The Experts below are selected from a list of 315 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Lucy Qian Liu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Pricing and quality decisions and financial incentives for sustainable product Design with recycled material content under price leadership
International Journal of Production Economics, 2014Co-Authors: Chialin Chen, Lucy Qian LiuAbstract:Design for Recycling has been promoted by companies and governments around the world as one of the most important practices for achieving sustainability. The success or failure of such a practice, however, depends heavily on the financial incentives for firms to Design products with more recycled or recyclable material contents. An interesting phenomenon that can be observed in many markets with products made predominately from either virgin or recycled materials is the existence of price leadership. In this paper, we utilize an interdisciplinary approach with both theoretical and empirical analyses to study the pricing and Design decisions for products with virgin and recycled material contents in a duopoly market consisting of both the environmentally conscious (green) and non-environmentally conscious (brown) consumers under price leadership. Our analytical results show that the brown segment's efficient quality provides an "anchor product position" for the price leader regardless of whether the price leader is a brown or green firm. The price follower's financial incentive for becoming a green or brown firm will then lead to different cases of price leadership with very different environmental consequences. Specifically, the arrangement where the brown and green firms are the price leader and follower, respectively, leads to more environmentally friendly Design decisions than those under the other arrangement where the duopolists switch their pricing roles. In addition, we conduct an empirical analysis to explore the specific types of price leadership in the markets of aluminum, cardboards, and PET. Based on the equilibrium pricing and quality decisions, we analyze the financial incentives for the more environmentally friendly case of price leadership to be realized, and derive important insights to formulating strategies and policies to implement the practice of Design for Recycling from the interdisciplinary perspective. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
Carl Dalhammar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The setting of ecoDesign standards to promote improved waste Recycling
2020Co-Authors: Carl DalhammarAbstract:The underpinning idea of extended producer responsibility rules has been to provide incentives for manufacturers to Design products that are easy to recycle. However, current incentives for Design for Recycling are limited, due to the problems in assigning costs for collection and Recycling of individual products to the relevant producers. An alternative way to promote Design for Recycling, or to increase Recycling, is to use mandatory standards for ecoDesign, or stipulate that recycled materials must be used in new products. The European Union’s EcoDesign Directive has mainly been used to regulate the energy efficiency of products, but there is now interest in using the Directive to trigger resource efficiency and Design for Recycling. In this contribution we look at potential ecoDesign standards, and discuss how requirements on recycled content could be applied to trigger high quality Recycling of plastic waste from electrical and electronic equipment. We further discuss the need to engage several actors throughout product chains, and whether market dynamics should be a decisive factor when deciding on whether mandatory regulation is necessary or not. (Less)
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Industry attitudes towards ecoDesign standards for improved resource efficiency
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016Co-Authors: Carl DalhammarAbstract:Current European regulations on producer responsibility provide limited incentives for ecoDesign practices among manufacturers. Additional incentives for 'Design for resource efficiency' and 'Design for Recycling' could be provided through mandatory Design standards set under the EcoDesign Directive. While European manufacturers have become increasingly positive towards eco-Design standards for energy efficiency, there is limited research on their attitudes towards standards related to resources and Recycling. This contribution reviews current developments in European product policy and potential future ecoDesign standards. Then the results of an interview study with people in Nordic industries are presented. The study is the first comprehensive interview study with industry related to new eco-Design requirements to generate Recycling and resource efficiency. Most interviewees were positive towards eco-Design rules that improve product durability and enable more Recycling, but less favorable towards requirements on recycled content, longer consumer guarantees, and requirements on 'maximum disassembly time'. It appears as if manufacturers are especially negative towards requirements that are not possible to control through internal procedures but have supply chain implications, or where compliance is affected by consumer behavior. The study provides an insight into relevant concerns of industries, but policymakers need to be aware that historically manufacturers have always been concerned about new types of legal requirements as they create uncertainty in the market. As actors become more used to work with the new eco-Design requirements, this uncertainty will decrease.
Luciano Morselli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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assessment of ecoDesign potential in reaching new Recycling targets
Resources Conservation and Recycling, 2010Co-Authors: Alessandro Santini, Tobias Luger, Christoph Herrmann, Ivano Vassura, Fabrizio Passarini, Luciano MorselliAbstract:Abstract Every year, in Europe, End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) constitute about 8–9 million tonnes of waste, that must be properly managed. Directive 2000/53/EC fixed new European targets for vehicle recovery (i.e., Recycling plus energy recovery): 85% of recovery, of which 80% recycled or reused, by 2006, rising to 95% and 85% respectively by 2015. In order to comply with this Directive, both car producers and ELVs treatment plants must promptly tackle this issue. In this paper, a study on the impact that pre-shredder treatment could have in achieving 85% recyclability rate in 2015 has been carried out. To do this, a Design for Recycling (DfR) software has been used, named ProdTect ® , that integrates real Recycling market data, market feedback and development experience to provide an overall evaluation of products End-of-Life performance. An experimental disassembly and composition analysis of a commercial model of a car seat and a simulation of new ecoDesigned joining techniques applied to it, have been performed, in order to investigate both the economics and the feasibility of this step in the future ELVs treatment chain. In order to achieve and, if possible, go beyond 85% of recyclability in 2015, car seats are found to play an important role: by dismantling them, 86.2% of recyclability may be achieved by recovering PUR, textile and belts. Another important result is that by pre-treating and dismantling bumpers, fuel tanks, tyres, glass and car seats it is possible to reduce ASR mass disposed in landfill by 42%. Moreover, Design for dismantling techniques may reduce dismantling time to a third by simply innovating joinings.
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Assessment of EcoDesign potential in reaching new Recycling targets
Resources Conservation and Recycling, 2010Co-Authors: Alessandro Santini, Tobias Luger, Christoph Herrmann, Ivano Vassura, Fabrizio Passarini, Luciano MorselliAbstract:Every year, in Europe, End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) constitute about 8-9 million tonnes of waste, that must be properly managed. Directive 2000/53/EC fixednewEuropean targets for vehicle recovery (i.e., Recycling plus energy recovery): 85% of recovery, of which 80% recycled or reused, by 2006, rising to 95% and 85% respectively by 2015. In order to comply with this Directive, both car producers and ELVs treatment plants must promptly tackle this issue. In this paper, a study on the impact that pre-shredder treatment could have in achieving 85% recyclability rate in 2015 has been carried out. To do this, a Design for Recycling (DfR) software has been used, named ProdTect®, that integrates real Recycling market data, market feedback and development experience to provide an overall evaluation of products End-of-Life performance. An experimental disassembly and composition analysis of a commercial model of a car seat and a simulation of new ecoDesigned joining techniques applied to it, have been performed, in order to investigate both the economics and the feasibility of this step in the future ELVs treatment chain. In order to achieve and, if possible, go beyond 85% of recyclability in 2015, car seats are found to play an important role: by dismantling them, 86.2% of recyclability may be achieved by recovering PUR, textile and belts. Another important result is that by pre-treating and dismantling bumpers, fuel tanks, tyres, glass and car seats it is possible to reduce ASR mass disposed in landfill by 42%. Moreover, Design for dismantling techniques may reduce dismantling time to a third by simply innovating joinings. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Markus A. Reuter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Product-Centric Simulation-Based Design for Recycling: Case of LED Lamp Recycling
Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy, 2015Co-Authors: Markus A. Reuter, Antoinette Van Schaik, Andre Van SchaikAbstract:This paper will illustrate how a product-centric simulation approach to Recycling is core to Design for Recycling (DfR) & Design for Resource Efficiency. This approach is underpinned by rigorous Recycling rate calculations, building on the extensive expertise, knowhow and tools of classical minerals, and metallurgical processing. Process simulation and Design tools such as the commercial HSC Sim software are applied to quantify critical DfR rules for a particular product as well as to quantify the Recycling rates of all materials and elements in a product. The ten DfR rules we have developed for Waste Electric and Electronic Waste Recycling in a study performed for NVMP/Wecycle (the Netherlands) are applied to light emitting diode (LED) lamps. The results produced include Recycling and recovery rates, as well as recyclate qualities and quantities, and losses and emissions of materials during Recycling for various LED lamp reDesigns. Metallurgical processing is also briefly discussed, showing that, in many cases, element recoveries are reduced to zero due to product complexity and ppm levels in the products. Simulation models are linked to life cycle assessment (LCA) and exergy, demonstrating how the applied simulation basis provides the detail to innovate the system. In addition, rigorous environmental assessment is a further outcome of the approach, while at the same time revealing the development that has to occur in LCA databases to improve their value for EcoDesign.
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Material-Centric (Aluminum and Copper) and Product-Centric (Cars, WEEE, TV, Lamps, Batteries, Catalysts) Recycling and DfR Rules
Handbook of Recycling: State-of-the-art for Practitioners Analysts and Scientists, 2014Co-Authors: Antoinette Van Schaik, Markus A. ReuterAbstract:The Recycling link between End-of-Life (EoL) product composition and metallurgical recovery is discussed in this chapter with reference to a materials centric view (aluminium, copper) and product centric by referring to products such as End-of-Life Vehicles, WEEE, E-waste, Lighting, TV/Displays and Catalysts, Batteries etc. for each of the EoL metals and products, some detail of "mineralogy," i.e. composition, of each product type is provided also referring to Critical raw materials and recyclate quality. Then Recycling in terms of collection and physical as well as metallurgical separation is discussed in some detail. In order to capture the whole cycle, process and system simulation is discussed with reference to various existing tools, also showing various simulation results. Finally, physics-based eco-labeling is discussed while also referring to Design for Recycling (DfR). 10 Design for Recycling rules are also provided as a function of the detail discussed in this chapter.
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Limits of Design for Recycling and “Sustainability”: A Review
Waste and Biomass Valorization, 2011Co-Authors: Markus A. ReuterAbstract:Metals and materials play a pivotal role in society as their properties impart unique functionality to engineered structures and consumer products. Metals are theoretically infinitely recyclable; however, the functionality and Design of consumer product complicate Recycling due to their ever more complex structures producing un-liberated low grade and complex recyclates. Metallurgical smelting ingenuity, good technology and intelligent use of thermodynamics and transfer processes gets metallurgists and recyclers a far way down the path of creating high Recycling rates from a large range of primary concentrates and recyclates. However, the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics teaches us the practical limits of Recycling in terms of entropy creation, which is determined by the complexity of the recyclates and hence to the economics of processing/technology and metal/energy recovery. The usual simple accounting type tools do not rise to the challenge. Therefore, a key issue for the creation of “sustainable systems” and hence the minimization of waste (or in other words achieve high Recycling rates) is the creation of optimal industrial ecological systems with optimally linked Best Available Techniques (BAT). This must maximize the recovery of materials from ores and recyclates within the boundaries of consumer behaviour, product Design/functionality, thermodynamics, legislation, technology and economics. Examples will show how recyclate quality/grade predicted by Recycling models affects entropy creation, while also reviewing various published methodologies. This paper shows that simulation models are a prerequisite to Designing “sustainable” systems as these can predict recyclate grade/quality/losses/toxicity of streams, the link to entropy and economics and the realization of company ideals and mission statements in this regard. In other words, to dematerialize society requires detail input by engineers, their predictive tools and economic based Design approaches to engineer a sustainable future.
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The use of fuzzy rule models to link automotive Design to Recycling rate calculation
Minerals Engineering, 2007Co-Authors: Antoinette Schaik, Markus A. ReuterAbstract:Product Design selects materials from primary metal and material cycles and combines them into multi-material Designs, in which the various materials (metals and non-metals) are complexly integrated (e.g. welded, glued, alloyed, layered). Since the quality of recyclates and the Recycling rate of a product is largely affected by the Design of the product it is required that tools are available that link computer aided Design (CAD) software and fundamental Recycling models as developed previously by the authors in order to predict recyclability of the car during the Design phase. However, complex system models for the prediction of Recycling rates of new cars are far too complex to be linked directly to CAD. Therefore fuzzy rule models have been developed to create the interface between the complex system models and the Design tools for automobiles. The quality of recyclates and hence the Recycling rate of the product is largely affected by the liberation of materials during shredding, which have been connected in the Design. Therefore the prediction of liberation behaviour is of crucial importance to the calculation of Recycling/recovery rates. A fuzzy rule based approach is developed to describe the liberation behaviour of materials from automobiles and hence the Recycling rate, linking material combinations and connections in product Design with the particle composition and degree of liberation after shredding. This approach permits a description of the liberation mechanism of materials during shredding as a function of Design. The heuristic rules for this were developed during extensive sampling and gathering of data from scrap samples from various shredders. This realizes a model basis for Design for Recycling. The elegant simplicity of the developed fuzzy set models makes them easy to integrate into LCA tools. This ensures that such environmental models are provided with fundamental information on the end-of-life behaviour of products, which include (i) physics and thermodynamics of separation processes, (ii) the quality of recyclates as a function of physical Design choices and (iii) Recycling rate calculations on a statistical basis. This methodology is currently been applied by the automobile industry to ensure among others that Recycling rates have the fundamental basis that challenges but also provides a solid legal basis for the calculated Recycling rate of new automobiles.
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The use of fuzzy rule models to link automotive Design to Recycling rate calculation
Minerals Engineering, 2007Co-Authors: Antoinette Van Schaik, Markus A. ReuterAbstract:Product Design selects materials from primary metal and material cycles and combines them into multi-material Designs, in which the various materials (metals and non-metals) are complexly integrated (e.g. welded, glued, alloyed, layered). Since the quality of recyclates and the Recycling rate of a product is largely affected by the Design of the product it is required that tools are available that link computer aided Design (CAD) software and fundamental Recycling models as developed previously by the authors in order to predict recyclability of the car during the Design phase. However, complex system models for the prediction of Recycling rates of new cars are far too complex to be linked directly to CAD. Therefore fuzzy rule models have been developed to create the interface between the complex system models and the Design tools for automobiles. The quality of recyclates and hence the Recycling rate of the product is largely affected by the liberation of materials during shredding, which have been connected in the Design. Therefore the prediction of liberation behaviour is of crucial importance to the calculation of Recycling/recovery rates. A fuzzy rule based approach is developed to describe the liberation behaviour of materials from automobiles and hence the Recycling rate, linking material combinations and connections in product Design with the particle composition and degree of liberation after shredding. This approach permits a description of the liberation mechanism of materials during shredding as a function of Design. The heuristic rules for this were developed during extensive sampling and gathering of data from scrap samples from various shredders. This realizes a model basis for Design for Recycling. The elegant simplicity of the developed fuzzy set models makes them easy to integrate into LCA tools. This ensures that such environmental models are provided with fundamental information on the end-of-life behaviour of products, which include (i) physics and thermodynamics of separation processes, (ii) the quality of recyclates as a function of physical Design choices and (iii) Recycling rate calculations on a statistical basis. This methodology is currently been applied by the automobile industry to ensure among others that Recycling rates have the fundamental basis that challenges but also provides a solid legal basis for the calculated Recycling rate of new automobiles. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Chialin Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Pricing and quality decisions and financial incentives for sustainable product Design with recycled material content under price leadership
International Journal of Production Economics, 2014Co-Authors: Chialin Chen, Lucy Qian LiuAbstract:Design for Recycling has been promoted by companies and governments around the world as one of the most important practices for achieving sustainability. The success or failure of such a practice, however, depends heavily on the financial incentives for firms to Design products with more recycled or recyclable material contents. An interesting phenomenon that can be observed in many markets with products made predominately from either virgin or recycled materials is the existence of price leadership. In this paper, we utilize an interdisciplinary approach with both theoretical and empirical analyses to study the pricing and Design decisions for products with virgin and recycled material contents in a duopoly market consisting of both the environmentally conscious (green) and non-environmentally conscious (brown) consumers under price leadership. Our analytical results show that the brown segment's efficient quality provides an "anchor product position" for the price leader regardless of whether the price leader is a brown or green firm. The price follower's financial incentive for becoming a green or brown firm will then lead to different cases of price leadership with very different environmental consequences. Specifically, the arrangement where the brown and green firms are the price leader and follower, respectively, leads to more environmentally friendly Design decisions than those under the other arrangement where the duopolists switch their pricing roles. In addition, we conduct an empirical analysis to explore the specific types of price leadership in the markets of aluminum, cardboards, and PET. Based on the equilibrium pricing and quality decisions, we analyze the financial incentives for the more environmentally friendly case of price leadership to be realized, and derive important insights to formulating strategies and policies to implement the practice of Design for Recycling from the interdisciplinary perspective. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.
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Pricing and quality decisions and financial incentives for sustainable product Design with recycled material content under price leadership
International Journal of Production Economics, 2013Co-Authors: Chialin ChenAbstract:Design for Recycling has been promoted by companies and governments around the world as one of the most important practices for achieving sustainability. The success or failure of such a practice, however, depends heavily on the financial incentives for firms to Design products with more recycled or recyclable material contents. An interesting phenomenon that can be observed in many markets with products made predominately from either virgin or recycled materials is the existence of price leadership. In this paper, we utilize an interdisciplinary approach with both theoretical and empirical analyses to study the pricing and Design decisions for products with virgin and recycled material contents in a duopoly market consisting of both the environmentally conscious (green) and non-environmentally conscious (brown) consumers under price leadership. Our analytical results show that the brown segment's efficient quality provides an “anchor product position” for the price leader regardless of whether the price leader is a brown or green firm. The price follower's financial incentive for becoming a green or brown firm will then lead to different cases of price leadership with very different environmental consequences. Specifically, the arrangement where the brown and green firms are the price leader and follower, respectively, leads to more environmentally friendly Design decisions than those under the other arrangement where the duopolists switch their pricing roles. In addition, we conduct an empirical analysis to explore the specific types of price leadership in the markets of aluminum, cardboards, and PET. Based on the equilibrium pricing and quality decisions, we analyze the financial incentives for the more environmentally friendly case of price leadership to be realized, and derive important insights to formulating strategies and policies to implement the practice of Design for Recycling from the interdisciplinary perspective.