, and type of release. The developed model was embedded in a GIS environment to generate impact zones based on both the dispersion model and the emergency response guide recommendations. The resulted impact zones had assisted in analyzing the population exposure estimations as well as in the sensitive and emergency facilities' proximity considerations. The results showed the best route choice for the studied case.
